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The document discusses HTML5 audio and video elements, differences between HTML and HTML5, inheritance in CSS, CSS animation and transition properties, and how JavaScript can hide HTML elements. It also explains basic internet protocols like HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, SMTP, and POP3 that are essential for transferring data and sending emails. The questions and answers provide examples and details about these topics.

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56 views33 pages

???????? ??????????? ??? ???

The document discusses HTML5 audio and video elements, differences between HTML and HTML5, inheritance in CSS, CSS animation and transition properties, and how JavaScript can hide HTML elements. It also explains basic internet protocols like HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, SMTP, and POP3 that are essential for transferring data and sending emails. The questions and answers provide examples and details about these topics.

Uploaded by

Know Unknown
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Internet Programming Importance.
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Module 1 : Introduction To Web Technology.
Q1 Explain <audio> And <video> Elements In HTML5 With Example.
Ans.
In HTML5, the <audio> and <video> elements are used to embed audio and video content directly into web pages without
requiring third-party plugins. These elements support a variety of media formats, and you can control playback using
JavaScript.
<audio> Element - The <audio> element is used to embed audio content on a webpage. It supports various audio file
formats, and you can provide multiple source elements to ensure compatibility across different browsers.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Click play button to play audio</h2>
<audio src="./test.mp3" controls></audio>
</body>
</html>

<video> Element - The <video> element is used to embed video content on a webpage. Like <audio>, it supports various
video file formats, and you can provide multiple source elements for compatibility.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Click play button to play video</h2>
<video src="./test.mp4" controls></video>
</body>
</html>
Q2 Difference Between HTML And HTML5.
Ans.
HTML HTML5
1 It Didn’t Support Audio And Video Without The Use 1 It Supports Audio And Video Controls With The Use
Of Flash Player Support. Of <Audio> & <Video> Tags.
2 It Uses Cookies To Store Temporary Data. 2 It Uses SQL Databases And Application Cache To
Store Offline Data.
3 Does Not Allow JavaScript To Run In Browser. 3 Allows JavaScript To Run In Background. This Is
Possible Due To JS Web Worker API In HTML5.
4 It Does Not Allow Drag And Drop Effects. 4 It Allows Drag And Drop Effects.
5 It Works With All Old Browsers. 5 It Supported By All New Browser Like Firefox,
Mozilla, Chrome, Safari, Etc.
6 Older Version Of HTML Are Less Mobile Friendly. 6 HTML5 Language Is More Mobile Friendly.
7 Doctype Declaration Is Too Long And Complicated. 7 Doctype Declaration Is Quite Simple And Easy.
8 Elements Like Nav, Header Were Not Pleasant. 8 New Elements For Web Structure Like Nav, Header,
Footer Etc.
9 Character Encoding Is Long And Complicated. 9 Character Encoding Is Simple And Easy.
10 It Can Not Handle Inaccurate Syntax. 10 It Is Capable Of Handling Inaccurate Syntax.

Q3 What Is Inheritance In CSS.


Ans.
In CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), inheritance refers to the mechanism by which properties of an HTML element are
passed down to its children. When a CSS property is applied to a parent element, its value can be inherited by its child
elements, allowing for a consistent and organized styling approach.
Not all CSS properties are inherited. Whether a property is inherited or not depends on the specific property and its default
behavior. Common examples of inherited properties include font-family, color, font-size, line-height, and text-align. These
properties are automatically passed down from parent elements to their children.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
#parentclass {
color: black;
}
#child1 {
color: green;
}
#childchild1 {
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1">
Parent
<div id="child1">
Child 1
<div id="childchild1">
Child Child 1
<div id="childchildchild1">
Child Child Child
</div>
</div>
<div id="childchild2">
Child Child 2
</div>
</div>
<div id="child2">
Child 2
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Q4 Explain CSS Animation Properties And Transition Properties.


Ans.
CSS Animation Properties:
CSS animations allow you to create smooth and visually appealing transitions between different styles. They are defined
using the @keyframes rule and animation properties.
Here Are Some Key CSS Animation Properties:
1. animation-name: It is used to specify the name of the @keyframes describing the animation.
2. animation-duration: It is used to specify the time duration and it takes animation to complete one cycle.
3. animation-timing-function: It is used to specify how the animation makes transitions through keyframes.
4. animation-delay: It is used to specify the delay when the animation starts.
5. animation-iteration-count: It is used to specify the number of times the animation will repeat. It can specify as
infinite to repeat the animation indefinitely.
6. animation-direction: It is used to specify the direction of the animation.
7. animation-fill-mode: It is used to specify what values are applied by the animation before and after it is executed.
8. animation-play-state: It is used to allow you to play/pause the animation.

CSS Transition Properties:


Transitions provide a way to smoothly change property values over a specified duration. Unlike animations, transitions are
triggered by changes in state, such as hovering over an element.
The transition effect can be defined in two states (hover and active) using pseudo-classes like hover or: active or classes
dynamically set by using JavaScript.
Here Are Key CSS Transition Properties:
1. transition-property: It specifies the CSS properties to which a transition effect should be applied.
2. transition-duration: It specifies the length of time a transition animation should take to complete.
3. transition-timing-function: It specifies the speed of transition.
4. transition-delay: It specifies the transition delay or time when the transition starts.

Q5 Explain How JavaScript Can Hide HTML Elements With Example.


Ans.
JavaScript can hide HTML elements by manipulating their style properties through the Document Object Model (DOM).
Here's a step-by-step explanation.
Step 1: Access the HTML Element
Use JavaScript to access the HTML element you want to hide. This can be done by selecting the element using methods
like getElementById, getElementsByClassName, getElementsByTagName, or other DOM traversal methods.
Step 2: Manipulate the Style Property
Once you have a reference to the HTML element, you can manipulate its style properties. The most common property to
hide an element is display. Setting display to "none" will make the element invisible, and it won't take up space in the
document flow.
Example –
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Hide HTML Element Example</title>
<style>
/* Add some styling for better visibility */
.box {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: lightblue;
margin: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box" id="myBox">This is a box</div>
<!-- Include JavaScript -->
<script src="script.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript
// Get the element by its ID
var myBox = document.getElementById("myBox");

// Hide the element by setting its display property to "none"


myBox.style.display = "none";

Q6 Explain Basic Internet Protocols Which Are Essential For Transferring Data And Sending Emails.
Ans.
Data Transfer Protocols:
1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
• Purpose: Used for transferring hypertext (web pages and files) on the World Wide Web.
• Details: Standard protocol for web browsing. It operates on top of the TCP/IP protocol.
2. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure):
• Purpose: Secure version of HTTP, providing encrypted communication.
• Details: It uses SSL/TLS protocols to ensure the security and privacy of data transferred between the user and the
website.
3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
• Purpose: Used for transferring files between a client and a server on a computer network.
• Details: Supports two modes, ASCII and Binary, and requires authentication to access files.
4. SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol):
• Purpose: Secure alternative to FTP, providing file transfer and manipulation capabilities.
• Details: Encrypted using the SSH (Secure Shell) protocol, ensuring secure data transmission.
5. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
• Purpose: Used for sending emails from a client to a server or between servers.
• Details: Works in collaboration with other protocols like POP3 and IMAP to handle email communication.
Email Protocols:
1. POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3):
• Purpose: Retrieves emails from a mail server to a local client.
• Details: Typically used for downloading emails to a single device. Emails are usually deleted from the server after
retrieval.
2. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol):
• Purpose: Allows users to access and manage their email messages on a mail server.
• Details: Supports multiple devices, and emails remain on the server. Changes made on one device are reflected on
others.
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
• Purpose: Sends emails from a client to a server or between servers.
• Details: Works in collaboration with POP3 and IMAP. Responsible for the outgoing email flow.
4. MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions):
• Purpose: Extends the format of email messages to support text in character sets other than ASCII, as well as
attachments of audio, video, images, and application programs.
• Details: Allows emails to include multimedia elements and attachments.
5. DNS (Domain Name System):
• Purpose: Resolves domain names to IP addresses, facilitating email routing.
• Details: Essential for translating human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses.

Module 2 – Front End Development.


Q1 Explain Exception Handling In JavaScript With Example.
Ans.
Exception handling in JavaScript is a mechanism that allows you to gracefully handle runtime errors and unexpected
situations in your code. JavaScript provides the try, catch, finally, and throw statements to implement exception handling.
An exception signifies the presence of an abnormal condition which requires special operable techniques. In programming
terms, an exception is the anomalous code that breaks the normal flow of the code. Such exceptions require specialized
programming constructs for its execution.
In programming, exception handling is a process or method used for handling the abnormal statements in the code and
executing them. It also enables to handle the flow control of the code/program. For handling the code, various handlers
are used that process the exception and execute the code.
Example –
try {
// Code that might throw an exception
var x = y + z; // Assuming y and z are not defined
console.log(x); // This line will not be executed if an exception occurs
} catch (error) {
// Code to handle the exception
console.error("An error occurred:", error.message);
} finally {
// Code that will be executed regardless of whether an exception occurred or not
console.log("Finally block executed");
}
// The program continues here even if an exception occurred
console.log("Program continues after exception handling");

Q2 What Are The Benefits Of Using JSON Over XML.


Ans.
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) and XML (eXtensible Markup Language) are both data interchange formats, but they
have some differences.
Here Are The Benefits Of Using JSON Over XML:
1. Lightweight:
• JSON: JSON is more lightweight and has a simpler syntax compared to XML. It uses a minimalistic and easy-to-
read format.
• XML: XML has more verbose and complex syntax due to its tag-based structure, making it heavier and
potentially more challenging to read.
2. Readability:
• JSON: JSON is more human-readable and easier to write, making it a preferred choice for configurations and
settings.
• XML: XML can be more challenging to read due to its tags and attributes, especially for large datasets.
3. Data Structure:
• JSON: Represents data as key-value pairs, making it well-suited for data structures like arrays and objects. It is a
natural fit for JavaScript, as it closely resembles the language's object notation.
• XML: Represents data using tags and attributes, which may be more verbose and less intuitive for certain data
structures.
4. Parsing:
• JSON: JSON is parsed natively in JavaScript using JSON.parse(). Parsing is generally faster and simpler.
• XML: XML parsing often requires more complex methods, and additional libraries may be needed, resulting in
potentially slower parsing.
5. Data Types:
• JSON: Supports basic data types such as strings, numbers, objects, arrays, booleans, and null.
• XML: Primarily represents text data but can handle various data types through attributes and entities.
6. Serialization:
• JSON: Serialization is straightforward and more efficient, resulting in smaller payload sizes.
• XML: Serialization can produce larger files due to the inclusion of tags and attributes.
7. Usage in Web Development:
• JSON: Commonly used in modern web development, especially with JavaScript and AJAX, as it integrates
seamlessly with JavaScript objects.
• XML: Historically used in web services and document storage, but its usage has decreased in favor of JSON in
many scenarios.
8. Metadata Handling:
• JSON: Lacks built-in support for metadata, but it can be represented as part of the data structure.
• XML: Supports attributes, making it suitable for handling metadata.
9. Schema Support:
• JSON: Supports schemas through JSON Schema, but adoption is not as widespread as XML's schema definition
languages.
• XML: Provides strong support for validation through Document Type Definitions (DTD) and XML Schema
Definition (XSD).

Q3 Explain Built-in Object In JavaScript.


Ans.
In JavaScript, built-in objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language specification and are available for use in
any JavaScript environment, whether it's a web browser or a server-side environment like Node.js. These objects provide
fundamental functionality and cover a wide range of use cases.
Here Are Some Key Categories Of Built-In Objects In JavaScript:
1. Object - The most fundamental object in JavaScript, representing a generic object with key-value pairs.
2. Array - Represents an ordered list of values.
3. String - Provides methods and properties for working with text strings.
4. Number - Represents numeric values and provides methods for numeric operations.
5. Boolean - Represents a logical value, either true or false.
6. Function - Represents a function, allowing for the definition and invocation of reusable code blocks.
7. Date - Provides methods for working with dates and times.
8. RegExp - Represents a regular expression object for pattern matching.
9. Error - Represents an error object, used for runtime errors and exceptions.

Module 3 – Back End Development.


Q1 Draw And Explain Servlet Architecture And Its Lifecycle.
Ans.
Servlet Architecture:
1. Servlet Class:
• Servlets are Java classes that extend either javax.servlet.GenericServlet or more commonly
javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.
• They override methods such as doGet and doPost to handle HTTP requests.
2. Servlet Container (Web Container):
• Responsible for managing the lifecycle of servlets and providing essential services to them.
• Examples of servlet containers are Apache Tomcat, Jetty, and WildFly.
3. Web Server:
• Handles static content (HTML, images) and forwards dynamic requests to the servlet container.
4. Client:
• Initiates requests to the web server, which, in turn, forwards dynamic requests to the servlet container.
5. Java Servlet API:
• Defines the contract between a servlet class and the servlet container.
• Provides classes and interfaces for servlet development.

Servlet Lifecycle:

1. Instantiation:
• The servlet container creates an instance of the servlet by calling its no-argument constructor.
2. Initialization (init method):
• The container calls the init method after instantiating the servlet.
• Initialization tasks, such as setting up resources, can be performed here.
3. Request Handling (service method):
• The service method is called to handle each client request.
• This method dispatches the request to the appropriate doXxx method (e.g., doGet, doPost) based on the HTTP
method.
4. Request Completion:
• After the service method completes, the response is sent back to the client.
5. Destruction (destroy method):
• The destroy method is called by the container before removing the servlet instance.
• Clean-up tasks, such as releasing resources, can be performed here.
6. Servlet Removal:
• The servlet container removes the servlet instance when it is no longer needed or when the server is shut down.
Q2 List And Explain Session Tracking Techniques.
Ans.
Session tracking is a mechanism used in web development to maintain state information about a user across multiple
requests. It allows the server to recognize the same user across different pages and requests. Various session tracking
techniques are employed to achieve this.
Session Tracking Techniques:
1. Cookies:
• Explanation: Cookies are small pieces of data sent by the server and stored on the client's machine. They are sent
with every HTTP request, allowing the server to identify the client.
• Implementation: The server includes a Set-Cookie header in the HTTP response to set a cookie on the client, and
the client sends the cookie back with subsequent requests.
2. URL Rewriting:
• Explanation: Session information is encoded in the URL itself. Each URL includes a unique session identifier,
which the server uses to identify the client.
• Implementation: The server appends the session ID to URLs, and the client sends this session ID with each
subsequent request.
3. Hidden Form Fields:
• Explanation: Session information is stored as hidden fields within HTML forms. When the user submits the
form, the session data is sent to the server.
• Implementation: The server includes hidden input fields in HTML forms containing the session information.
4. HTTP Session:
• Explanation: A server-side session management mechanism provided by web frameworks. It uses cookies or
URL rewriting to associate a session ID with a user.
• Implementation: Web frameworks, such as Java EE (using HttpSession), provide built-in support for managing
user sessions.

Q3 What Are Cookies ? And How Do Cookies Work In Servlets.


Ans.
Cookies are small pieces of data that a server sends to a client's browser to be stored and sent back with subsequent
requests. They are commonly used in web development to maintain state information, track user activities, and store user
preferences. Cookies are stored on the client-side and sent back to the server with each HTTP request.
Each cookie is associated with a specific domain and path, and it has an expiration date. Cookies can be used for various
purposes, such as session management, user authentication, and tracking user behavior.
How Cookies Work in Servlets:
As HTTP is a stateless protocol so there is no way to identify that it is a new user or previous user for every new request.
In case of cookie a text file with small piece of information is added to the response of first request. They are stored on
client’s machine. Now when a new request comes cookie is by default added with the request. With this information we
can identify that it is a new user or a previous user.
Advantages:
1. Session Management: Cookies are commonly used to manage user sessions by storing a unique session identifier.
This allows the server to recognize and associate requests from the same user.
2. Personalization: Cookies can be used to store user preferences, language settings, and other personalized
information, providing a customized experience.
3. Tracking User Behavior: Cookies enable tracking user behavior on a website, such as the pages visited or items
added to a shopping cart.
4. State Maintenance: Cookies help maintain state information between different requests, allowing for a stateful
interaction with the user.
Disadvantages:
1. Limited Storage: Browsers have limits on the number of cookies they can store per domain and the total size of all
cookies. This limits the amount of data that can be stored.
2. Security Concerns: Cookies are vulnerable to security threats, such as cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site
request forgery (CSRF). Developers need to implement secure practices to mitigate these risks.
3. Privacy Concerns: Users may be concerned about privacy issues related to the storage of personal information in
cookies. Some users may disable cookies, impacting the functionality of certain features.
4. Client-Side Storage: Since cookies are stored on the client's device, they are accessible to users and can potentially
be tampered with or deleted.

Q4 Explain The Steps To Connect Java Application To Database Using JDBC.


Ans.
Connecting a Java application to a database using JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) involves several steps.
1. Import JDBC Packages:
• Begin by importing the necessary JDBC packages in your Java application. These packages provide the classes
and interfaces needed to interact with databases.
2. Load and Register the JDBC Driver:
• JDBC drivers are platform-specific implementations that allow Java applications to communicate with a particular
database. Load and register the appropriate JDBC driver for the database you intend to connect to. This step
ensures that the Java application can use the specific driver to establish a connection.
3. Establish a Connection:
• Use the DriverManager class to establish a connection to the database. Provide the necessary connection details,
such as the database URL, username, and password. The getConnection method is typically used for this purpose.
4. Create a Statement:
• Once the connection is established, create a Statement object. Statements are used to execute SQL queries and
updates against the database. There are different types of statements, such as Statement, PreparedStatement, and
CallableStatement, each serving specific purposes.
5. Execute SQL Queries:
• Use the Statement object to execute SQL queries against the database. This includes SELECT queries for
retrieving data or UPDATE, INSERT, and DELETE queries for modifying data.
6. Process the Results:
• If the SQL query is a SELECT statement, use the result set obtained from the execution to process and manipulate
the retrieved data. Iterate through the result set and extract the required information.
7. Close the Connection:
• After executing SQL queries and processing the results, close the database connection to free up resources. Use
the close method on the Connection, Statement, and ResultSet objects. Proper resource management is essential to
avoid memory leaks.
8. Handle Exceptions:
• Surround database-related code with try-catch blocks to handle potential exceptions that may occur during the
connection process or SQL execution. Common exceptions include SQLException and related subclasses.
9. Commit or Rollback Transactions:
• If your application involves transactional operations (multiple SQL statements treated as a single unit of work),
use the commit and rollback methods to manage transactions. This ensures data consistency and integrity.
10. Disconnect:
• Disconnect from the database when the application no longer requires a connection. Closing the connection
releases resources and prevents unnecessary connections to persist.

Module 4 – Rich Internet Application (RIA).


Q1 Give Characteristics Of RIA.
Ans.
1. User Interface (UI) Richness:
• Feature: RIAs provide a visually appealing and interactive user interface, often resembling traditional desktop
applications. They use advanced UI elements, animations, and graphics to enhance the user experience.
2. Interactivity:
• Feature: RIAs offer high levels of interactivity, allowing users to engage with the application seamlessly. Actions
such as drag-and-drop, real-time updates, and responsive user interfaces contribute to a dynamic user experience.
3. Client-Side Processing:
• Feature: RIAs perform significant processing on the client side, reducing the need for frequent server requests.
This client-side processing enhances performance and responsiveness, leading to a smoother user experience.
4. Asynchronous Communication:
• Feature: RIAs often use asynchronous communication methods, such as AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and
XML), to fetch data from the server without requiring a full page reload. This approach minimizes latency and
improves application responsiveness.
5. Cross-Browser Compatibility:
• Feature: RIAs are designed to work consistently across different web browsers. They employ techniques like
responsive design and browser compatibility testing to ensure a consistent experience for users on various
platforms.
6. Offline Capabilities:
• Feature: Some RIAs have the ability to function partially or fully offline. They may cache resources or data,
allowing users to access certain features even when not connected to the internet. This is particularly useful for
mobile applications.
7. Rich Multimedia Support:
• Feature: RIAs support the seamless integration of multimedia elements, such as audio, video, and interactive
graphics. This capability enhances the presentation of content and provides a more engaging user experience.
8. Cross-Platform Compatibility:
• Feature: RIAs are designed to work across different operating systems and devices. This cross-platform
compatibility ensures that users can access and interact with the application from a variety of devices, including
desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
9. Enhanced Performance:
• Feature: RIAs aim to deliver a high-performance experience by minimizing the need for full-page reloads,
reducing server round trips, and optimizing the use of client-side resources. This contributes to faster load times
and smoother interactions.
10. Security Measures:
• Feature: RIAs implement security measures to protect user data and ensure the integrity of transactions. They
may use encryption, secure communication protocols, and other security practices to safeguard user information.
11. Dynamic Content Updates:
• Feature: RIAs can update content dynamically without requiring a full page refresh. Real-time data updates and
dynamic content loading contribute to a more responsive and dynamic user interface.
12. User Customization:
• Feature: Some RIAs allow users to customize their experience by providing options for personalization, theme
changes, or layout adjustments. This enhances user satisfaction and usability.

Q2 Explain AJAX Web Application Model And Traditional Web Application Model With Diagram.
Ans.
AJAX Web Application Model:
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) introduces an asynchronous communication pattern between the client and
server, enabling partial updates of web pages without requiring a full page reload. This results in a more dynamic and
responsive user experience.
Components in AJAX Web Application Model:
1. User Interface (UI) -
• The client-side interface presented to the user, typically consisting of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
2. User Action -
• Any action initiated by the user, such as clicking a button or submitting a form.
3. Asynchronous JavaScript (AJAX) Request -
• The user action triggers an asynchronous AJAX request to the server.
4. Server-Side Processing -
• The server processes the request, performs any necessary computations or database operations, and returns data
(usually in JSON or XML format) instead of an entire HTML page.
5. Partial Update of UI -
• The client-side JavaScript receives the server's response and dynamically updates only the relevant portions of the
web page, without requiring a full reload.

Traditional Web Application Model:


In a traditional web application model, the interaction between the user and the server follows a synchronous request-
response pattern. The entire web page is reloaded each time the user initiates an action, leading to a full round-trip to the
server. This model often results in slower responsiveness and a less dynamic user experience.
Components in Traditional Web Application Model:
1. User Interface (UI) -
• The client-side interface presented to the user, typically consisting of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
2. User Action -
• Any action initiated by the user, such as clicking a button or submitting a form.
3. HTTP Request -
• The user action triggers a synchronous HTTP request to the server.
4. Server-Side Processing -
• The server processes the request, performs any necessary computations or database operations, and generates a
new HTML page.
5. HTTP Response -
• The server sends the complete HTML page as the response to the client.
6. Page Reload -
• The entire web page is reloaded, replacing the current content with the newly generated HTML.

Q3 What Is AJAX.
Ans.
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a set of web development techniques that allows web pages to be updated
asynchronously by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes. This enables web applications to
dynamically update content, retrieve data, and interact with the server without requiring a full page reload. AJAX is not a
programming language or a technology on its own; rather, it is a combination of several existing technologies.
Key Components And Concept Of AJAX:
1. Asynchronous Requests:
• AJAX enables asynchronous communication between the web browser and the server. This means that the web
page can send requests to the server and continue to process user actions without waiting for the server's response.
2. XMLHttpRequest Object:
• The XMLHttpRequest object is a core component of AJAX. It is a JavaScript object that provides an easy way to
make asynchronous HTTP requests to the server. The object can send data to the server and receive the server's
response.
3. Data Formats (XML, JSON):
• While the "X" in AJAX originally stood for XML, modern AJAX applications often use JSON (JavaScript Object
Notation) as a data interchange format. JSON is more lightweight and easier to parse in JavaScript, but XML is
still used in some cases.
4. Event Handling:
• AJAX leverages event-driven programming. Developers can define event handlers that are triggered when an
asynchronous operation completes, such as when data is successfully received from the server.
5. DOM Manipulation:
• Once data is received from the server, AJAX allows dynamic manipulation of the Document Object Model
(DOM) to update specific parts of a web page without requiring a full reload. This leads to a more seamless and
interactive user experience.
6. Cross-Browser Compatibility:
• AJAX is designed to work across different web browsers, ensuring that web applications behave consistently
regardless of the browser being used. This is achieved by handling browser-specific implementation details in the
AJAX code.
7. Benefits:
• Improved User Experience: AJAX allows for a more responsive and interactive user experience by updating
content dynamically without reloading the entire page.
•Reduced Server Load: Since only the necessary data is exchanged, AJAX can lead to reduced server load and
improved performance.
• Asynchronous Operations: User actions can trigger asynchronous operations, allowing the application to continue
processing without waiting for the server response.
8. Common Use Cases:
• Dynamic content loading (e.g., updating parts of a page without refreshing).
• Form submission without page reload.
• Auto-complete suggestions in search fields.
• Real-time data updates in chat applications.

Module 5 – Web Extension: PHP & XML.


Q1 What Is The Use Of XMLHttpRequest Object.
Ans.
The ‘XMLHttpRequest’ object is a crucial component of the AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) technology,
enabling web pages to make asynchronous requests to the server. It allows data to be sent to the server and received from
the server without requiring a full page reload. While the name suggests a focus on XML, the data exchanged with the
server can be in various formats, including JSON and plain text.
Key Components:
1. Asynchronous Communication:
• The main purpose of the XMLHttpRequest object is to enable asynchronous communication between a web page
and a server.
2. HTTP Requests:
• It allows JavaScript code running in a web page to make HTTP requests to a server without requiring a full page
reload.
3. Data Exchange:
• The object facilitates the exchange of data between the client (web browser) and the server. This data can be in
various formats, such as XML, JSON, or plain text.
4. Dynamic Content Updating:
• With XMLHttpRequest, web pages can update specific parts of their content dynamically without refreshing the
entire page. This leads to a more seamless and responsive user experience.
5. Event-Driven Programming:
• The XMLHttpRequest object operates on an event-driven model. Developers can define event handlers that are
triggered when the asynchronous operations, such as data retrieval or submission, are completed.
6. No Page Reload:
• Unlike traditional web applications that require a full page reload to update content, XMLHttpRequest allows for
partial updates, reducing the need for the user to wait for the entire page to reload.
7. Cross-Browser Compatibility:
• The XMLHttpRequest object is designed to work across different web browsers. It abstracts away browser-
specific details, ensuring consistent behavior and compatibility.
8. User Interaction:
• It enables web applications to respond to user interactions in real-time. For example, submitting a form, fetching
new data, or updating a chat window can all be done without interrupting the user's experience.

Q2 Difference Between HTML And XML.


Ans.
HTML XML
1 It Was Written In 1993. 1 It Was Released In 1996.
2 HTML Stands For Hyper Text Markup Language. 2 XML Stands For Extensible Markup Language.
3 HTML Is Static In Nature. 3 XML Is Dynamic In Nature.
4 It Was Developed By WHATWG. 4 It Was Developed By Worldwide Web Consortium.
5 It Is Term As Presentation Language. 5 It Is Neither Termed As A Presentation Nor A
Programming Language.
6 HTML Is Markup Language. 6 XML Provide Framework To Define Markup
Languages.
7 HTML Can Ignore Small Errors. 7 XML Does Not Allow Errors.
8 It Has An Extensions Of .html And .htm 8 It Has An Extension Of .xml
9 HTML Is Not Case Sensitive. 9 XML Is Case Sensitive.
10 HTML Tags Are Predefined Tags. 10 XML Tags Are User Defined Tags.

Q3 Explain The Features Of PHP.


Ans.
The term PHP is an acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting language designed
specifically for web development. It is open-source which means it is free to download and use. It is very simple to learn
and use. The files have the extension “.php”.
Rasmus Lerdorf inspired the first version of PHP and participated in the later versions. It is an interpreted language and it
does not require a compiler.
1. PHP code is executed in the server.
2. It can be integrated with many databases such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Sybase, and
Informix.
3. It is powerful to hold a content management system like WordPress and can be used to control user access.
4. It supports main protocols like HTTP Basic, HTTP Digest, IMAP, FTP, and others.
5. Websites like www.facebook.com and www.yahoo.com are also built on PHP.
6. One of the main reasons behind this is that PHP can be easily embedded in HTML files and HTML codes can also be
written in a PHP file.
7. The thing that differentiates PHP from the client-side language like HTML is, that PHP codes are executed on the
server whereas HTML codes are directly rendered on the browser. PHP codes are first executed on the server and then
the result is returned to the browser.
8. The only information that the client or browser knows is the result returned after executing the PHP script on the
server and not the actual PHP codes present in the PHP file. Also, PHP files can support other client-side scripting
languages like CSS and JavaScript.
Characteristics Of PHP:

• Simple and fast


• Efficient
• Secured
• Flexible
• Cross-platform, it works with major operating systems like Windows, Linux, and macOS.
• Open Source
• Powerful Library Support
• Database Connectivity
Q4 Explain How Form Validation Works In PHP With Example.
Ans.
1. User Input:
• When a user submits a form on a website, the data is sent to the server for processing. This data can include
various types of information such as text, numbers, dates, emails, etc.
2. Server-Side Validation:
• PHP performs server-side validation to check the submitted data for correctness, completeness, and security.
Server-side validation is essential because client-side validation (performed by JavaScript in the user's browser)
can be bypassed or disabled, making it unreliable for ensuring data integrity.
3. Data Sanitization:
• Before validation, it's a good practice to sanitize the input data to remove any potentially harmful characters or
code. Sanitization helps prevent security vulnerabilities such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).
4. Validation Rules:
• Define validation rules based on the type of data expected in each form field.
5. PHP Validation Functions:
• PHP provides various built-in functions for validating different types of data.
6. Error Handling:
• If validation fails, generate error messages to inform the user about the issues with their input. These error
messages can be displayed on the form or on a new page, depending on the design of the application.
7. Preventing Duplicate Submissions:
• To prevent accidental or malicious duplicate form submissions, use techniques like form tokens or unique
identifiers. This ensures that the same form is not submitted multiple times.
8. Displaying Error Messages:
• If there are validation errors, display appropriate error messages near the corresponding form fields. This helps
users understand what went wrong and how to correct their input.
9. Repopulating Form Fields:
• To enhance user experience, repopulate the form fields with the submitted data (even if it contains errors). This
saves users from re-entering all the information if there are validation issues.
10. Successful Submission:
• If the data passes validation, the PHP script processes the form data, which may involve storing it in a database,
sending emails, or performing other actions based on the application's logic.
11. Redirecting After Submission:
• After successful submission, redirect the user to a thank-you page or another relevant page to avoid form
resubmission when the user refreshes the page.
12. Logging and Monitoring:
• Implement logging to record invalid submissions or potential security threats. Monitoring and analyzing logs help
identify patterns and improve the validation process over time.
Example:
<?php
// Assuming form is submitted
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// Sanitize and validate username
$username = sanitizeAndValidate($_POST["username"], "text");
// Sanitize and validate email
$email = sanitizeAndValidate($_POST["email"], "email");
// Validate password
$password = validatePassword($_POST["password"]);
// If there are no validation errors, process the data
if ($username && $email && $password) {
// Process the form data (e.g., store in database)
// Redirect user to a thank-you page
header("Location: thank_you.php");
exit();
}
}
// Sanitize and validate function
function sanitizeAndValidate($data, $type) {
$sanitizedData = filter_var(trim($data), FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);
if ($type == "email") {
$sanitizedData = filter_var($sanitizedData, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
}
// Additional validations based on the type
return $sanitizedData;
}
// Validate password function
function validatePassword($password) {
// Implement password validation logic (e.g., minimum length, complexity)
// Return true if password is valid, false otherwise
}
?>

Q5 Explain Structure Of XML Documents With Examples


Ans.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) documents follow a hierarchical structure that consists of elements, attributes, and
data. Here's an explanation of the basic structure of XML documents.
1. XML Declaration:
• Every XML document begins with an optional XML declaration, which provides information about the XML
version and the character encoding used.
2. Root Element:
• The root element is the outermost element that encloses all other elements in the document. It serves as the
starting point for the XML hierarchy.
3. Elements:
• Elements are the building blocks of an XML document. They consist of a start tag, content, and an end tag.
Elements can contain other elements, forming a hierarchical structure.
4. Attributes:
• Elements can have attributes, which provide additional information about the element. Attributes are included in
the start tag and are written as name-value pairs.
5. Text Content:
• Elements can contain text content between the start and end tags.
6. Comments:
• Comments in XML are enclosed within <!-- and -->. They are ignored by XML parsers and serve as notes for
human readers.
7. CDATA Section:
• CDATA (Character Data) sections allow the inclusion of character data that should not be parsed as XML.
CDATA is enclosed within <![CDATA[ and ]]>.
Example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<bookstore>
<book category="fiction">
<title>The Great Gatsby</title>
<author>F. Scott Fitzgerald</author>
<price>12.99</price>
</book>
<book category="non-fiction">
<title>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</title>
<author>Yuval Noah Harari</author>
<price>24.95</price>
</book>
</bookstore>

Q6 Explain Document Object Model In Detail.


Ans.
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web documents. It represents the structure of a
document as a tree of objects, where each object corresponds to a part of the document, such as elements, attributes, and
text content. The DOM provides a way for programs to manipulate the structure, style, and content of web documents
dynamically.
1. Tree Structure:
• The DOM represents an HTML or XML document as a tree structure, where each node in the tree corresponds to
a part of the document. The root of the tree is the entire document, and branches represent elements, attributes,
and text nodes.
2. Nodes:
• Nodes are the fundamental building blocks of the DOM tree. There are several types of nodes, including:
o Element Nodes: Represent HTML or XML elements (e.g., <div>, <p>).
o Attribute Nodes: Represent attributes of elements.
o Text Nodes: Represent text content within elements.
o Document Node: Represents the entire document.
3. Hierarchical Structure:
• Nodes in the DOM tree have parent-child relationships, creating a hierarchical structure. Each node, except the
root, has one parent and zero or more children.
4. Accessing and Manipulating Nodes:
• Programs can access and manipulate nodes in the DOM using scripting languages like JavaScript. This allows
developers to dynamically change the content, structure, and style of a web page.
5. Document Object:
• The document object is the entry point to the DOM. It represents the entire document and provides methods and
properties for interacting with the document, such as selecting elements, modifying content, and handling events.
6. Selecting Elements:
• The DOM provides methods to select elements based on various criteria, such as tag name, class, ID, or hierarchy.
Common methods include getElementById, getElementsByClassName, getElementsByTagName, and more.
7. Modifying Content:
• Developers can dynamically modify the content of elements by changing their text content, attributes, or even
adding and removing entire elements. This allows for interactive and dynamic web pages.
8. Event Handling:
• The DOM enables the registration of event handlers to respond to user actions or other events on the page.
Examples of events include clicks, key presses, and form submissions.
9. Dynamic Updates:
• Since the DOM represents the live structure of the document, changes made to the DOM are immediately
reflected in the rendered web page. This enables dynamic updates without requiring a full page reload.
10. Cross-Browser Compatibility:
• The DOM is implemented by web browsers, and while there are standards governing its behavior (such as the
W3C DOM standard), there may be variations in how different browsers implement certain features. Libraries
like jQuery and frameworks like React help abstract away these differences.

Module 6 – React JS.


Q1 What Are The Features Of React.
Ans.
ReactJS is a JavaScript Library created by Facebook for creating dynamic and interactive applications and building better
UI/UX design for web and mobile applications. React is an open-source and component-based front-end library. React is
responsible for the UI design. React makes code easier to debug by dividing them into components.
Features Of React:
1. JSX(JavaScript Syntax Extension) - JSX is a combination of HTML and JavaScript. You can embed JavaScript
objects inside the HTML elements. JSX is not supported by the browsers, as a result Babel compiler transcompile the
code into JavaScript code. JSX makes codes easy and understandable. It is easy to learn if you know HTML and
JavaScript.
2. Virtual DOM - DOM stands for Document Object Model. It is the most important part of the web as it divides into
modules and executes the code. Usually, JavaScript Frameworks updates the whole DOM at once, which makes the
web application slow. But react uses virtual DOM which is an exact copy of real DOM. Whenever there is a
modification in the web application, the whole virtual DOM is updated first and finds the difference between real
DOM and Virtual DOM. Once it finds the difference, then DOM updates only the part that has changed recently and
everything remains the same.
3. One-way Data Binding - One-way data binding, the name itself says that it is a one-direction flow. The data in react
flows only in one direction i.e. the data is transferred from top to bottom i.e. from parent components to child
components. The properties(props) in the child component cannot return the data to its parent component but it can
have communication with the parent components to modify the states according to the provided inputs. This is the
working process of one-way data binding. This keeps everything modular and fast.
4. Performance - As we discussed earlier, react uses virtual DOM and updates only the modified parts. So , this makes
the DOM to run faster. DOM executes in memory so we can create separate components which makes the DOM run
faster.
5. Extension - React has many extensions that we can use to create full-fledged UI applications. It supports mobile app
development and provides server-side rendering. React is extended with Flux, Redux, React Native, etc. which helps
us to create good-looking UI.
6. Conditional Statements - JSX allows us to write conditional statements. The data in the browser is displayed
according to the conditions provided inside the JSX.
7. Components - React.js divides the web page into multiple components as it is component-based. Each component is
a part of the UI design which has its own logic and design as shown in the below image. So the component logic
which is written in JavaScript makes it easy and run faster and can be reusable.
8. Simplicity - React.js is a component-based which makes the code reusable and React.js uses JSX which is a
combination of HTML and JavaScript. This makes code easy to understand and easy to debug and has less code.

Q2 What Is JSX ? Write JSX Attributes With Example.


Ans.
JSX, which stands for JavaScript XML, is a syntax extension for JavaScript often used with React. It allows developers to
write XML-like code in JavaScript, making it easier to describe the structure of React components. JSX is then
transformed into regular JavaScript by a preprocessor (such as Babel) before it is executed in the browser.
1. JSX Basics:
• JSX allows you to write HTML/XML-like code within JavaScript. It provides a more concise and readable syntax
for defining React elements. JSX expressions are enclosed in curly braces {}.
2. JSX Attributes:
• JSX allows you to define attributes for elements similar to HTML. These attributes can be dynamic by using
JavaScript expressions inside curly braces.
Example:
import React from 'react';
const ExampleComponent = () => {
// Dynamic values for attributes
const dynamicClass = 'highlight';
const isButtonDisabled = false;
return (
<div>
{/* JSX element with attributes */}
<h1 className={dynamicClass}>Hello, JSX!</h1>
<p>
{/* Dynamic attribute values */}
<a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Visit Example Website
</a>
</p>
<button disabled={isButtonDisabled}>
Click me
</button>
</div>
);
};
export default ExampleComponent;
In this example:

• The className attribute is used to apply a dynamic CSS class to the <h1> element.
• The <a> (anchor) element has dynamic values for the href, target, and rel attributes.
• The disabled attribute of the <button> element is set based on the value of the isButtonDisabled variable.
Sample Codes From PYQ.
Note – Following All Codes Are Created By Ai And Downloaded From Different Websites, The Concept Or Pattern
Of Writing Codes Are Different of Every Person, You Can Use This Codes If You Are Comfortable With It. Check
Before Apply.
Q1 Write A Code To Drag An Image From Outside The Box And Drop It Inside The Box.
Ans.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
#drop-box {
width: 300px;
height: 200px;
border: 2px dashed #ccc;
position: relative;
}

#drag-image {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: absolute;
}
</style>
<title>Drag and Drop Image</title>
</head>
<body>

<div id="drop-box" ondrop="drop(event)" ondragover="allowDrop(event)">


<img id="drag-image" src="" alt="Draggable Image" draggable="true" ondragstart="drag(event)">
</div>
<script>
function allowDrop(event) {
event.preventDefault();
}

function drag(event) {
// Set the dragged data (in this case, the image source URL)
event.dataTransfer.setData("text", event.target.src);
}

function drop(event) {
event.preventDefault();
var data = event.dataTransfer.getData("text");

// Create a new image element and set its source to the dropped data
var droppedImage = new Image();
droppedImage.src = data;
droppedImage.width = 100; // You can adjust the size as needed

// Append the image to the drop-box


document.getElementById("drop-box").appendChild(droppedImage);
}
</script>

</body>
</html>

Q2 Write A JavaScript Code To Check Password And Confirm Password Are Same Or Not.
Ans.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Password Matching Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<form onsubmit="return validateForm()">


<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" required>

<br>

<label for="confirmPassword">Confirm Password:</label>


<input type="password" id="confirmPassword" required>

<br>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">


</form>

<script>
function validateForm() {
var password = document.getElementById("password").value;
var confirmPassword = document.getElementById("confirmPassword").value;

// Check if the passwords match


if (password !== confirmPassword) {
alert("Passwords do not match!");
return false; // Prevent form submission
} else {
alert("Passwords match!");
return true; // Allow form submission
}
}
</script>

</body>
</html>

Q3 Write A Code In React JS To Display “Hello World”.


Ans.
import React from 'react';

function HelloWorld() {
return (
<div>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
</div>
);
}

export default HelloWorld;

Q4 Write A Program In JSP To Display System Date And Time.


Ans.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="ISO-8859-1">
<title>System Date and Time</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>System Date and Time</h1>


<%
// Get the current date and time
Date currentDate = new Date();
String dateTimeString = currentDate.toString();
%>

<p>The current date and time is: <%= dateTimeString %></p>

</body>
</html>

Q5 Write A JSP Program To Perform Four Basic Arithmetic Operations Addition, Subtraction, Division &
Multiplication.
Ans.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
function multiply(){
a=Number(document.my_cal.first.value);
b=Number(document.my_cal.second.value);
c=a*b;
document.my_cal.total.value=c;
}

function addition(){
a=Number(document.my_cal.first.value);
b=Number(document.my_cal.second.value);
c=a+b;
document.my_cal.total.value=c;
}
function subtraction(){
a=Number(document.my_cal.first.value);
b=Number(document.my_cal.second.value);
c=a-b;
document.my_cal.total.value=c;
}

function division(){
a=Number(document.my_cal.first.value);
b=Number(document.my_cal.second.value);
c=a/b;
document.my_cal.total.value=c;
}

function modulus(){
a=Number(document.my_cal.first.value);
b=Number(document.my_cal.second.value);
c=a%b;
document.my_cal.total.value=c;
}
</script>

<!-- Opening a HTML Form. -->


<form name="my_cal">

<!-- Here user will enter 1st number. -->


Number 1: <input type="text" name="first">

<br>
<!-- Here user will enter 2nd number. -->
Number 2: <input type="text" name="second">

<br><br>

<input type="button" value="ADD" onclick="javascript:addition();">


<input type="button" value="SUB" onclick="javascript:subtraction();">
<input type="button" value="MUL" onclick="javascript:multiply();">
<input type="button" value="DIV" onclick="javascript:division();">
<input type="button" value="MOD" onclick="javascript:modulus();">

<br><br>

<!-- Here result will be displayed. -->


Get Result: <input type="text" name="total">

</body>
</html>

Q6 Write A PHP Program To Print Factorial Of Number.


Ans.
<?php
// PHP code to get the factorial of a number
// function to get factorial in iterative way
function Factorial($number){
$factorial = 1;
for ($i = 1; $i <= $number; $i++){
$factorial = $factorial * $i;
}
return $factorial;
}
// Driver Code
$number = 10;
$fact = Factorial($number);
echo "Factorial = $fact";
?>

Q7 Write The AJAX Code To Read From The Text File And Displaying It After Clicking Of A Button.
Ans.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Read Text File with AJAX</title>
</head>
<body>

<button id="loadButton">Load Content</button>


<div id="content"></div>

<script>
document.getElementById('loadButton').addEventListener('click', function() {
// Using fetch to read the text file
fetch('yourfile.txt')
.then(response => {
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error('Network response was not ok');
}
return response.text();
})
.then(data => {
// Display the content in the 'content' div
document.getElementById('content').innerHTML = data;
})
.catch(error => {
console.error('There was a problem with the fetch operation:', error);
});
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Q8 Write HTML Code For Embedding Audio And Video Elements In The Web Page.
Ans.
For Embedding Audio:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Audio Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Embedded Audio</h2>

<audio controls>
<source src="your-audio-file.mp3" type="audio/mp3">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>

</body>
</html>
For Embedding Video:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Video Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Embedded Video</h2>

<video width="640" height="360" controls>


<source src="your-video-file.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video element.
</video>

</body>
</html>

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