CHAPTER OVERVIEW

• 1.1 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER.

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory, that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce
information (output), and store information for future use.
1.1 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER
1.2 DATA AND INFORMATION
• Computers process data (input) into information (output).
• Computers carry out processes using instructions, which are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a
particular task.
• A collection of related instructions organized for a common purpose is referred to as software.
• A computer often holds data, information, and instructions in storage for future use.
• Some people refer to the series of input, process, output, and storage activities as the information processing
cycle.
• Recently, communications also has become an essential element of the information processing cycle
1.2 DATA AND INFORMATION
• Data-is a collection of unprocessed items,
which can include text, numbers, images, audio,
and video
• Information-conveys meaning and is useful to
people
• A computer processes data into information. In
this simplified example, the item ordered, item
price, quantity ordered, and amount received
all represent data. The computer processes the
data to produce the cash register receipt
(information).
1.3 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
1.3 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
• A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware
• These components include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storage devices, and
communications devices

1. Input devices
• Hardware component that allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer
• Five widely used input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, and web cam
1.3 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
2. Output devices
• Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
• Three commonly used output devices are a printers, a displays, and speakers (including earbuds and
headphones)

3. System unit
• A case that contains electronic components of the computer that are used to process data
• The circuitry of the system unit usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the motherboard; two
main components on the motherboard are the processor and memory
1.3 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
4. Memory and storage devices
• Memory store instructions waiting to be executed
• Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use
• Storage device records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media
• Cloud storage is an internet service that provides remote storage to computer users

5.Communications devices
• Communications device is a hardware component that enables a computer to send (transmit) and receive data,
instructions, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices
• Widely used communications device is a modem
1.4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
1.4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
USING COMPUTERS
ADVANTAGES
• Speed: when data, instructions, and information flow along electronic circuits in a computer, they travel at
incredibly fast speeds. Many computers process billions or trillions of operations in a single second.
• Reliability: the electronic components in modern computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely
break or fail.
• Consistency: given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results —consistently.
Computers generate error-free results, provided the input is correct and the instructions work.
• Storage: computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing anytime it is
needed.
• Communications: most computers today can communicate with other computers, often wirelessly. Computers
allow users to communicate with one another.
 1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
USING COMPUTERS
DISADVANTAGES

• Violation of privacy: in many instances, where personal and confidential records stored on computers were not protected properly,
individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen.
• Public safety: adults, teens, and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and
other personal information. Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to crimes committed by dangerous
strangers.
• Impact on labor force: although computers have improved productivity and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new
jobs, the skills of millions of employees have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-date.
A separate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland
labor force employed.
• Health risks: prolonged or improper computer use can lead to health injuries or disorders. Computer users can protect themselves from
health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Two behavioral
health risks are computer addiction and technology overload. Computer addiction occurs when someone becomes obsessed with using a
computer. Individuals suffering from technology overload feel distressed when deprived of computers and mobile devices.
• Impact on environment: computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the
environment. Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a
computer.Strategies that support green computinginclude recycling, regulating manufacturing processes, extending the life of
computers, and immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers.
1.7 COMPUTER APPLICATION IN SOCIETY
• Health-MY SEJAHTERA
• Government- Government portal
• Education- University portal
• Agriculture-IOT For Agriculture And Aquaculture
• Finance- Online banking, online shopping