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NM Unit 1

types of error

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61 views30 pages

NM Unit 1

types of error

Uploaded by

Ajay Jha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ro Eyrors and Mathematical Review Csaarbe oo \ ection. @ Error and Types ferrors m numatcal fs ae Errot—> Error 44 defined as he vneasure. of the estimated. Arfference behoean the chsenved or calewhted value. of a quantity and tts tue, value, a In teal. sunlit ernas will i Anlse ding dhe caballeckton. Errors ot come 1. vanious forms and sires among then same ar avotdoble sume are. nob, Te sotakheee Spode we need co “mitidze Thos A munroical computing Frequiremenc. OreNS 28 for owe — Types of Errors: PTwe Brot ety error 48, denoted by Ab a8 Pho dt ference bohoeen He tue vale and the approvtmede value, the. “6 - Brow = Tive: value (@Rkxact value) —Apprufinak value ' erivadive. for , Oe SE Te ful flak are Fi) = Lorn J-FOO ; F : thRelabre Brerr Rebafire Brom 13 claroted. by & avd 4g defined, as the ratio bebveen tre fue enor and fue value. tg Relative fue Smee ue Serer True Value. Relive Approximate nor Ye chenoked, ey Fre and 48 cledmed as the ratio bebveen. Lhe approximate error and the progent approxchncction he, Rag = Approximate Koo _ 7 a Present ayposetmalicn * Ag fom prove eS oe, 30.2047 (present approximation 2987799 , Then, the yelabve a) pproimate error, pacaleubral a) Rye “1o38474~ 4 9:89799 = — 0:03894- Sint 28 before ts carr algo be re presented, m PS Bye — 0103894 K100K = -3.804,7 © Absolute relabve aporori male enor row abo need fhe, caleuleted, os, [Era] 503894 | 7 = 0.03894 AR 3.894% Gh For Flal= Feo and -h205. Pind, the approximate value of f\lz), 2 ; wxZi, the Snes velve of 4! (00) ard the fue Orr , SE prone mate value. of loradie 1s cakuladed by formal fe) = $larh)— Fx) Now, 222 Gh20.3 ° fila f 2+0.3)- £2) 63 = flr.3)- $2) O% ee Ber Sx23 FeoKE 03 10.256 © ve fllz)aa 10,256 . lows, ~~ Brack value of flx) at x=2 can b llaed, } ow krwoledge of clffovendral on 4 meal f lo) = rex * fala fxo5x eX So, £l(a)= #K0.5 x eS" ™ bug, errors bus vallue— approivnote valve = 4,514 10.256 : &, = 0.75061. 9g Fr Fl) > FO and 5-2. Pind the Pathog 3 ®) f'(2) using h = 0.3 b) fi) ung h= 0, e) fone a fer bhe value of f1(2). © The, apprximate, ex” for bhe, clerivabive ft hinchora a f (oe Flerh)-fle) a) for x22ant he03 4 foot (2+0/3)- £0) — ja 1B = FeOSX23 Sabon ORD Fe © = 10.995 4 Sienplonly #iajab x22 ard-hz0.15 #8 98799 > The approximate enon E,) 19=hese appnsnc = fare = IB F9IAMD 2.65 [] =|-o.r8y9¢p ‘ 20. 33444, | Pe Nrvcical Cornpuling frocess of Numerical) nga Croracloistes; Numericcul onpubtsger Numerical ubing rs an approach. for obi complex In athomahead prblons Cteg ony simple ee Sprang. oboe of adh all models of wach sinv ion. OF Mmathematic plyscd ctheive Bho wo be cde ade aie cpa ar re quires developmerst, sand use of algorithms, > Numen'cal Compulg Mebhode dleals webh, the lowing, bepress * finding Lhe robs of equections. Solving sysdeme of Linear. rate cgeeabions, ~« Tabenpol om auch scion analyeis. *& Numericad Ti if © Numeric? Df Mandiation cbc, > Numertecdl, ve rnulacon, seal models (eed Bat cake Of physreal P’ that can be solved, hy “aig has's mathenadial operations, Th: len of n rab cbse cx be divide. ai! Pe fleciy foo phases reggie > coke ot methemabccl model. > Como bructon, vost Les ‘cal mobhoct, oN pena of method. b oblenen solubon aby Validadn of the seduben . Choractoteties a gy, Awad the regulls we obtain must be cutfeny Recuiatte ib oe Ane purpose: for whieh. mathe feof ds Eeftcheny of method, wthel requirech Less c ut bine ” and Liss prgramning € ei yet achinty 1 desned av Rcwaty 4 alicays prefered, eee Mh Rate of convergento-> Many numeral mettels are. hosel on r dea Fan trative pocess. This prooces Anvelves genciatin of a eaqueyce of ‘Approx wrth, the nope thal te: process will Fo Coe, on asain My cole ale oo 3 4 10 10% ‘ ay “inpockarc ite cmc. beet method 4% used, h vtca)_oftabilthi» Th 2 tend fo a ” "Stored, Coan dinslern® compubebiond rela I ud voces thal shows si n | ‘talons a be numa unslable. We! sued chee | @Sonces Tors + Rrrors ope ‘selving aur en meen wr scfenee priblen. cart anise dus ty cenerail, faders. Pirsk the Srrone be mm tho rmodelisg dechnique (a6, A rathemabeal wo del). bend coors anise’ from wietalas fhomselve ov mr. meas of phycrcal,"tuawdebica ls ee, cout | Beye 4B none, arte cette meted ae | Pi Rourd off emer. no >A 2 ood van ony represent & number, Approximately, "pe repre fe where. fred, numberof df, Used te exact numbers , * gts me oe eer ge rani Nke Y, ray be. represented ag O.xs33: : MO Fin bug 4h ote. $41 — 9, 32393: me ant othe. vumboerg de 3 - rep : exactly, ke Rand 13 thet canna 00033, iPAwncacdion erro! “ - —? Truncadion enon, 23, de Mnathemadtead pocaagsl oe te oven caused by buncling > For example , Lhe Macdauan -sertes for Cag gen Bay Sa arte 4p. al 3 ill > Thz series has anf He num ber. foams bud when up this sented to cahulade e, oy of number of eins Con be used, Ror excuny} uses Lhree, ferme caltulate. e) Phen, Pi home a Candi, 2 Now She, Srycation enon. for ewk an epprovinedin, ww Truncatin, error = eX [at +e), = Piya. al 4 e Fropage tion of Errors: > Tf a caluladion 4s wade with numbers Hat anc mf exack, Hher the calulatim heel will tave_an error, —> Propagation sf omoa, a the effect of vanicbl om ye uncextakarhy of a function, ee “—_ > Wher. Ye variables ane the valios of & imental Lint tates \ peace 4 the wornbivadion of vantablles Jn Dhe-doncon. “Pind the for Me pry ob R IM OR on addy chow Twrers rf ome 98 calualing ey Where , x nasi, Os Sot = B4t 0.04 By Acwoking at He numbers, the ae ocetl of X ardY are X21,55 and Y= 3.44. posible alles The miniraum possible values of Xand ¥ are X19. and \=3.4¢ MO KAN 44543, 56 = 81 43 the max value of XtY Hence, - 4.31 ZX+y 4NI9 PS Review of tule th eave: ger theoemn 15 fh). fd-t fa) HO) yey fo ne NE) ity. ided 4 cderivadives of fs) exisk and awe enblina behveore Dt ahd x4, This canaloo be wittlen as {(he) = af (h)+f'C)z of 2, af ae 2 Fubbrys ~h-0 we gel Madunianr sees aay $@= Flod+s! (0)x+" FO)? +f SO sero Sample. End Le value of cP using Le Irak ve towne cf Maclaulian_ series Sohbet. firs five dome of Mactasian senies for 6% can be calculated as fd=e, >H0=1 fle) = eX . a Flot foe, 9 (0-1 f"(Y= > f'"(0) = 21 fi" (d= “e > f"(oj= a1. Ths, Rom Mac! Sele (oa ng +i a Os. 3 CRA Teta tat ot wt AL eA 140, 25-+ 0.25% Hone 4 63h “Al 4.9240 “2 the exacl es 278 ed 5 synched digits 8 1.2840, Er Oe $(0)20 Heer, f(x) will be Gos 4 H(0)2 4 B £6) will be—sMx.6"(0)2 0 $i (x) wrll be —cosxe 5 f" lo)a-2 @._ Mean Value, There (eviewo) er 4 Suppose F 4a tonbininson [aibland cof n(o). Drew secant Line. yor othe pam (fat pore (1 fl b). cl Ahee's ce pombc where azceh such that He z dene to the aph of £ abu=c ee secant dene fi-hog Same ope. The slope of tre cecoul Le i 48 FO-#O) and, Hat of te banger dine 18 f'. 7 ba q a cb fig. Graphiced Trberpebabinc? Mea Valve Themers Beample+ Conetder flH234+ 322 om the mkwal S241. Since £22 a patynortal f 18 confiniou? m-SEX4I and dt fleentiable m Sex 41, _fG)- FCS) = #38029, 1-(-5) Se, we ghould be able fo find a nwnber c baleen San aud C)= FO) es Bt 54 Fld = 3H, Now, we seb $! (c) equal PS ard solve-forc, wegel, SP+ber9 DC+2e23 Do+1c-320 DC=-3 ove=l. 21 15 not m the Anbewal e241 bub cs 48, Tha Ca Ga a wunbe. aaltehyhyg Me eochaion of MUT efor. iss oxithyn. wu hod fo Compe 4 avabpe ext vietecrietg #5 ali age Maite one furctin. of the etre Fes ie f we, be. eatces. Por Huls purpose. we need She concep Big Oh Oh (0) nohadtion > When we shave only ayraphbre upp ofan, op) x) we read re vet thee eet A fac fiche ie 7 ir 2) » Desig eg] for all x>=a ky ty) 2= cs 0. eet oF uid en) +8 Upp band ef f(x) g a g 1) Big Omega (.) nolabion 5 By gives aaymnptolte Lower beurd, A te fo) SL (. ay? [read 2 {602 big omega of 9 bel uff ere exists Luo vate Gnstanks cand ke Bich that for all a>=k, ct pine Peta. Mus relation sayps Hat ae * bow of 435, fi Br Taek i) noletion > When vie need as dbhen we use By- OA function f(x) = Blather oe btg theta of go Troe Phere existe Mnee, post ve constants c1, cP and k suck that fon allx>=ky c1* aidenf len 2% (x), This yelation shows thet $y 43 edge of gl. . : 1 Thi wands ampordanl) 8) Selving Non-hinean Equactions; ( ” Ary funchin of one vaniable whit docs nef asa shaigh! on dire m -Awo climersins a funchion. qn Naniableg i does nod graph Ba p an Lhreo, dimenelns Can be said f be vionlrtear, Types of nov. —lineon. equation: a Algelovaie equedion > fy n =fle) 28 said & be. abebrave t€ 42 can be as g { Si te my Frm th Pont hart. f£a+f=0 Bx+54-21=0 (ttmean) 2xaS%%y-252 0 (non Ltneor) Py ~2y'= O (non-Snear ot Pelnoral equcdions > Px, inonial eguabons ove a otmple class of algebraic eguabins that ve vpreaented ag fetlows:- Et Oy DY tar +d,20. M. SP 43349424 5-0), iy Transcen uation >A non— brats equabion 9 called Hranecercerdal equation, These ely P denon and egp08 Hae emebtc, Me fovl dé, big exponend cal *% soe “so dogae1 =0 ebc. Pebheds of ous ug Lineor, equations, ere ane nul to find nook of ron Loreos eguabrs, "OK Stet aval meld, p Mohr LN Graphical od wh Tital avd Erno Method wWTtaadive mdhods [gee lion ynedhed , Nesolon Raphan method, Secas ee ” lee 4 Fed pant method J, fone fralbial Melhed abions are sdved by using derived fev yl ve Zophy He vale, of tapud pomrnoles ee of alpebrate uabin ari bere =0 2 gren 14° Solution. rau 9g *t iy fhe form RRRE 2a, oe cal Nels vndlhod. to cleleriming the read of tpt pa tt eat > Flo& the junction pe axis, aénret => Opseuve et eae as a's, Mu'g, port a iad _f Frror Mebhods @ this method we mate a puis of quesiss fo vier evaluate fie) at thal rf uf 48 = Zo\04 24 oes. Hhe, approctmale. rook of given non linen uation, ~ we make anobherr qices 2e and ye; the same. process again undid the which £0926 8 found. Q. Iterative Methods: D Brsection_ Method: ” is ‘method 28 alco Lnown, 23 tall tnderval melbod, tie he Fi lc te Refine en Md ott eae ah ener te 4 Me wu . hel yea diay sbled ug define another parr pn cho be, he ral pared bohween AGb. te Ypyaz ato | Now fhoe exist the follroing cond bona = ® TE £ (3m) =O; ave o, wal at dn # 1 £64) Hltin) 40, then Looe 48 4 rob. bellocen ox jot # Tf flea)-flam)L6, ther there 48 a wed behveon, dey, By esting the styr cf Se firllon ok rtdoprnd dectde. cokik! pot Y te shonal et pom we This can be alusdeated win the Fipune ag fellows: Advanbanes of Bisecdion Method: ) The The section method 43 alioays convergend since the vacthed brackels wy oi i Tans is ane conducled, tho srdoval gels halved. So one ar the. cleaease tn enor in the solution. of fhe eguatien | | ‘Re apy Brsectlem Method: ¢ fsa megs of bisechion method 13 loo 08-1d-4g samp based on & 4 Co id El pat +48 closer, ap 2 eed, ad wil dake larger, " Using the breechy ra ea eS ct upto — 2A geheand ge mee od, S : oS =O, cerrett up, . e x ae ue. snslial gitsa'as YE 1 and xc u=2- “Derahint =1 u= hee fee 1.164 pe 5.664 0 Ane ey) Rime fle tst whee. % wr 2. stce, sey teee | vidal guess. $0, y=%,=b5 7 Xu Error = 0-500 (tor [+]) Theradion 2 My=4 Me y=1-5 F(x) =-4.464 $&u)= ohat a aS $ (Xm) = O° 301 Smet (ay) Flom) 20 96 Kyetneh25 Err 30-333 Titevadion 3 4 q24 BMy2l25 ' f(qed-BL $(0y)20301 i Yin = 1125 Lf y,2 70-459 mee. 5 ly’) ¥f (im) SO Ly Bye 1125 Frorz 0.200 Continuing the process m table belro, r ; Tdoadhion! 34 | tu | ate | £64) | £ Gu) | $C) | Bro [ 4 4 fa, 15 |-1461 [5.065 [1.96% |0.5dd 2 4 [45 | was | 4st | pace [0,301 6.333, 3 4 1.25 | 4.496 | 1.564 | 0.207 |[-0489 0-200 # ad25| 105 [4 te, [=0.455 0.204 none ee 5 4298 | 1.95 | oto | 0-086 | 0.201 |n.106 | 0.950 6 | aasg [4-219] 1.203 | -0.08¢| 0106 | 6,010 lo ox q 4.19% | 1.903] 4.195 | -%086| 0-410 |~4,033 |o.0137 1195 | 2,203] 4.199 | —003g | O10 3 4.199 [Polo | -0019, 0.006 | Thug rood, = 1.199 Coin Brsechiom Mebhod. “ re Incection method tefl +8 abe yn eA mlovel. Afber nth sderackions streof Iboradion 13 reelueed 4p; An= Ga uw) Now we con say thee maximum error, ie. ne sdabin 1 E=thy. > [fl= ae Stmilanly afler os we Aeration insta Bae ern 18 piven , Bass (y-%) Sas e x2 halved ” 1s 0 Ree pecan Soy dle brsectlon ridbhod converges Jt 2> Neolen, Rophsara Methods Newlon— Raphsen method, 9s based. on the. prtneple bak sf he tntbial guess ef the word of fl)=0 8 at and f me draws the feed to the cue at fy), the point Cae shere. Ae targend crosseg the c-AXIS 93 an ‘rol caina eh veal, x fig. Geomebrral pre fad) Newton—Raphser. Mellel, Using the definition of th eh, : A of the pe fa funchion ab oe oe Flee) = #6)-flan) = +4. -%, oes rok al Mays Hon Fea 5=0. Patling thts 2 above. OO Hy) = £0) Gy This ghee, 5h This equine 18 called He NewkonRapheor frmubs for solving ole eucine of the form flx)=0, & shorting with an atfnl , G88 26 5 “we find ‘the excl queas Xp) by using the abrave. ewation, ean ret fe precess onbl Yoo root within a clestrabh entvling Newton Raphson formula, from Taylors Series het sh 1g an evnall Ancrement An Xp, act next estate of rok Ms Orgy = Vth. oF oh = gph We know et Tl 3B; bis mies canbe warden f6cth) =f€c) ftaph. + F'G)H + ft tee = : Stee h. 23 vey small pwe can neglect the Seed, an writ. terms containing “highs order berms: Yherr, above equator can ag: focrh) = #ea+ fen Fo ef") HS fea)+ #odh sign CER. eae on £ (ants) =f (en) + $ fn) ( cn —@ TE yy, 08 reed of Lhe given pepe be a FEC) PC GED) _ Seng abone equations ty A Se get Hee value.cf Lage gel, wee Kee ce S ee called Newton Kaphser formula. Se equecion x4 4x9 =O using Newbon— Raph sor. raed, » The setustin covrecd updo a sya digel, ° — fa 44x-9-0. Fe; = eth 1 US assume antdial “Llaatin, ees Xo=4 f(x) = 23 at lo= 12, Ms 4-23 = 2.0833 ( Unis fernnai) Ryror = =| (ot) | -q U4 08~4 2.08 = 0-490 Tderation?. y= 2.0833, FO= 3.638 $= 9.166 % = 11633 Rerer = 0,245 , | above process im dable th gel solib'en ag; , Error £ 4] 23 az . 2 2.0833] 3.678 8166 | 0.920 3 1.633 | 0.202 | 7.249 0 245 4 14.606 | 0.001 | 4.211 0014, Ss 1406 | 9.000 _} #221 | 0.000 of Nealon Raghson: Melhod. Dradvarks of Neodon- oth, eles \ ; ioe £60) = 1x2 ag poate Weta fe a x= 24. 3f | we shart thera fe the %=0 (whee the deiudie 13 200), 2 totlt be undef 5 2% Fb0) f'&) = O-2 0 = undefined, >The same; issue Fines ated snsdead, of skanking pom, any sheralbon veh als ts Ror st the dewvabive 4g Small bv vot 20%, the nexd thrsabm web be a for wase Appox imation, : 1 Oseilladiors near local meantime ave paint» Por come. funchions, Some sdondi potnts no ender an smfintte cle, p Pe cent Shea fe PS the sequence of sdoctin wll Ubemade heboen contain points wth mgm a vol Convergence. of Newln-Raphson Methed: Suppose ro, 48 roul of f(a) =0 and tn % eathmaled rod Cf fl) =0 such Beat f4y—rq/= S244. then 4 Taylor Seales expansion: $0) =f Crt = fli) fh) 6m) thr 0 O wehene, R48 lagran form of Lee Tayler seve ‘Sapaviston remainder and 18 gin ii. equation b-A fea" iho & #3 In behoeer Ly and XY Since. aly 18 Hie roof, a}, becomes: 2 O= fl) +£'(%) (4-4) +8-#'B) Cea) —@ Dividig equaline. By by 1 Cin) and reanargng ges, f(%) ‘s, -,) = - FB. xy, $0) +(%,, 2) cee (%. Xin) @ We lnno Lhat accereting fo Newb Reps tml Tug I9girn dH : Lng = Ln i) : . Thus "@ can be uniter, mn — FE) fg 9 8 na afl) Oy Ly) 0) hed By =%,—-Xn and Fy 4a= Xing) f1@ can be worttden as; Ena =-f"(2) : , 2$'(%) i Takin chaptiute value Ay hats, sides, grees, Ena) = [#2 Array —O Ry si leu — 1 a fe - shee shel Neaken-Rephsee malhed ave gia fe 2 Secart M ethod: Pn ae Tis welled uses two anttal cabtmates bl does vod require A brackel the rot. Ceamebteal represertasion of se seard YS ab sham m othe Ppuve bel ovo; iD % wt Gia) Hy. Geomebicall vepréserfadinn of He seark vrtbod, feb ug ands fu rntheal griesse8 ay ond spaor oe a tet tne elween £04) and f+) pase ti x-an& tear» Now, ABE and DCE are Zrrmtlan Stanglés ard Horefore “pani relation potds; oF F(%) i fCo1) Qnty Mea ~ Reamnangi dhe tema we get, 4 Lae f(%-1) 4 Fl %G) Xe $ (-2)— Fle Adding and subtrachyy flx;)y. en q p= OG fia Le Xpa) i, es pulled F04)- F(iy4 stead ferrule, Bs Sdye tho equadtin 22447-1020 with enor. prtctetore 0.08 ee heb us assume that anitial, quess Gs? 4x26. A Spectfted error. prectetan R=0-0F, my s2 flue iu) y) OF %.26 fla) 236 yee Es HO , “ged” Boers iy-te 2 at 8 Qa 7 299 Aezdion2: Raz FOi)=86 % a2 f(a7)=258 21568 Frave0.878 Derabons: | Daaht — flu)=2.58 Mp.21- 568 F (ag)21.189 yg 21561 Evin 0.0775 Conbtrulg abot fable 283 ali ie hl a) ha) Sr | 4 1.569 164551 1196 aig) 0.055 0-003 | Yous tho woe 181.4496. Convergence. of Secant Meblod: 4 . The, secant Jormula 8 cpr by; = — Fa) (ata) if ef be te achal (2 * “Flaeq) -f (%e-2) © te bale me 9 im id epbe. 2 extrmale m 7h bat {2 epbe the erro) 141 > Cry by Mpa p +My f pg 2 Ep yt. | Substituting Hose value mm Q, we gel, Gam @—_ fe) (ep=t)-4 , FO8)— $%-2) 4 Og= Sta HO)- 6 firs) a " Fly) Flea) ER, mote mbaval x ard Xr COG aye Het) —@ ae 1G, Sme flxy)20 and y= 34 -my » Harefore Gg @ hemes F(R )= #0), ee _ % flG)2 & £(R) Satlaly + $l a)= egy f(Res) Sulosbra tng those m the numerater of of Dregs Cogn = tp Cra FR J—4'(Ry a) Fq)-Flea) ie we Can say, e1a°S 1-6, ——O, We know thal, Pre edo, of con yergence ofan rtovabin procets 3 P of geces Oy Ep coh, Subeliabg Prese values 4 BAG, Gfoc Guy Ga Prt 1 efacet oy, & EDF 46 p%p-t=0 which bos Le. ee Sma p# always pootbive we dese p= 1618 Ht fetloos that Lhe order of convergence of He secant waded. 12, 1.619 & Convongene. 18 reflecteel f a9 superlmean Contr gonce. A Prxed- Pant eration Method: Fe Tn frred.-pomt sbradtion mothod we rearrarye furchiow f(2)=0 such thal 2 18 on Bho lefahard srde of He Cpuaction. This ces be. expressed a belinos | fl) 20 —@. . i 8 writer a8, i) —@. | FI" 48 cabled, fixeol pale equection, this. con be achioved, Irate martpulatis or by Sineply adeling w bo bolle ef OP cg sy ply eg» } fe; 33 43x10 Ss xed © Sm (2) 20 SS x2 Sox) +X. , Stree. YO and e® are simfhn , yeob of equation @ ed nk of equetn B. kanh of eo xs gh by He pt 7 dnbo.seckion of Shaight ine yor. anol fue cue 22 9) this pornh of anlasechd, 1 cally Fred pond of gens fant p 189 fered part of function fle) rf curd t fis Far examele, tf function £ #8 clefrned on te real nSnbeg by fl2)=22.3.4.4- ther 2 ta fered port of £ because f2)=2. Ey" D provi a cmvinent clichtay Lh value ob Orie hash ofeaend “a if pred ‘enact Sit EE it et al Similaaly, >. Approrinacttin, tan be . eg nn Genes Affe. ferozuliig tg, we ge cp This pot 48 called fred potrd formula, arch g1ve8 rage to the oa pi Lager oi penne: ports: Head ay gg oO 7 fin. blerking of fred pared icthed ais | dhe. equabion. ac 6x48=0 by assuniyy enon, precision 0.01. ae alin can be wittden ag x=x>-Sxt8, atealse* Shad inifial value of,guess 481, of Gxt. xo $B » Brov= 4-1 = O#5 451 = oF Terabion 2 yet Bea Eror=0.0000 Since, Ao solite value rf error +8 leas Mase spectied Lmth. Root =44 Sone equation 1+4/2 Sin(-x)—2e =O x aasumigg Ooh preceion. Potukion Absre. exuacion can be wiitlen a8 se=1+1/2 sin). Breas i tridial pe value. of Gees 4 0. SSS Frrova THeradion 9, 2g=4 Ga142 Frrov= 0-296 eh % KO ELAIBE Sinces Abscude vabuncf ermen rs lege Lhe Error = 0.000103 petted Lrwath.. Revd = 4. 986, Con ixeclm Pond eLhod : depend om the. Con cof this aration proceas depend on 4 nade of abd. We can Shecrthealy prove fis 23 fobaati- the sleradion formule 49, Xpap=AlZn) -O het my be. the Yeot of given. equation then, = glp.—@ Subbraching above fo equations we qe Mn = gl) fl) —O According to ee one say x=K He. ardoavab cease 8 at end pom 4 . §'® = 9%)- glen) 3 ™ glp- (%) = a(R) (24-2n) Sabscttalyg this Obed @ nga = 3 ‘(R) (% -%n) —® if & represents the anon am Lhe 1. thorakten, Hen ef becomes, " Ens =gJ (R) en © —> This gives that the oven decreases with each tleratinr oR) 21. ol pact method —> He say Hat fix hod Convenges on Uden. he Grdthien 9t0)21.48 Leal cove. Y B_Npoillnss for each tozdive M 4 © Rtesedin Methods ) : “ . Y Deude witial valwos fier y and x, and borin ontelaE, 2 Compele i= fla) 4 4, = fla) Shab ff, Boe then + dite do nof bracket Be rool and gob Step. © a= (a4+%2)/2 an mfg 20 en sah meme ffs) : atee St 4024) = #2) ‘seb xy 2% set fof, — TF absolute value of (a4) fg 48 teas than omen Edun Yook = ( /o, wi He gc Step. se. ofp 6 —. Lop. i het / 2 Newton. cheer Method, Bhor tntlical, jit to 06,5 5 XL, Gi preciaton E. ssl an J ralole flee) 1 G0) > And the smproved ellynale oe 742 2— —> Check for the accuracy of bdesh estimate © dh predefrad ube 2? “Compare Hae veladive approutate erro (& 0) /xy | [2 stop, othosolte conftnue ltl typ ty repeat shep 3 ht, > Secant Mothod (Agent) i 1 Input choo anibial oyecces [3 4%) rectton E, | pur 0 Intel quresses (S24 %4% f j > Baluate fla) d die) Ct — EFetimate He neo yalue of te vod a: 2b 2% — lta) (4-0) £04) - Fl) © > Phd He abeotute relative appa ern [Eq) = | 4% a A he Ps] “ree he approximate ennbdr ve enron.(F), (6) wh peectie Tf R>E, . yaty fl) = 4a) ! 7 =H, wir step3 | che, : i her. cr => Shep 4a Fred - Point: Teration Method i(Agerthm) Input snitial quess (say 2) femon eatimale (sas => Coheed fay lo. 4s ™ é ge. © form. ws Sx), > Noo estimate the valuc, of the OE as %=9(%) a

E, elie, Get shes. _5 Slap. le Accor do these. aabetthms prac doky corny tee Cp on fer each method Cee. mys rip nwsnde the) Siabe ee exfermiva Long divietons of polynemial Tal wt Less writing and fucer’ calculations, Gee —pheb Phe) be a podpnomial’ of deprce n. Hf we diide Fle) by (=-¢) we gel another Potiiomtal 9h) udich 4s quetiont of ected —> Assume, 7 nek ; POE) = Ayre a ae EX gtx) = beh x th s % Peds gtx) (x-a), 1 Oy 28, ta, = (bX 4b, Eth) (a0). > Coneparing Hee cefhaents on both selec of Lhe epuodion ei , boy 92 Oy gt aby b= a,tab, hus, 620 A bp yaQetah, who god...n. xt 3x45) Gan, (xt-3x45) + (x-4) Sel the synthetic alivision, ‘colve the floaing probleme viing cynthele. daieion mthed Bg OD les Yes) x4) Oak ox®3x45 77 ‘ther gf becomes, elfen !8 cnstat 4 i 2% “re Sg Cpl ad Boe. "Ee betters 4 aie ot (249 Remade = 24-3 & Remainder Theorem: wnainder Theorem: (x) —> Remainder, theorem sbales that phe peel ft cbivided by (x- 6), ther the remainde, fc). He A 7 this mens Het we can ay ny eget divleyee dt i Sek 4wo number 48 He fe indy Thi remainder % ry z jonah vahie, Ce) et = : i Thus the rata hen #8 useful dor ealiaig ripe aba gree value of 2, 4s Sebe. using remainder, Ahenem flx.)= QxBex24 x5 40 fond f-2) : a we to use yb tic divigin 03 described above What ad Aleffewn ce +3. wh the, final anguer 8 bes 1 poked af funchined, vabt)Dvide 2 . rei Wry 2m, Jo gel the raproal Set Ray end while > mena verb — Oo S ez Pind reals of ey uation Ce a2 13x74 BBX vaphsen, vnethed, fowth fe ey | eat i est Zt sie 24) =0 using neokor = Beppe che Bie. 1) =00 Ison. saclled, bp gel rol, thus, 4 rock fhe gabe, ch | Spas hou wae vente diviston deflate the p nomial ble A) yeh i — ges te Pagrental: 35214-4240 Again use Meokra Raphsn method ott with, seas el, fon o.o4 fof H. s 3 fae ee igre te iL. the. polynomial by (x-9) Form Neolmn me bel ced 4X-12 =O Trifed eas) = =2 , ror Lmtd E)=0.01 Shepts 4 Again, Use pepe Sigey Ede de gata (x-2 which tres! the ariel cepa te paloma bp fx-2), Now, firsh root the ial 3 cele, poke gk no: ree u3 calcul aled, Lasting the —2o Thus, rsd Roof —4- @_ Homer's Methed for [elmmdal Evaluation 4 EAs a woay de optinte she bask of evaluating 2 “rolinomeal evaluate The rot ak ffl, bo hs andividual deans dy sien yous 1 method i erates the lowes! nomial Thug 4 represent ans owal en K 3 rt ee, Segre chien sai « adie fom —> Grstder 2 poneall polpromel ep ab P= Aw = acragcrateagtty. Faye" whore, Bes 3p 5 14+ 44y Ore he real nwrbersd, we wight efo evaluate Ya polynemial at pond: SAY c ich this, we need ty define #re-grer “yn ial > a eel off ot P P(x= Oy tye tate tQ,x". oy, Plt) = 421( a9 tty Lt qx") on, Pl2)= Gt (4g+x (Ayt += tax") ) Px) = 4,1 (yrr(agts( Ot an., Coat (x) > Now we can debe = “new segunce. rf condteunts ag fellas, =a bn a=Qnat nm Ther by 1s He valve of p(%).

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