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Factors to consider in selection Operating System

1. Compatibility

• Ensure that the OS is compatible with your hardware and software requirements.

• Some software and hardware may only work with specific operating systems

2. Use Case

• Consider the purpose of the system. Is it for personal use, gaming, business, development, or server hosting?
Different OSs excel in different areas.

3. User Interface (UI)

• Evaluate the user interface and ease of use.

• Some users prefer the simplicity of a graphical user interface (GUI), while others might require a command-
line interface (CLI) or a mix of both.

4. Software Availability

• Check if the software you need is available for the OS. Some OSs have a wider range of applications and tools
than others.

5. Security

• Consider the security features of the OS. Some OSs have stronger security mechanisms and regular updates
to protect against vulnerabilities.

6. Performance

• Assess the performance of the OS, especially if you have specific performance requirements, such as gaming
or high-performance computing.

7. Hardware Resource Requirements

• Determine the hardware resources (CPU, RAM, storage) required by the OS. Ensure that your hardware
meets or exceeds these requirements.

8. Community and Support

• Look into the community and support options available for the OS. A strong user community and available
support can be invaluable when troubleshooting issues.

9. Cost

• Some operating systems are free and open source (e.g., Linux distributions), while others require a license fee
(e.g., Windows).

• Consider your budget when making a choice.

10. Updates and Maintenance

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• Consider how updates and maintenance are handled. Some OSs offer automatic updates, while others
require manual intervention.

11. Customization

• Evaluate the level of customization the OS allows. Some OSs are highly customizable, while others are more
locked down

12. Licensing and Legal Considerations

• Be aware of any licensing restrictions or legal considerations associated with the OS, especially in a business
environment

13. Scalability

• If you're considering an OS for a server, think about its scalability to accommodate future growth.

14. Vendor Reputation

• Research the reputation and track record of the OS vendor or community behind it. Reliability and
trustworthiness are important

15. Ecosystem

• Consider the larger ecosystem around the OS, including hardware compatibility, third-party software support,
and developer tools.

16. Localization and Language Support

• Ensure the OS supports your preferred language and locale.

17. Backup and Recovery

• Assess the OS's built-in backup and recovery features, especially if data protection is a priority.

18. Energy Efficiency

• In some cases, energy efficiency may be a consideration, especially for portable devices or data centers.

19. Future Proofing

• Try to anticipate your future needs and choose an OS that can adapt to changing requirements.

Factors to consider in Installing Operating System

1. Hardware Compatibility

• Verify that the hardware components of your computer or server are compatible with the chosen OS.

• This includes the CPU, RAM, storage devices, graphics card, and any peripheral devices.

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2. Minimum System Requirements

• Ensure that your hardware meets or exceeds the minimum system requirements specified by the OS vendor.
This is crucial for smooth operation.

• Ex:

Windows 10/11 (64-bit):

CPU: 1 GHz or faster processor with at least 2 cores

RAM: 4 GB (for 64-bit)

Storage: 64 GB of free storage space for 64-bit

Graphics: DirectX 12 compatible graphics card or integrated GPU with a WDDM 2.0 driver

Display: A monitor with at least 720p resolution

3. Installation Media

• Decide how you will install the OS. You can use physical installation media like DVDs or USB drives, or opt for
network-based installations, such as network booting or network deployment.

Installation media refers to the physical or digital media used to install or reinstall an operating system (OS)
or software on a computer or other computing devices.

DVD and CD- Traditional installation media for many OSs and software applications used to be distributed on
physical DVDs or CDs. Users would insert these discs into their computers' optical drives to initiate the
installation process. This method is less common today due to the prevalence of digital downloads and USB
drives.

USB Flash Drives: USB flash drives, also known as thumb drives or USB sticks, have become a popular choice
for installation media. Users can create bootable USB drives containing the OS or software installation files
and use them to install or reinstall the system on their computers. This method is faster and more convenient
than optical media.

Digital Downloads: Many OSs and software applications are now available for download directly from the
official websites of the vendors. Users can download installation files (often in the form of disk images or
executable files) and use them to install or upgrade their systems.

4. Boot Order

• Adjust the boot order in the computer's BIOS or UEFI settings to prioritize the installation media, allowing the
system to boot from it during installation.

The boot order determines the sequence in which the computer looks for devices to boot from during
startup. To install an OS, you typically want to boot from the installation media, whether it's a DVD, USB flash
drive, or network source.

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BIOS

• UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)

5. Data Backup

• Back up all important data on the target storage device before installation.

• Installing a new OS often involves formatting or partitioning the drive, which can result in data loss.

6. Partitioning

• Decide on the partitioning scheme for your storage device.

• You can choose to have a single partition for the OS or create separate partitions for the OS, system files, and
data storage.

Partitioning is the process of dividing a hard drive or other storage media into separate sections or partitions.
Each partition functions as if it were a separate drive, with its own file system and storage space.

Partitioning has several purposes and benefits

1. Organization: Partitioning allows you to organize your data into separate logical units. You can create
partitions for the operating system, applications, user data, backups, and more. This organization makes it
easier to find and manage your files.

2. Data Isolation: By separating data into partitions, you can isolate it from other partitions. If one partition
experiences issues, such as file system corruption or data loss, other partitions may remain unaffected,
reducing the risk of losing all your data.

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3. Operating System Maintenance: Separating the operating system (OS) into its own partition allows you to
perform OS maintenance tasks independently of user data. You can reinstall, upgrade, or repair the OS
without affecting your personal files and applications. This can be particularly useful when troubleshooting
system issues.

4. System Performance: Proper partitioning can enhance system performance. Placing the operating system
on a separate partition can lead to faster system boot times, as system files are located closer to the
beginning of the disk, reducing seek times.

How to make drive partition

Using Windows Disk Management:

• Press Win + X and select "Disk Management" from the menu.

• In the Disk Management window, you will see a list of all available drives.

• Right-click on the drive you want to partition and select "Shrink Volume."

• Follow the on-screen instructions to specify the size of the new partition.

• Once you have unallocated space, right-click on it and select "New Simple Volume."

• Follow the New Simple Volume Wizard to create and format the new partition.

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7. File System Selection

• Choose the appropriate file system for your needs (e.g., NTFS, ext4, APFS). The choice may depend on the OS
and how you plan to use it.

NTFS- New technology file system

8. Installation Location

• Select the drive or partition where you want to install the OS. Ensure you have enough free space for the OS
and future updates or applications.

9. Installation Options

• Some OS installers offer customization options during installation. Consider whether you want to configure
advanced settings or stick with default options.

10. Network Configuration

• If network connectivity is required during installation (e.g., for downloading updates), ensure that network
drivers are available and that you have the necessary network settings, such as IP addresses and DNS servers.

11. Product Key or Activation

• Be prepared to enter a product key or perform activation if required, especially for commercial OSs like
Windows.

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• Activating an operating system typically involves entering a valid product key or activation code to verify that
your copy of the OS is genuine and legally licensed.

• The activation process may vary depending on the specific operating system you're using

12. Time Zone and Language

• Configure the time zone, language, and keyboard layout to match your location and preferences during the
installation process.

13. Security Settings

• Configure initial security settings, such as setting up a user account and password. Ensure strong and unique
passwords for security.

14. Updates

• After installation, immediately check for and install any available updates and security patches to keep your
OS up to date.

15. Driver Installation

• Install necessary hardware drivers, especially for components like graphics cards, network adapters, and
peripherals, if they are not automatically detected and installed during the OS setup.

16. Additional Software

• Install additional software or applications that you need for your specific use case, such as productivity tools,
development environments, or antivirus software

17. Data Migration

• If you are upgrading from a previous OS, consider data migration tools and procedures to transfer your files
and settings to the new OS.

18. Testing and Validation

• Thoroughly test the system after installation to ensure that all hardware components are functioning
correctly, and that the OS is stable and responsive.

19. Documentation

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• Keep records of the installation process, including any customization or unique configurations you make, for
future reference and troubleshooting.

20. User Training

• If the OS is for a shared environment, provide training and documentation for users to help them adapt to the
new system.

Benefits of updating to the latest OS version

Updating your OS can bring several advantages:

• faster and smoother operation of your device and applications.

• new features and functions that enhance your user experience and productivity.

• improved protection from malware, viruses, and hackers

• more compatibility with other devices and software, and bug fixes and error corrections that resolve issues
and glitches.

• Regularly updating your OS can help you take advantage of optimal performance and functionality of your
device while avoiding potential problems and threats.

Risk of updating to the latest OS version

Updating your OS can come with some risks:

• incompatibility with existing applications or hardware.

• loss of data or settings during the update process.

• changes in the user interface or functionality.

• bugs or errors that cause instability or crashes.

• higher battery consumption or storage space requirements.

• These risks can affect your device's usability and reliability, potentially causing frustration and inconvenience.

• To avoid these issues, it is important to backup your data and settings before updating and check the
compatibility and reviews of the new OS version.

When to update OS version

When deciding when to update your OS, there are several factors to consider:

• such as the availability, compatibility, and stability of the update, as well as the impact and benefit it offers.

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• Additionally, the time and resources needed for the update should be considered.

• Generally, you should update your OS as soon as possible if it addresses a critical security or performance
issue or offers a significant improvement or feature.

• However, if the update is not essential or has known issues that outweigh its benefits, you may want to wait
for a while.

How to update OS version

• The process of updating your OS can differ based on the type of device and OS you have.

• Typically includes checking the availability and compatibility of the update.

• Backing up your data and settings.

• Downloading and installing the update.

• You can choose to update your OS manually or automatically.

• Restarting your device and verifying the update.

Tips in updating OS version

• To maximize the benefits of updating your OS and reduce risks, read the release notes and reviews of the
update before installing it.

• Additionally, make sure to update your applications and drivers along with your OS.

• Before updating, free up some storage space and battery power.

• It is also important to update your OS over a reliable and secure Wi-Fi connection.

• After updating, monitor your device's performance and behavior.

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