Money Unit

Unit Objectives:
− Learn about money functions and money types.
− Foster learners” understanding of:
▪ Money-related issues
▪ History of money
− Use money-related lexical items as collocations, idioms, phrasal
verbs, etc.
− Recognize & describe money-related attitudes.

“Too many people spend money they earned to buy things they don't want to impress people that they don't
like”, Will Rogers
Task One : Vocabulary
A. Complete this semantic diagram with words – mostly nouns - that are related to money:

B. Now, which of these words fit these definitions:

1. An …………………. an amount of money that is paid to someone regularly or on particular occasions by
their employer, by parents or by the state, to help them pay for travel, food, somewhere to live or other
expenses.
2. An …………………. is a court-mandated allowance made to a former spouse by a divorced or legally-
separated person.
3. A …………………. is a sum of money or something valuable that one person offers or gives to another in
order to persuade him or her to do something often dishonest.
4. A …………………. is the money that has to be paid to someone so that they will set free a person they
have kidnapped.
5. A …………………. a regular amount of money that a worker earns, usually every week, for work or
services.
6. An amount of money that must be paid as punishment for breaking a law or rule is a …………………..
7. An amount of money that you pay for professional advice, services or for joining some organization is
a …………………..
8. A …………………. is money that employees receive for doing their job, especially professional employees
or people working in an office, that is usually paid every month.
9. A small amount of extra money that you give to somebody, for example somebody who serves you in a
restaurant is a …………………..
10. An extra amount of money that a company offers in order to encourage another company to agree to a
takeover is a ………………….. It is also the money and goods which, in some cultures, her family gives to
the man that she marries.
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11. A …………………. is money that an organization such as a bank

lends and somebody borrows.
12. A small flat piece of metal used as money is a ………………….; and a …………………. is a piece of paper
money.
13. A …………………. is the amount of money that is available to a person, an organization or a government
to spend.
14. …………………. is money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services.
15. Money in the form of coins or notes/bills is …………………..
16. …………………. is an amount of money that a person, a company, a country, etc. owes.
17. An amount of money paid regularly by a government or company to somebody who is considered to
be too old or too ill/sick to work is …………………..
18. …………………. is money, equipment, etc given to charities or charitable organizations to help them.
19. …………………. is an amount of money that is paid to somebody for the work they have done.
20. …………………. is money that a person, a region, a country, etc. earns from work, from investing money,
from business, etc. While …………………. is money that a business spends on supplies, workers, services,
etc. in order to operate, the act of spending or using money; an amount of money that somebody
spends during a particular period of time is …………………..
21. …………………. is the amount of money that a business or a person has to spend regularly, for example
every month. ………………….; however, are gains or recurrent benefits which are usually measured in
money that derives from capital or labor.
22. The money that one earns for the work they do or the money which people earn in a particular industry
or during a particular time is ………………….
23. ………………… is the total income of a government or a company from all the sources appropriated for
the payment of the public expenses.
24. ………………… is the money that you make in business or by selling things, especially after paying the
costs involved.
25. The total amount of profits or income often measured in terms of money that an investor get from an
investment or from a business …………………..
26. …………………. is the amount of profit or income that one gets from a particular investment.
27. …………………. is money that a person pays to a partner they have lived with for a long time and
are now separated from.
28. An amount of money that is paid for the right to use the property of another person, such as the owner
of a copyright or patent is …………………..
C. The nouns mentioned above often collocate with a set of verbs. Guess these verbs in this
exercise where each hyphen stands for a missing letter:
1. E- - n money 11. R- -- e money
2. P - - - t money 12. D - - - - e money
3. S - - e money 13. I - - - e money
4. M - - e money 14. B - - - - w money
5. S - - - d money 15. L - - d money
6. G - - e money 16. I - - - - t money
7. C - - t money 17. D - - - - - t money
8. W - - - - - - w money 18. S - - d money
9. G - - n money 19. R - - - - - - e money
10. L- - e money 20. G - t money
D. Now, use words from tasks A & B above to fill in the gaps in these sentences:
1. People ……………… ……………… in the markets because they let their emotions, mainly fear and greed, drive
their investment ventures.
2. People who control their emotions and make sound business decisions are very likely to ……………
………………
3. Because of joblessness, many netizens turned to the Internet to ……………… ……………… online and
……………… extra ……………… instead of the traditional resort of ……………… ………………from financial
institutions, specially banks, which usually ……………… a lot of ………………
4. Rich people who might be unwilling to take any risks, may choose to ……………… all or part of their
……………… savings accounts thinking it is a safe investment.
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5. The IMF ……………… ……………… to poor and developing nations

to an attempt to help these countries rebuild their economies end repay their ……………… However, due to
poor governance, these funds are often misused and these nations slip further in ………………
6. To compensate for the accumulated budget deficit, it ……………… ………………from creditors by ………………
treasury bonds.
7. The issuance department or the bureau of engraving and printing cannot ……………… ……………… so as not
to put more money into circulation and disbalance ……………… ……………… consequently and cause
inflation.
8. Owing to recurring economic crises, labour unions see workers’ ……………… decrease sharply and
thereafter their buying capacity. This is why, they strike and fight for ……………… ………………
E. Match the collocation with the correct definition:

1. Earn a) receive money from somebody who has died

2. Raise b) take money out of a bank account
3. Donate c) use money on something you don’t ne
4. Steal d) buy e.g. shares in a company
5. Win e) give sb money that they must return
6. Find f) get money from people for a purpose
7. Lose g) give money to an organization
8. Spend Money h) keep money for future use
9. Save i) give money back to sb you borrowed from
10. Lend j) give/pay money for something
11. Borrow k) not have any longer; not gain
12. Invest l) have to pay sb the money they gave you
13. Withdraw m) get money by working
14. Waste n) take money from sb without permission
15. Inherit o) get money in the lottery, quiz show etc.
16. Pay back p) get money from sb that you must return
17. Owe q) discover by chance

Task Two: reading

Pre-reading:
A. Discussion:
a. How has money originated?
b. What implications do the pictures inserted in the text make about the evolution of money?
c. How did previous people engage in commercial exchanges?
B. While-reading: Read the text carefully and answer the following
queries:
a. How has money evolved throughout history?
b. Give the text a suitable title?
……………………………………………………………………
Money, as we know it today, is the result of a long process. At the beginning,
there was no money. People engaged in barter, the exchange of merchandise
for merchandise, without value equivalence.
Then, a person catching more fish than the necessary for himself and his
group, exchanged his excess fish for the surplus of another person who, for
instance, had planted and harvested more corn that what he would need. This
elementary form of trade prevailed in the beginning of civilization, and may be found today among people of
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primitive economies, in regions where difficult access makes money

scarce and, even in special situations, where people barter items without regard
for their equivalence in value.
Goods used in barter are generally in their natural state, in line with the
environment conditions and activities developed by the group, corresponding to
elementary needs of the group’s members. This exchange, however, is not free
from difficulties, since there is not a common measure of value among the items
bartered.
Some commodities, for their utility, came to be more sought than others are.
Accepted by all, they assumed the role of currency, circulating as an element of
exchange for other products and used to assess their value. This was the
commodity money.
Cattle, mainly bovine, was one of the mostly used, and had the advantages of
moving for itself, reproducing and rendering services, although there was the risk
of diseases and death. Salt was another commodity money, difficult to obtain,
mainly in the interior part of continents, also used as a preservative for food. Both
cattle and salt left the marks in the Portuguese language of their function as an
exchange instrument, as we keep using words such as pecunia (money)
and pecúlio (accumulated money) derived from the Latin work pecus (cattle).
The word capital (asset) comes from the Latin capita (head). Similarly, the work salário (salary) originates from
the use of sal [salt], in Rome, for payment of services rendered.
Later, commodities became inconvenient for commercial trades due to changes in their values, the fact of
being indivisible and easily perishable, therefore checking the accumulation of wealth. As soon as man discovered
metal, it was used to make utensils and weapons previously made of stone. For its advantages, as the possibility
of treasuring, divisibility, ease of transportation and beauty, metal became the main standard of value. It was
exchanged under different forms. In the beginning, metal was used in its natural state, and later under the form
of ingots and, still, transformed into objects, from rings to bracelets.
The metal so traded required weight assessment and assaying of its purity at each transaction. Later, metal
money gained definite form and weight, receiving a mark indicating its value, indicating also the person
responsible for its issue. This measure made transactions faster, as it saved
the trouble of weighing it and enabled prompt identification of the quantity
of metal offered for trade.
Metal items came to be very valued commodities. As its production
required, in addition to knowledge of melting, knowing where the metal
could be found in nature, the task was not at the reach of everyone. The
increased value of these objects led to their use as money and the circulation of small-scale replicas of metal
objects.
In the 7th century B.C. the first coins resembling current ones appeared. They were small metal pieces, with
fixed weight and value, and bearing an official seal that is the mark of who has minted them and also a guaranty
of their value.
Gold and silver coins are minted in Greece, and small oval ingots are used in Lydia, made of a gold and silver
alloy called electrum. The first metals used in coinage were gold and silver. Employment of these metals happened
for their rarity, beauty, immunity to corrosion, economic value, and for old religious habits. In primeval
civilizations, Babylonian priests, knowledgeable about astronomy, taught people the close relationship between
gold and the sun, silver and the moon. This led to a belief in the magic power of such metals and of objects made
with them.
Minting of gold and silver coins was common for many centuries, and pieces were guaranteed by their intrinsic
value, that is to say, by the trade value of the metal used in their production. Then, a coin made with twenty grams
of gold was exchanged for goods of even value.
For many centuries, countries minted their most highly valued coins in gold, using silver and copper for lesser
value coins. This system was kept up to the end of the last century, when cupronickel, and later other metallic
alloys, became used, and coins came to circulate for their extrinsic value, i. e., for their face value, which is
independent from their metal content.
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With the
appearance of paper money, minting of metal coins was
restricted to lower values, necessary as change. In this new role,
durability became the most requested quality for coins. Large
quantities of modern alloys appeared, produced to support the
high circulation of change money.
In the Middle Ages, the keeping of values with goldsmiths,
persons trading with gold and silver items, was common. The
goldsmith, as a guaranty, delivered a receipt. With time, these
receipts came to be used to make payments, circulating from
hand to hand, giving origin to paper money.
In Brazil, the first bank notes, precursors of the current notes, were issued by Banco do Brasil in 1810. They
had its value written by hand, as we today do with our checks.
With time, in the same form it happened with coins, the government came to conduct the issue of notes,
controlling counterfeits and securing the power to pay. Currently, all countries have their central bank in charge
of issuing coins and notes.
Paper money experienced an evolution regarding the technique used in their printing. Today, the printing
of notes uses especially prepared paper and several printing processes, which are complementary to each other,
assuring to the final product a great margin of security and durability conditions.
Bank notes depict the culture of the issuing country, and we may see in them characteristic and interesting
motifs as landscapes, human types, fauna and flora, monuments of ancient and contemporary architecture,
political leaders, historical scenes, etc. Countries, through their central banks, control and guarantee the issue of
money.
The set of coins and bank notes used by a country form its monetary system. The system is regulated by
appropriate legislation and organized, from a monetary unit, its base value. Currently almost all countries use a
monetary system of centesimal basis, in which the coinage dividing the unit represents one hundredth of its value.
Normally, higher values are expressed in notes while smaller values are represented by coins. The current
world trend is that daily expenses be paid with coins. Modern metallic alloys enable coins to be more durable than
notes, making them more appropriate to the intense use of money as change.
As coins and notes ceased to be convertible into precious metal, money became more dematerialized and
assumed abstract forms. One of these forms is the check that, for simplicity of use and security offered, is being
adopted by an increasing number of people in their day-by-day activities.
This document, by which one orders payment of a certain amount to its bearer or to a person mentioned in it,
aims mainly at transactions with bank deposits. The important
role played today in the economy by this form of payment is due
to the innumerable advantages offered by it, speeding
transactions with large sums, avoiding hoarding and
diminishing the need of change by being a document completed
by hand in the necessary amount.
Money, whatever the form it has, is not valuable for itself,
but for the goods and services it may purchase. It is a sort of
security giving its bearer the faculty of being creditor of society
and take advantage, through his or her purchasing power, of all
conquests of modern man. Money was not, hence, invented by a
stroke of genius, but stemmed from a need, and its evolution
reflects, at each time, the willingness of man to harmonize its monetary instrument to the reality of its economy.
https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/legacy?url=https:%2F%2Fwww.bcb.gov.br%2Fingles%2Forigevoli.asp
Task One: Find in the text words meaning almost the same as:
1. Surplus (§1): ………………………………… 6. Rapid & hasty (§7): …………………………………
2. Reaped (§1): ………………………………… 7. Deterioration (§10): …………………………………
3. Dominated (§1): ………………………………… 8. Herald & omen (§11): …………………………………
4. Rare (§1): ………………………………… 9. Storing & collecting (§ 22): …………………………
5. Fragile & delicate (§6): ……………………………… 10. Originated (§23): …………………………………
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Task Two: Fill in the table with information from the text
in Note form:
Early Forms of Exchange Advantages Drawbacks
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………………………………

Task Two - Reading-related grammar points:

A. Find in the text words that fulfill more than one grammatical category? e, g. reach
B. Study the following sentences carefully, then answer the subsequent questions:
1. Metal pieces bear an official seal. The seal was the mark of the producer.
2. A person exchanged his excess fish with another individual. This person produced more coin than his needs.
3. Barter prevailed in some primitive regions. People disregard items’ value equivalence in these regions.
4. Barter prevailed in some primitive regions. Their inhabitants had difficult access to coins.
5. Coins started to emerge in more civilized areas. Access to tools and machines was available in such areas.
6. Commodities became inconvenient for trade. Their value depreciated or they were perishable.
7. Metal money gained definite form and weight. It received a mark. The mark indicated its value.
8. Fiat money gained great acceptance. It was backed by the issuing authority.
a. What type of sentences/clauses are they?
b. Link these clauses into one sentence?
Post-reading:
▪ Discussion:
a. What functions does money fulfill?
b. How has the role of money together with its various paying instruments changed over time?
Task three: Listening

A. The lexical item ‘Money’ often collocates with many other nouns, namely:
Pocket, counterfeit, blood, hush, protection, stake, bank, hoard, supply, dole, bonus, laundering
Form the right collocation, then fill it in the gap matching its appropriate definition.

1. The total amount of money that exists in the economy of a country at a particular time is
…………………………………
2. ………………………………… describes a financial transaction scheme that aims to conceal the identity, source,
and destination of illicitly-obtained money.
3. Money given to a person, such as an accomplice, to ensure that is something is kept secret or confidential is
………………………………….
4. ………………………………… is money for incidental or minor expenses and can refer to a small weekly sum of
money parents give to children as an allowance.
5. Money or other supplies that are collected, especially secretly, and kept safe to be used in the future is
………………………………….
6. ………………………………… refers to money, goods, or documents that are not genuine, but have been fashioned
to look exactly like genuine ones in order to deceive people.
7. Money that criminals take from people in exchange for agreeing not to hurt them or damage their property is
referred to as …………………………………
8. ………………………………… describes a lump sum of money awarded to an employee, either occasionally or
periodically, for good performance.
9. Money that is received from the state while one is out of work is ………………………………….
10. Checks, drafts, and bank credits other than currency are the equivalent of …………………………………
11. ………………………………… is paid to the family of a murdered person or money paid to someone
for killing someone else, or for giving information about a person who has killed someone.
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12. An amount of money that is invested in something, viz. the stock

exchange for example, is ………………………………… .
B. Listen/watch carefully (to) the following video (documentary) embedded in this link and
answer these questions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5ezTCiwwyg&ab_channel=GameTheSystem
Discussion:
a. Why launder money?
b. What problems do laundrymen encounter?
Pre-listening: Listen carefully and answer the following questions?
1. How many stages does money laundering involve?
2. What are they?
3. Which stages are safer than the others?
4. What types of money laundering can you mention?
While-listening:
Task A: Listen carefully and say if these sentences are true or false, justify your answer:
1. Spain is the world leader as far as money laundering is concerned.
2. People can exchange big amounts of money without any governmental restrictions.
3. Money laundering schemes seek to blend illicit and licit money.
4. The layering stage is less safe than the placement stage.
5. A successful money laundering operation usually moves around different laundering types to avoid detection.
6. The casino scheme usually takes in different nations to complicate any evidence gathering that might reveal
proof of the money laundering.
7. Some travel agencies provide casino chips as part of their packages.
8. Paying for casino chips in cash is a smart way to track getting cash moved without electronic records.
9. Money laundered through casinos is relatively easy to integrate within clean money.
10. The cash business is the most widely used scheme for laundering large amounts of physical cash.
11. The term ‘money laundering’ was coined by the agents investigating into Al Capone’s empire laundromats.
12. Smurfing subverts the currency reporting requirements which banks are internationally required to observe.
13. Small amounts of money deposited by several partners are less likely to raise eyebrows or trigger automatic
reports.
14. The smurfing scheme is safer than both the casino and cash business schemes.
15. The foreign investor places large amounts of money in the launderer’s business, which are difficult to prove
illegal.
Task B: Listen carefully again and fill in the gaps with the right words:
1. You have one big problem, transferring large sums of money or ……………………. ……………………. Full of cash
will ……………………. …………………….
2. You need to launder ……………………. ……………………. To make the ……………………. ……………………. Appear to
be ……………………. ……………………. So that it can be spent anywhere in the world, on …………………….
……………………., luxury yachts, ……………………. ……………………., no questions asked.
3. Wit a little ……………………. ……………………., your dirty money can become more or less ……………………..
4. Some $1.08 trillion departed the country illegally despite ……………………. ……………………. …………………….
5. Corrupt politicians, ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………., nearly everybody is doing
it.
6. Careful money laundering schemes usually go through ……………………. Stages; the first is ……………………., the
second is ……………………., the third is ……………………..
7. Illicit money can be used to ……………………., then placed into ……………………., then shuffled around in different
……………………. And then used to buy ……………………. Products like life ……………………. Policies.
8. The purpose of the ……………………. Stage is to make it ……………………. For even a ……………………. Accountant
to ……………………. between money that came from ……………………. transactions and that which came from
……………………. that were placed for …………………….
9. ……………………. cash is usually placed into ……………-………., long-term ……………………., …………………….
……………………. and ……………………. as well as ……………………. ……………………. that may be used to
……………………. ……………………. Money laundering ……………………. …………………….
10. Money laundering involves several types, such as ……………………. schemes, …………-…………. schemes,
……………………. schemes, and foreign ……………………. schemes.
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11. In the …………-…………. scheme, fake transactions, which might

take the form of ……………………. ……………………. or extra services, are ……………………. ……………………. the
books throughout the day.
12. The ……………………. scheme refers to the practice of ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. of a larger
cash amount to a ……………………. of ……………………. who then ……………………. the money in …………………….
amounts.
13. In smurfing schemes, the smurfs must deposit cash not only in ……………………. amounts but also
……………………. amounts and at ……………………. intervals.
14. In the foreign ……………………. investment scheme, the launderer ……………………. cash to the foreign investor
who returns it by making an investment into the launderer’s …………………….
Task C: Listen carefully again and fill in the chart with the right information from the listening
passage:
Careful Money Laundering stages
…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………
…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………

Follow-up: Vocabulary
Task A: Select the choice that means almost the same as these words that occurred in the
listening passage.
1. Illicit: 6. Proxy:
A. Legal A. An authorized substitute
B. Approved B. An agent
C. Disapproved C. An alternative
D. Illegal D. A representative
2. Shuffle around: 7. Raise eyebrows:
A. Move A. Cause sb. to feel indifferent
B. Mix B. Cause sb. to feel surprised
C. Give C. Cause sb. to feel anxious
D. Blend D. Cause sb. to feel frightened
3. Funnel: 8. Reveal:
A. Put A. Disguise
B. Travel B. Hide
C. Send C. Divulge
D. Move D. Mask
4. Infuse: 9. Trigger:
A. Fill A. Spark
B. Take in B. Initiate
C. Make C. Activate
D. Complete D. Hinder
5. Smurf: 10. Launder:
A. Split A. Wash
B. Deposit B. Reveal
C. Retrieve C. Disguise
D. Scrutinize D. Disclose.
Task B: The lexical item ‘Money’ also collocates with many other adjectives, namely:
Stolen, dark, big, dirty, black, easy, tight, hard, funny, fake, clean, cheap, hard-earned,
dear, little.
Form the right collocation, then fill it in the gap matching its appropriate definition.
1. In the US, money that is contributed, i.e., from donations, directly to a political candidate to help them
get elected is …………………………………, but ………………………………… is money which is
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contributed illegally or secretly to influence elections. Yet,

………………………………… is money whose value changes often.
2. ………………………………… describes any money that is earned illegally, or on which the necessary tax is
not paid.
3. ………………………………… is any money taken away from others without their permission and
without intending to return it.
4. ………………………………… or ………………………… that is expensive to borrow because the rate of interest is
high.
5. Money that somebody gains from dishonest or illegal activities is considered to be …………………………………
6. ………………………………… describes money lent at a low rate of interest.
7. Money that appears to have been acquired legitimately is …………………………………
8. While ………………………………… refers to large sums of money, ………………………………… conveys a small
amount of money.
9. ………………………………… is money that one gets without having to work very hard for it; whereas,
………………………………… refers to money that is worked very hard for.
10. Money or cash which is not genuine, that is forged or created to look real, and intended to pass for real is
………………………………….
11. Money that is not being used to earn interest or dividends is …………………………………
Task Four: Vocabulary: 1) Money-related phrasal verbs:
A. Match the phrasal verbs with their meaning:

A. Pay part of an amount of money that was borrowed.

B. Benefit or make money on something, especially if done unfairly.
C. To manage to live on very little money
1. Pay back : ……….. D. To sell an asset or an investment in order to make a
2. Pay off : ……….. profit.
3. Rip off : ……….. E. Repay money that one borrowed.
4. Pay down : ……….. F. Deposit money.
5. Cash in : ……….. G. Inherit money, property or some title,
6. Pay into : ……….. H. To rescue a person or organization out of a difficult
7. Come into : ………. situation.
8. Pay out: ……….. I. To survive or manage to live on very little money.
9. Cash out: ……….. J. To pay all the money that you owe to somebody,
10. Bail out: ……….. especially when you do not want to or when the
11. Lay out: ……….. payment is late.
12. Cash in on: ……….. K. Repay a debt completely or produce a profitable or
13. Cut back on: ……… successful result.
14. Cough up: ……….. L. To charge someone too much money for something.
15. Put aside: ……….. M. To spend money, especially a large amount
16. Pay up: ……….. N. To reduce your expenses.
17. Save up: ……….. O. To spend a lot of money on something you don't need, but is very pleasant.
18. Chip in: ……….. P. To spend a lot of money on sth, especially unwillingly.
19. Scrape by: ……….. Q. To hide or store something, especially money, in order to use it in the future.
20. Splash out: ……….. R. To provide money for something you do not want to or when
21. Fork out: ……….. a large amount is involved.
22. Get by: ……….. S. Convert shares, bonds, casino chips, etc, into money.
23. Take out: ……….. T. To contribute money to something.
24. Dip into: ……….. U. To pay a large sum of money for something.
25. Cash up: ……….. V. To save money for a specific purpose
26. Squirrel away: …… W. (Of cashiers & shopkeepers) To add up the amount of money that has been
received in a shop/store, club, etc., especially at the end of a working day.
X. To collect money by spending less to buy something one wants.
Y. To finalize a loan or to get a loan.
Z. To spend part of your saved money.
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B. Fill in the gaps in these sentences with the right phrasal

verb
1. Owing to the crisis, the firm manager decided to …………………… a noteworthy part of their bonds to
…………………… some of their loans.
2. Upon their successful merger, the new CEO …………………… a significant portion of the company’s savings on
improving its brand image.
3. Because of his family’s bankruptcy, the estate agent had to dip into his saving to be able to ……………………
some of their debts …………………….
4. Upon his success, Thomas …………………… almost all the holiday’s …………………… budget buying gifts for his
family members.
5. Our accountant claims that thanks to the high demand our products enjoy, the company recorded an
interesting turnover enabling us to …………………… the totality of our mortgage.
6. Our startup manager is meeting the bank director to negotiate the borrowing rate of the loan we are about to
…………………….
7. The judge obliged the irresponsible husband to …………………… a huge amount of money to his wife when they
divorced.
8. The financial director is in our bank’s branch …………………… some money ……… the company’s current
account.
9. Due to the pandemic, the government tries to …………………… startups which are in financial difficulty.
10. The government also encourages these startups to …………………… loans at very competitive borrowing rates.
11. They …………………… large fortune when their grandmother passed away.
12. The burglars secretively broke into the shop when the cashier was busily …………………… .
13. All his classmates agreed to …………………… some amounts of money to help him pay for his surgery.
14. To finance their high school fees, they had to …………………… some money by …………………… their shopping.
15. Hoping to persuade the donors to generously …………………… , the electee presented a detailed plan of how the
collected amount should be spent.
16. They had to …………………… their savings to finance their brand-new car. In fact, they were obliged to take out
a great part of the money they have been …………………… for years.
17. As the season of winter was getting closer, many families feel obliged to …………………… their unnecessary
spending to …………………… money for any eventual heating needs.
18. Startups have been …………………… for years due to recession; they find it difficult to …………………… in these
critical times.
2) Money-related single words:
Task A. Match these words (Numbers) with their meaning (Letters):
A. A list of people employed by a company showing the amount of money to be paid
to each of them.
1. Payoff: ……….. B. The practice of giving secret payments to people for trying to influence the sales
2. Payload: ……….. of a particular product, especially paying radio stations to play particular pieces
3. Payback: ……….. of music.
4. Payable : ……….. C. The passengers or goods on a ship or an aircraft for which payment is received.
5. Paycheck: ……….. D. A way of referring to the amount of money that one earns.
6. Payday: ……….. E. A person that money or a cheque is paid to.
7. Paydown: ……….. F. A list of people employed by a company showing the amount of money to be paid
8. Downpayment: to each of them.
………. G. The practice of giving secret payments to people for trying to influence the sales
9. Payee: ……….. of a particular product, especially paying radio stations to play particular pieces
10. Payer: ……….. of music.
11. Paymaster: ……….. H. The passengers or goods on a ship or an aircraft for which payment is received.
12. Payment: ……….. I. A way of referring to the amount of money that one earns.
13. Payola: ……….. J. A person that money or a cheque is paid to.
14. Payout: ……….. K. A payment of money to sb to persuade them to leave their job or money one
15. Payroll: ……….. receives from an investment as well as the advantage or good result one gets from
16. Payslip: ……….. sth.
L. A sum of money paid or expected to be paid.
Money Unit
11

M. a piece of paper pays or has to pay for sth.

given to an O. Money that a company owes, for example loans to be paid back, services to be
employee that paid for, etc.
shows how much P. A payment of part of an amount of money that has been borrowed.
money they have Q. A large amount of money that is given to sb.
been paid and how R. The profit or benefit that one obtains from something that they
much was deducted have spent money, time, or effort on.
for tax, etc. S. An initial, partial payment on a purchase.
N. A person or an T. The person or the organization that pays and therefore controls another person
organization that or organization.
U. The day on which wages or salaries are paid.
Task B. Fill in the gaps in these sentences with words from the above exercise:
1. Our company is growing fast; it has to pay a monthly …………………… of $1 million.
2. Football players, cinema stars and celebrities, unlike state officials, earn a huge …………………… .
3. In the 1960s, …………………… was widespread in the music business.
4. Due to COVID19’s pandemic related governmental restrictions, many companies resorted to electronic
…………………… systems.
5. By law, employers are compelled to provide a monthly …………………… detailing the data on which employees'
salary was based.
6. To contain the spread of the pandemic, many governments limited the means of transport …………………… to
only 50% of the passengers’ seats.
7. …………………… to department managers were increased due to the company’s last year’s record sales.
8. Managers need to keep control of …………………… , amounts due to vendors on credit purchases.
9. Mortgage late …………………… always pay extra commissions.
10. A substantial …………………… of Morocco’s aggressive foreign policy is quite conspicuous and will be more
noticeable in the coming years.
11. For a cheque to clear, it has to be dated and bear the …………………… ’s name and the …………………… ’s
signature.
12. The fund manager left the company with a $1 million …………………… . The company is offering large pay-offs
to anyone accepting voluntary redundancy.
13. Motivating …………………… always need to recognize and reward their employees’ efforts.
14. Hardworking workers whose …………………… are frequently put off usually get demotivated.
15. Upon her employment, the daughter bought her father a precious gift as a …………………… for all the favors
she owes him.
16. An important part of last year’s turnover will be used to speed the …………………… of the company’s debt.
Task Five: Speaking: Money-related Idioms
A. Match these idiomatic expressions with their meanings:
1. Break the bank. 19. On a shoestring
2. Born with a silver spoon 20. Live from hand to mouth
3. Pay through the nose 21. Dip into your savings
4. Cost an arm and a leg 22. Nest egg
5. Bread and butter 23. Dirt cheep
6. Cheapskate 24. Pay a king’s ransom
7. Bring home the bacon 25. Penny pincher
8. Burn a hole in my pocket 26. Pour money down the drain
9. Cook the books 27. Put money where your mouth is
10. Make a killing 28. From rags to riches
11. Cut corners 29. Save for a rainy day
12. Tighten the belt 30. Whip-round
13. Foot the bill 31. Skinflint
14. Make ends meet
15. Go dutch A. An impromptu collection of money made usually for a benevolent
16. Gravy train purpose
17. Rolling in money/it B. A frugal person
18. Lion’s share C. Spend too much money
Money Unit
12

D. Dishonest accounting N. The largest part or majority of sth

E. Earn just enough money to p O. Reduce one’s spending
ay one's bills. P. Source of income
F. Earn a large profit Q. Take out part of the money one has been saving
G. Exceptionally wealthy - R. A person who is unwilling to spend money
having large amounts of mon S. Be from a rich family.
ey to spend. T. On a very tight or limited financial budget.
H. Cost a lot of money U. Share the cost of sth
I. Pay for sth, especially sth that V. Show one’s beliefs through actions, not just words
is expensive W. Be very expensive.
J. Waste money X. Keep money to use it in a time of unforeseen difficulty
K. Earn money to support Y. High pay for minimal work
family members Z. Survive on very little money
L. Limit one's budget AA. A rise from a state of extreme poverty to one of great wealth
and live modestly by making BB. Save money
financial sacrifices. CC. Go bankrupt
M. Unwilling to spend money DD. Very inexpensive
EE. Pay a lot of money
B. Fill in the gaps in these sentences with the right idioms making any necessary changes (Two
idiomatic expressions are used twice):
1. I cannot afford a skiing holiday this winter – it would …………………………………………..
2. Buying a real estate in big cities, especially in the city center, would …………………………………………..
3. The Smiths had to …………………………………………. when they enrolled their daughter in a foreign business
school.
4. Reputable charities spend …………………………………………. of donations on supporting the needy folks and a
tiny fraction on administration.
5. In view of the unexpected eruption of the pandemic, many companies had to ………………………………………….
6. Corrupt officials and laundrymen do not have to worry about their future; they are
………………………………………….
7. Owing to the crisis, businesses have to …………………………………………. and get by on not very much.
8. It is very rare for someone to …………………………………………. on their first investment; it usually
takes a lot of time and patience.
9. After the death of their father who used to …………………………………………., they lived
…………………………………………. for years until the elder son graduated and got a good-paying job
10. Due to the sudden outbreak of the COVID19 pandemic, many startups are struggling with their business
overheads and are just ………………………………………….
11. Jeff Bezos …………………………………………. story inspires ambitious young men to pursue their dreams.
12. Restaurants by the motorway usually ……………………their customers …………………….. The latter
…………………….……………………. for meals that are …………………………………………. in popular areas.
13. Newly divorced and with three children to raise, the mother was leading a miserable life living
………………………………………….. She ………………………………………….. buying their very basic needs only and
paying the bills.
14. In most Arab countries, when the guest is invited to a meal at a restaurant, it means that the host is expected
to …………………………………………., but in western countries, both the host and the guest usually
………………………………………….
15. Most governments, during recession, …………………………………………. and cut back on public spending.
16. Individuals …………………………………………. are usually lavish and extravagant as they spend money more
generously. …………………………………………. and
………………………………………….; however, tend to be stingy and cautious
with money.
17. Politicians’ investments are usually on ………………………………………….
since they are most often involved in insider trading.
Task Six: Communication
A. Study this exchange and sort out the adjectives fitting in the
subsequent table:
Money Unit
13

Ahmed: You have been travelling quite a lot lately. How much do
your usual flights to London cost you?
Nabil: Not very much! Flight tickets’ costs are usually variable and
unstable.
Ahmed: What do you mean?
Nabil: Their cost usually depends on the flight company you travel with
and when you make the booking.
Ahmed: Um, I see!
Nabil: Renowned airline companies are pricier and more expensive
than low cost firms whose prices are a lot lower than the former.
Likewise, the earlier you book a flight, the cheaper it is. In other words,
the closer you book a flight, the costlier it tends to be. So, it is more
advisable to reserve one’s ticket far in advance so that it would be more
affordable and less costly.
Ahmed: Nevertheless, are these frequent flights necessary? I bet, they are a waste of money and you are
quite extravagant by spending money rather wastefully.
Nabil: Oh, Ahmed! You are more cautious with money and very parsimonious; London worths visiting.
It is as nice as Paris. This frugal attitude of yours certainly denies you life’s pleasures.
Saying that something is Saying that someone is
Expensive cheap Careful with Careless with
………………………. ………………………. money money
………………………. ………………………. ………………………. ……………………….
………………………. ………………………. ………………………. ……………………….
………………………. ………………………. ………………………. ……………………….
………………………. ………………………. ………………………. ……………………….

B. Now, fit these adjectives in the former tables depending on their meaning:
High-priced, waster, inexpensive, squanderer, uncostly, penny-pincher, cheapie, extravagant, fritterer,
extravagant, high-roller, stingy, open-handed, cheapo, munificent, high-ticket, precious, thrifty, mean,
exorbitant, miserly, spendthrift, generous, frugal, ungenerous, profligate, charitable, worthless, economizer,
vile, prodigal, deluxe, low-priced, uncharitable, valuable, base, premium, penurious, dear, bargain, tight-
fisted/close-fisted, lavish, niggardly, trashy, overpriced, economical, uneconomical, ritzy, invaluable, lavish,
worthy, shoddy.
C. Study the exchange above and find out structures / words expressing the following ideas:
Expressing Expressing
Equality Difference Similarity Contrast
………………………. ………………………. ………………………. ……………………….
………………………. ………………………. ………………………. ……………………….

D. Go back to tasks A&B above, and complete the

following table with adjective suffixes, then
exemplify for each:
Adjective Examples
suffix
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
 11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
E. Now, add the right suffix to the adjectives in (…):
1. While some companies crashed down during the pandemic, others were more (resilience) ……………………….
and (flexibility) ………………………. by adapting their working plans.
2. Despite the pandemic, some (ingenuity) ………………………. businesses were quite (creative) ……………………….
and (innovation) ……………………….
3. (situation) ………………………. awareness about how issues are perceived by (exterior) ……………………….
audiences is very (importance) ………………………. to handle (conflict) ………………………. disagreements.
4. Finding mutually (agreeableness) ………………………. solutions is quite (desire) ………………………. to deal with
(crisis) ………………………. (politics) ………………………. conflicts.
5. (violence) ………………………. and (storm) ………………………. political upheavals destabilize the most (stability)
………………………. Businesses.
6. (skill) ………………………. managers always go about their meetings in (efficiency) ………………………. and
(business) ………………………. Manners.
7. Though the crisis is easing off, many businesses are quite (parsimony) ………………………. over staff promotions
and salaries.
8. (selfishness) ………………………. managers are usually (greediness) ………………………. and crave for power and
success.
9. Although crises entail several (severeness) ………………………. hardships, they are often (opportunity)
………………………. and (convenience) ………………………. for (advantage) ………………………. and (profit)
………………………. investments.
Task Seven: Use the structures and adjectives acquired above to:
A. Describe:
− Your city’s accommodation, real estate, shops and boutiques, etc.
− Your and your family’s spending habits.
……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………
……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………
……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….……………
………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B. Write two paragraphs comparing and contrasting women and
men’s:
▪ Spending and shopping habits,
▪ Saving behavior,
▪ Earnings,
▪ Etc..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….