10 BLOOD

Blood, the “life fluid” that courses through the body’s blood vessels, provides
the means for the body’s cells to receive vital nutrients and oxygen and dispose
of their metabolic wastes. As blood flows past the tissue cells, exchanges contin-
ually occur between the blood and the tissue cells so that vital activities can go
on continuously.

This chapter provides an opportunity to review the general characteristics of

whole blood and plasma, to identify the various formed elements (blood cells),
and to recall their functions. Blood groups, transfusion reactions, clotting, and
various types of blood abnormalities are also considered.

COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

1. Complete the following description of the components of blood by writing
the missing words in the answer blanks.

_________________________ 1. In terms of its tissue classification, blood is classified as a

(1) tissue because it has living blood cells, called (2) ,
_________________________ 2. suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called (3) . The
“fibers” of blood only become visible during (4) .
_________________________ 3.
If a blood sample is centrifuged, the heavier blood cells
_________________________ 4. become packed at the bottom of the tube. Most of this com-
pacted cell mass is composed of (5) , and the volume of
_________________________ 5. blood accounted for by these cells is referred to as the (6) .
The less dense (7) rises to the top and constitutes about
_________________________ 6. 45% of the blood volume. The so-called “buffy coat,” com-
posed of (8) and (9) , is found at the junction between
_________________________ 7. the other two blood elements. The buffy coat accounts for
less than (10) % of blood volume.
_________________________ 8.
Blood is scarlet red in color when it is loaded with (11) ;
_________________________ 9. otherwise, it tends to be dark red.

_________________________ 10. _________________________ 11.

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196 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

2. Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by answering each of
the clues provided.

Key Choices
Basophil Formed Megakaryocyte Plasma
Eosinophil Leukocyte Monocyte Platelet
Erythrocyte Lymphocyte Neutrophil

Across
6. Primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood.
7. Lymphocyte and _________ are agranular leukocytes.
8. Increases during parasite attacks.
9. Blood is composed by plasma and cells collectively known as ________
elements.

Down
1. Most numerous leukocyte.
2. Fragments to form platelets.
3. Also called red blood cell, anucleate.
4. Releases histamine during inflammatory reactions.
5. After originating in bone marrow, may be formed in lymphoid tissue.

1 2

3 4

5 6

3. Figure 10–1 depicts (in incomplete form) the erythropoietin mechanism for
regulating the rate of erythropoiesis.
(A) Complete the statements that have answer blanks, and then choose col-
ors (other than yellow) for the color-coding circles and corresponding struc-
tures on the diagram.
(B) Color all arrows on the diagram yellow.
(C) Indicate the normal life span of erythrocytes.

○ Kidney ○ Red bone marrow ○ Red blood cells (RBCs)

 Chapter 10 Blood 197

Figure 10–1
198 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

4. Four leukocytes are diagrammed in Figure 10 –2.

(A) Identify each leukocyte type by writing in the correct name in the blank
below the illustration.
(B) Follow directions (given under each figure) for coloring each leukocyte as
it appears when stained with Wright’s stain.

A B
Color the granules pale violet, the Color the nucleus deep blue and
cytoplasm pink, and the nucleus the cytoplasm pale blue.
dark purple.

C D
Color the granules bright red, the For this smallest white blood cell,
cytoplasm pale pink, and the color the nucleus deep purple/blue
nucleus red/purple. and the sparse cytoplasm pale blue.

Figure 10–2
 Chapter 10 Blood 199

5. For each true statement, insert T. If any of the statements are false, correct
the underlined term by inserting the correction in the answer blank.

_________________________ 1. White blood cells (WBCs) move into and out of blood vessels
by the process of positive chemotaxis.

_________________________ 2. An abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs is leukopenia.

_________________________ 3. When blood becomes too acidic or too basic, both the respiratory
system and the liver may be called into action to restore it to its
normal pH range.

_________________________ 4. The normal pH range of blood is 7.00 to 7.45.

_________________________ 5. The cardiovascular system of an average adult contains

approximately 4 liters of blood.

_________________________ 6. The only WBC type to arise from lymphoid stem cells is the
lymphocyte.

_________________________ 7. An abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells is

leukocytosis.

_________________________ 8. The normal RBC count is 3.5–4.5 million/mm3.

_________________________ 9. Normal hemoglobin values are in the area of 42%–47% of the

volume of whole blood.

_________________________ 10. An anemia resulting from a decreased RBC number causes the
blood to become more viscous.

_________________________ 11. Phagocytic agranular WBCs are eosinophils.

_________________________ 12. The leukocytes particularly important in the immune response

are monocytes.

6. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. Then,
fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.

1. Erythrocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Group: ____________

2. Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils Group: ____________

3. Hemoglobin Lymphocyte Iron Erythrocytes Group: ____________

4. Platelets Monocytes Macrophages Neutrophils Group: ____________

5. Thrombus Aneurysm Embolus Fibrin Group: ____________

6. Albumin Nutrients Hemoglobin Wastes Group: ____________

7. Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Basophil Group: ____________

200 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

7. Rank the following lymphocytes from 1 (most abundant) to 5 (least abun-

dant) relative to their abundance in the blood of a healthy person.

______ 1. Lymphocyte ______ 3. Neutrophil ______ 5. Monocyte

______ 2. Basophil ______ 4. Eosinophil

8. Check (✓) all the factors that would serve as stimuli for erythropoiesis.

______ 1. Hemorrhage ______ 3. Living at a high altitude

______ 2. Aerobic exercise ______ 4. Breathing pure oxygen

HEMOSTASIS
9. Using the key choices, correctly complete the following description of the
blood-clotting process. Insert the key term or letter in the answer blanks.

Key Choices
A. Break D. Fibrinogen G. Prothrombin activator J. Thrombin
B. Erythrocytes E. Platelets H. PF3 K. Tissue factor
C. Fibrin F. Prothrombin I. Serotonin

_________________________ 1. Clotting begins when a (1) occurs in a blood vessel wall.

Almost immediately, (2) cling to the blood vessel wall
_________________________ 2. and release (3) , which helps to decrease blood loss by
helping to constrict the vessel. (4) , released by damaged
_________________________ 3. cells in the area, interacts with (5) on the platelet surfaces
and other clotting factors to form (6) . This chemical sub-
_________________________ 4. stance causes (7) to be converted to (8) . Once present,
molecule #8 acts as an enzyme to attach (9) molecules
_________________________ 5. together to form long, threadlike strands of (10) , which
then traps (11) flowing by in the blood.
_________________________ 6.

_________________________ 7.

_________________________ 8.

_________________________ 9. _________________________ 10. _________________________ 11.

10. For each true statement, write T. If any statements are false, correct the
underlined term by inserting the correction in the answer blank.

_________________________ 1. Normally, blood clots within 5–10 minutes.

_________________________ 2. The most important natural body anticoagulant is histamine.

_________________________ 3. Hemostasis means stoppage of blood flow.

 Chapter 10 Blood 201

BLOOD GROUPS AND TRANSFUSIONS

11. Correctly complete the following table concerning ABO blood groups.

Agglutinogens Agglutinins Can receive

or antigens or antibodies Can donate blood
Blood type on RBC surface in plasma blood to type from type

1. Type A A

2. Type B Anti-A

3. Type AB AB

4. Type O None

12. What blood type is the universal donor ? _________________________

The universal recipient ? _________________________

13. When a person is given a transfusion of mismatched blood, a transfusion

reaction occurs. Define the term “transfusion reaction” in the blanks
provided here.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF BLOOD

14. Complete the following statements by inserting your responses in the
answer blanks.

_________________________ 1. A fetus has a special type of hemoglobin, hemoglobin (1) ,

that has a particularly high affinity for oxygen. After birth, the
_________________________ 2. infant’s fetal RBCs are rapidly destroyed and replaced by
hemoglobin A–containing RBCs. When the immature infant
_________________________ 3. liver cannot keep pace with the demands to rid the body of
hemoglobin breakdown products, the infant’s tissues become
_________________________ 4. yellowed, or (2) .

Genetic factors lead to several congenital diseases concerning

the blood. An anemia in which RBCs become sharp and
“logjam” in the blood vessels under conditions of low-oxygen
tension in the blood is (3) anemia. Bleeder’s disease, or
(4) , is a result of a deficiency of certain clotting factors.