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3 Lesson ‘5’ {
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[BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING]
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9 <MODULE 1: Algorithm and Flowchart>
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1 Learning Objectives; {
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5 ‘At the end of this lesson, the
6 students should be able to:’
7 <p>
8 Enumerate steps in the programming
9 cycle
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Identify IPO using a set of computing
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problems
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1 TOPIC 1: ‘THE PROGRAMMING CYCLE’;
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3 The computer basically is a problem
4 solving tool. Once it is provided with a
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valid program, the computer becomes self-
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operational, that is, it requires no
8 human intervention during processing.
9 The program development life cycle is a
10 set of steps or phases that are used to
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develop a program in any programming
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13 language.
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1 TOPIC 1: ‘THE PROGRAMMING CYCLE’;
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1 1: ‘Problem Definition’;
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In this phase, we define the problem
4 statement and we decide the boundaries of
5 the problem.
6 In this phase we need to understand the
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problem statement, what is our
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requirement, what should be the output of
10 the problem solution.
11 These are defined in this first phase of
12 the program development life cycle.
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1 IPO ‘Input-Process-Output’;
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The input–process–output (IPO) model is a
4 widely used approach in systems analysis
5 and software engineering for describing
6 the structure of an information
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Processing program or another process.
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Many introductory programming and systems
10 analysis texts introduce this as the most
11 basic structure for describing a process.
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1 IPO ‘Input-Process-Output’;
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7 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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1 Example ‘Input-Process-Output’;
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Write a program that reads in radius of a
4 circle, computes the area of circle using
5 the formula A=πr2 , and then display the
6 area of circle.
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To define the problem, therefore the
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following are identified:
10 I - Radius of the circle
11 P - Compute the area of a circle using
12 the formula A=πr2
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O - Display the area of the circle
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1 2: ‘Problem Analysis’;
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In phase 2, we determine the requirements
4 like variables, functions, etc. to solve
5 the problem.
6 That means we gather the required
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resources to solve the problem defined in
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the problem definition phase.
10 We also determine the bounds of the
11 solution.
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1 3: ‘Algorithm Development’;
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During this phase, we develop a step by
4 step procedure to solve the problem using
5 the specification given in the previous
6 phase. This phase is very important for
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program development.
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That means we write the solution in step
10 by step statements.
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1 4: ‘Coding & Documentation’;
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This phase uses a programming language to
4 write or implement the actual programming
5 instructions for the steps defined in the
6 previous phase.
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In this phase, we construct the actual
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program.
10 That means we write the program to solve
11 the given problem using programming
12 languages like C, C++, Java, etc.,
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1 5: ‘Testing & Debugging’;
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During this phase, we check whether the
4 code written in the previous step is
5 solving the specified problem or not.
6 That means we test the program whether it
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is solving the problem for various input
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data values or not.
10 We also test whether it is providing the
11 desired output or not.
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1 6: ‘Maintenance’;
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During this phase, the program is
4 actively used by the users. If any
5 enhancements found in this phase, all the
6 phases are to be repeated to make the
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enhancements.
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That means in this phase, the solution
10 (program) is used by the end-user.
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1 6: ‘Maintenance’;
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If the user encounters any problem or
4 wants any enhancement, then we need to
5 repeat all the phases from the starting,
6 so that the encountered problem is solved
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or enhancement is added.
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1 Types of ‘Errors’ {
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4 01 Syntax Errors
< An Error encountered during compilation process. A
5 statement(s) in the source code that does not follow the
6 correct format Example: [Link] instead of typing
7 [Link](coding error)>
8 02 Run Time Error
< an error detected during execution of the
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source code >
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11 03 Logical Error
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14 } < An error encountered when the source
code does solve the problem thus the
output of the program is not correct
Example: 2+2 = 3; (it runs but did not
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do the expected outcome. >
[Link] [Link]
1 [Link] (“Algorithm”);
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An algorithm is a set of step-by-step
4 procedures, or a set of rules to follow,
5 for completing a specific task or solving
6 a particular problem.
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The word algorithm was first coined in
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the 9th century. Algorithms are all
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1 [Link] (“Algorithm”);
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Common examples include: the recipe for
4 baking a cake, the method we use to solve
5 a long division problem, the process of
6 doing laundry, and the functionality of a
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search engine are all examples of an
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algorithm.
10 Here’s what baking a cake might look
11 like, written out as a list of
12 instructions, just like an algorithm:
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1 [Link] (“Algorithm”);
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1. Preheat the oven
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2. Gather the ingredients
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3. Measure out the ingredients
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9 6. Pour the batter into the pan
10 7. Put the pan in the oven
11 8. Set a timer
12 9. When the timer goes off, take the pan out of
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10. Enjoy!
Programming Language
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1 [Link] (“Algorithm”);
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3 Just as how we did with the steps in
4 making cake, computer programming do this
5 by creating an algorithm or steps on how
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to create the program.
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1 [Link] (“Flowchart ”);
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Flowchart is a graphical representation
4 of an algorithm. Programmers often use it
5 as a program-planning tool to solve a
6 problem.
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It makes use of symbols which are
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connected among them to indicate the flow
10 of information and processing.
11 The process of drawing a flowchart for an
12 algorithm is known as “flowcharting”.
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
[Link] [Link]
Designs
1 [Link] (“Terminal(Stop/Start)”);
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9 Represents the start and the end of a
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11 flowchart.
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
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Designs
1 [Link] (“Input/Output”);
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9 Used for input and output operation.
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
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Designs
1 [Link] (“Flowlines”);
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9 Indicates the flow of logic by
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11 connecting symbols.
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
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Designs
1 [Link] (“Processing”);
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9 Used for arithmetic operations and
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11 data-manipulations.
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
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Designs
1 [Link] (“Decision”);
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9 Used for decision making between two
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11 or more alternatives.
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
[Link] [Link]
Designs
1 [Link] (“On-page Connector”);
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9 Used to join different flowline
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
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Designs
1 [Link] (“Off-page Connector”);
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9 Used to connect the flowchart portion
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Basic Symbols used in Flowchart
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Designs
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[Link] (“Predefined Process/Function”);
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9 Represents a group of statements
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11 performing one processing task.
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Thank {
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You;
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