10. 1 1 2. Blood, the vital “life fluid” that courses through the body's blood vessels, pro- vides the means by which the body's cells receive vital nutrients and oxygen and dispose of their metabolic wastes. As blood flows past the tissue cells, exchanges continually occur between the blood and the tissue cells, so that vital activities can go on continuously. In this chapter, the student has an opportunity to review the general character- istics of whole blood and plasma, to identify the various formed elements (blood cells), and to recall their functions. Blood groups, transfusion reactions, clotting, and various types of blood abnormalities are also considered, COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD 1. Complete the following description of thé components of blood by writing the missing words in the answer blanks. In terms of its tissue classification, blood is classified as a —@)_ because it has living blood cells, called _@)_, sus- pended in a nonliving fluid matrix called _G)_, The “fibers” of blood only become visible during _@ If a blood sample is centrifuged, the heavier blood cells become packed at the bottom of the tube. Most of this com- pacted cell mass is composed of _(5)_, and the volume of blood accounted for by these cells is referred to as the _@ ‘The less dense _()__ rises to the top and constitutes about 45% of the blood volume. The so-called “buffy coat" com- posed of _@)_and _@)_is found at the junction between the other two blood elements. The buffy coat accounts for less than _(10)_% of blood volume. Blood is scarlet red in color when it is loaded with (1) otherwise, it tends to be dark red, 167168 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 2. Using key choices, identify the cell type(s) or blood elements that fit the following descriptions. Insert the correct term or letter response in the spaces provided. Key Choices A. Red blood cell D. Basophil G. Lymphocyte B. Megakaryocyte E. Monocyte H. Formed elements ©. Eosinophil E, Neutrophil 1 Plasma 1. Most numerous leukocyte 28, 4, Granular leukocytes 5. Also called an erythrocyte; anucleate 6 _______ 7. Actively phagocytic leukocytes 8. 9. Agranular leukocytes 10. Fragments to form platelets 11. (A) through (G) are examples of these 12. Increases during allergy attacks 13, Releases histamine during inflammatory reactions 14. After originating in bone marrow, may be formed in lymphoid tissue 15. Contains hemoglobin 16. Primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood 17. Increases in number during prolonged infections 18. Least numerous leukocyte 19. 20. Also called white blood cells (#19-23) 21. 22. 23. 3. Figure 10-1 depicts in incomplete form the erythropoietin mechanism for regu- lating the rate of erythropoiesis. Complete the statements that have answer blanks, and then choose colors (other than yellow) for the color-coding circles and corresponding structures on the diagram. Color all arrows on the diagram yellow. Finally, indicate the normal life span of erythrocytes. O Kidney © Red bone marrow © BesIncreased carrying ability of blood Resulting in Increased Chapter 10 Blood 169 Stimulus: Decreased available to blood due to decreased RBC count or increased tissue demands for O, Deciining levels in blood to blood Figure 10-1 al Releases170 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 4, Four leukocytes are diagrammed in Figure 10-2. First, follow directions (given below) for coloring each leukocyte as it appears when stained with Wright's stain. Then, identify each leukocyte type by writing in the correct name in the blank below the illustration. ‘A. Color the granules pale violet, the cytoplasm pink, and the nucleus dark purple, B. Color the nucleus deep blue and the cytoplasm pale blue. C. Color the granules bright red, the cytoplasm pale pink, and the nucleus ! red/purple. D. For this smallest white blood cell, color the nucleus deep purple/blue and the sparse cytoplasm pale blue. Figure 10-2172 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 7, Check (/) all the factors that would serve as stimuli for erythropoiesis, 1. Hemorthage 3. Living at a high altitude 2, Aerobic exercise 4, Breathing pure oxygen HEMOSTASIS Using key choices, correctly complete the following description of the blood- clotting process. Insert the key term of letter in the answer blanks Key Choices A. Break D. Fibrinogen G. Serotonin B. Erythrocytes E, Platelets 4H. Thrombin C. Fibrin F. Prothrombin I. Tissue factor - - 1. Clotting begins when a _(1)_ occurs in a blood vessel wall. Almost immediately, (2) _ cling to the blood vessel wall 2, and release _G)_, which helps to decrease blood loss by constricting the vessel. (4) is also released by damaged 3. cells in the area. This chemical substance causes _(5)_ to be converted to _@_. Once present, thrombin acts as an 4. enzyme to attach (molecules together to form long, threadlike strands of @)_, which then traps _(9) flowing 5. by in the blood. 9. For each true statement, write 7: If any statements are false, correct the term by inserting the correction in the answer blank. 1. Normally, blood clots within 5-10 minutes. 2. The most important natural body anticoagulant is histamine, 3. Hemostasis means stoppage of blood flow.Chapter 10 Blood 173 BLOOD GROUPS AND TRANSFUSIONS 10. Correctly complete the following table concerning ABO blood groups. Agglutinins Can receive Agglutinogens or antibodies Can donate blood Blood Type _—or antigens in plasma blood to type —_—‘from type 1. Type A A 2. Type B anti-A | 3. Type AB AB 7 4. Type O none ” - 1. What blood type is the universal donor? - The universal recipient? 12, When a person is given a transfusion of mismatched blood, a transfusion reaction occurs. Define the term “transfusion reaction” in the blanks provided here. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF BLOOD 13. Complete the following statements by inserting your responses in the answer blanks ‘A fetus has a special type of hemoglobin, hemoglobin _()_, that has a particularly high affinity for oxygen. After birth, the infant's fetal RBCs are rapidly destroyed and replaced by hemoglobin A-containing RBCs. When the immature infant liver cannot keep pace with the demands to rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products, the infant's tissues become yellowed, or _(2) Genetic factors lead to several congenital diseases concerning the blood. An anemia in which RBCs become sharp and “log- jam” in the blood vessels under conditions of low-oxygen tension in the blood is G)_ anemia. Bleeder’s disease, or @) is a result of a deficiency of certain clotting factors,