Module 1

Summary

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 SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
TECHNIQUE

vice
versa. R
a 𝒗𝒔 a

𝒊𝒔 =
R
is R
vs +
-

b
b

§ A current source in parallel with a resistor (practical current

source) can be replaced by a voltage source in series with a
resistor and vice versa.
R
a
𝒗𝒔 = 𝒊𝒔R a

is R v s
+
-

b b

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PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCES CONNECTED IN
SERIES

Example : Voltage Sources and Resistor Series

Equivalent

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PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCES CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL

Example : Current Sources and Resistors Parallel

Equivalent

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Example 1:Reduce the circuit shown in figure into a
equivalent voltage source using source transformation.

Solution : Since both voltage sources are in parallel, convert them to

current source
9 12
= 3A = 2A
3 6

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Measurement of Current & Voltage using Meters
Example 2.Reduce the circuit shown in figure into a
equivalent current source using source transformation.

Solution Convert each

:
current
source to voltage source.

Now voltage source are

in series

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Resistances connected in Series

𝐈𝐑 = I𝑹𝟏 + I𝑹𝟐 + I𝑹𝟑

R = R1 + R 2 + R 3

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Resistances connected in
Parallel

𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
hence = + +
𝐈= 𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝑹

1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
𝑅 R1 R2 R3

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Example 1. A current of 8A is shared between two
resistors in the network shown in Fig. Calculate the
current in the 2 Ω resistor, given that
(a) R1 = 2 Ω;
(b) R1 = 4 Ω.

Solution:

From this, it is seen that equal

resistances
share the current equally.

This time it is the lesser resistance which takes the greater part
of the supply current.

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Example 2: Find the equivalent resistance Req for the
given network shown in figure.
10 W 8W

Req 10 W 3W 6W

Solution :
10 W 8W

Req 10 W 3W 6W
Parallel Combination

3×6
= 2Ω
3+6

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 STAR – DELTA TRANSFORMATION
TECHNIQUE
§ Star to Delta Transformation

• Delta resistances equivalent to star

resistances between terminals A, B & C are
as given in the equations on the left hand
side.

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Delta to Star
transformation

RAB RCA
R A =
R AB + R BC + R C A

RAB RBC
R B =
R AB + R BC + R C A

RCA RBC
R C
=
R AB + R BC + R C A

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1.Find the equivalent resistance across terminal AB for
the given network shown in Fig. using star and delta
transformation.

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Solution Step 1 : Transform star network to delta
: network
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝑩
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 +
𝑅𝐶
2 × 30
= 2 + 30 + = 47
4

𝑅 𝑅
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐵 𝑪
𝐴
30 × 4
= 30 + 4 + = 94
2

𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑨
𝑅𝐶𝐴 = 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐴 +
𝑅𝐵
4×2
= 4 +2+ = 6.27
30

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2.Find the equivalent resistance Req as seen from voltage
source for the given network shown in Fig. using star and
delta transformation.
I 9W

10 W 5W

+ Req 10 W
V _

8W 4W

Solution :
9W
I
a
Convert the
10 W 5W

V
+
_
Req
b 10 W
c delta
around a – b –
8W 4W
c to a
star.

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 9W 𝟏𝟎×𝟓
𝑹𝒂 = =𝟐𝛀
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟓
2W
𝟏𝟎×𝟓
𝑹𝒄 = =𝟐 𝛀
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟓
R eq 4W 2W

𝟏𝟎×𝟏𝟎
𝑹𝒃 = = 𝟒𝛀
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟓
8W 4W

Series Combination
2 + 4 = 6𝛀
Series Combination
4 + 8 = 12𝛀
12 × 6
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 9 + 2 + = 15 Ω
12 + 6

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Revising Voltage Divider & Current Divider
Two resistances connected in
parallel
R1 R2 Req R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R2
Voltage divider rule ( Resistances connected in
series )
Voltage cross one branch = 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
×

R1
𝑉1 = V x
R1 + R 2

R2
𝑉2 = V x
R1 + R 2

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Current divider rule ( Resistances connected in
parallel )
Current flows in one branch = 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
×

R2
𝐼1 = 𝐼 x
R1 + R 2

R1
𝐼2 = 𝐼 x
R1 + R 2

Note : 1Kilo ohm = 1K Ω = 103 Ω

1Mega ohm = 1M Ω = 106 Ω
1Giga ohm = 1G Ω = 109 Ω

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Current Divider
Voltage divider Rule
Definitions
Classification of Circuit
Elements
q Active & Passive Elements
v Active Elements (Source): Voltage & Current Sources
v Passive Elements (Sink): Resistor, Inductor & Capacitor

q Linear & Non-linear Elements

v Linear (Satisfies Superposition): Resistor, Inductor,
Capacitor
v Nonlinear: LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), Thermistor

q Unilateral & Bilateral Elements

v Unilateral (Current Flow in one direction): Diode,
Transistor
v Bilateral: Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor*

q Lumped & Distributed

Discuss only lumped linear bilateral circuit elements.

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