Lesson 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Introduction

The periodic table of elements is tabular displays of the 118 known elements, the first 92 of these
elements are naturally occurring and the remaining elements are synthetically produced in the
laboratory. It has undergone series of development through the resilient efforts of various chemists.
Nonetheless, the present periodic table of elements that you use today is based on the work of Dmitri
Mendeleev. The elements in the periodic table are arranged according to increasing atomic number
which become the basis of predicting the chemical properties of the elements. The table shows the
chemical symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, electron configuration and electronegativity value of
the element.
Looking at the periodic table will give you information on the electronic structure and some of its
properties like metallic character, atomic and ionic size, ionization energy, electronegativity, electron
affinity and chemical reactivity.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

 trace the development of the periodic table;
 explain the trends in properties of elements based on its position on the periodic table;
 illustrate the application of Aufbau, Hund’s Rule and Pauli’s Exclusion principle in electron
configuration; and
 predict the period and group based on the valence electron obtained from electron
configuration of the element.

Activating Prior Learning

Study the information written on the mail envelope and answer the following question:
From: PEDRO P. SUYU
#35 Ramirez St, Parabba, Penablanca Cagayan
Cagayan Valley, Philippines
3502

To: Zarina Kate Laggui

1234 - E Main St. STE B6
San Francisco CA
94104-1207

What is the significance of the name and address of the recipient on the mail envelope?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________

Presentation of the Content

 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

 1829 - German chemist Johannes Wolfgang Dobereiner noticed that many of the known
elements could be grouped in triads (a set of three elements that have similar properties)—for

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 example, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; or copper, silver, and gold. However, subsequent
attempts to expand his concept on triad of elements were unsuccessful.

 1862 - French geologist Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois plotted the atomic weights
of elements on paper tape and wound them, spiral like, around a cylinder. The design put
similar elements onto corresponding points above and below one another. He called his model
the “telluric helix” or screw.

 1864 - English chemist John Newlands noticed that, if the elements were arranged in order of
atomic weight, there was a periodic similarity every 7 elements. He proposed his ‘law of
octaves’. Noble gases had yet to be discovered, which is why Newland’s table had a periodicity
of 7 rather than 8.

 1868 - Lothar Meyer compiled a periodic table of 56 elements based on a regular repeating
pattern of physical properties such as molar volume. Once again, the elements were arranged
in order of increasing atomic weights.

 1869 - Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev produced a periodic table based on atomic weights
but arranged ‘periodically’. Elements with similar properties appeared under each other. Gaps
were left for yet to be discovered elements.

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  1894 – William Ramsay discovered the noble gases and realized that they represented a new
group in the periodic table. The noble gases added further proof to the accuracy of
Mendeleev’s table.

 1913 – Henry Moseley determined the atomic number of each of the known elements. He
realized that, if the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic number rather than
atomic weight, they gave a better fit within the ‘periodic table’ which becomes the basis for
the Periodic Law which states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their
atomic number.

 1928 – Amateur French scientist Charles Janet uses mathematical patterns to investigate
the electron configuration of elements. He groups elements into blocks named after their
atomic orbitals: s-block (sharp), p-block (principal), d-block (diffuse) and f-block
(fundamental).

 1944 - Glenn Seaborg proposed an ‘actinide hypothesis’ and published his version of the
table in 1945. The lanthanide and actinide series form the two rows under the periodic table
of elements.

Activity 1
Search from the net other proposed arrangement of elements and select one to be presented to the
group. Discuss the salient features of your selection.

 Name and Symbols

Each element was given a name that is based on:

a. Property of the element - The Latin name for gold is aurum, meaning "shining dawn." The
Latin name for mercury is hydrargyrum, which means "liquid silver." Cesium comes from
the Latin word caesius, meaning "sky blue."
b. Name of a person - Curium - Marie Curie, Seaborgium – Seaborg and Rutherfordium -
Rutherford
c. Place of discovery – the four elements terbium, yttrium, erbium, and ytterbium are named
after the small town in Sweden known as Ytterby. Californium is another example, produced
in the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California.
d. Celestial body – Plutonium is named after Pluto and Cerium named after Ceres.
e. Mineral – Aluminum comes from the word alumen, Latin name for alum and Beryllium
comes from the word beryllos – the Greek word for beryl.
f. Color – Indium comes from the word iris – Latin word for rainbow and Iodine from the word
ioeides – Greek word for violet colored.
g. Mythology – Promethium from Prometheus in Greek Mythology and Thorium from Thor in
Scandinavian Mythology.

The symbol of the name of the element was obtained from:

a. the first letter of its name or of its Latin name
Example: H – Hydrogen, B – Boron, C – Carbon, O – Oxygen, K – Kalium and W – Wolfram
b. First 2 letters of its name or Latin name
Example: Li – Lithium, Ca – Calcium, Al – Aluminum, Na – Kalium, Fe – Ferrum
c. First and 3rd letter of its name
Example: Cl – Chlorine, Mg – Magnesium, Zn – Zinc, Ag Argentum
The first letter of the symbol of the name of the element is ALWAYS written in uppercase and the
second letter is in lowercase.

Activity 2:
Give other examples of elements that were named based on the scheme described above.

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Activity 3:
Give examples of symbol of elements that follow the scheme describe above and include examples
of symbol of element obtained from 1st and 4rth letter, 1st and 5th letter, 1st and 6th letter and 1st and 7th
letter of its name.

 Group and Period

Elements in the periodic table are categorized in two ways. These are the groups and periods of the
periodic table.
A. Groups of Elements
Group or Family is the vertical column of elements in the periodic table. There are 18 columns that
corresponds to 18 groups or families in the periodic table as designated as Group 1 to 18 by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). However, the traditional system makes
use of Group A and B to designate the group of elements. The s and p fillers or commonly known as
main group of elements or representative elements are group A elements while transition metals
belong to the B group of elements. The group of an element is given by the number of valence
electron of the atom in an element. Valence electrons are the electrons found at the outermost energy
level of the atom. Elements belonging to the same group manifest similar chemical properties.

Element Symbol Atomic No. of Electron No. of Group Number

No. (Z) e- Configuration Valence e-
Traditional IUPAC
System System
Lithium Li 3 3 1s2 2s1 1 IA 1
Beryllium Be 4 4 1s2 2s2 2 IIA 2
Aluminum Al 13 13 1s2 2s2sp6 3s23p1 3 IIIA 13
Silicon Si 14 14 1s2 2s2sp6 3s23p2 4 IVA 14
Arsenic As 33 33 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 5 VA 15
4s23d104p3
Selenium Se 34 34 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 6 VIA 16
4s23d104p4
Iodine I 53 53 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 7 VIIA 17
4s23d104p6
5s24d105p5
Xenon Xe 54 54 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 8 VIIIA or 0 18
4s23d104p6
5s24d105p6
Scandium Sc 21 21 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 3 IIIB 3
4s23d1
Titanium Ti 22 22 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4 IVB 4
4s23d2
Vanadium V 23 23 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 5 VB 5
4s23d3
Chromium Cr 24 24 1s 2s22p6 3s23p6
2
6 VIB 6
4
 4s23d4
Manganese Mn 25 25 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 7 VIIB 7
4s23d5
Iron Fe 26 26 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 8 VIIIB 8
4s23d6
Cobalt Co 27 27 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 9 VIIIB 9
4s23d7
Nickel Ni 28 28 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 10 VIIIB 10
4s23d8
Copper Cu 29 29 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 11 IB 11
4s23d9
Zinc Zn 30 30 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 12 IIB 12
4s23d10

Names of the different Main Group Elements

Group 1 or IA – Alkali Metals
Group 2 or IIA – Alkaline Earth Metals
Group13 or IIIA – Boron Family
Group 14 or IVA – Carbon Family
Group 15 or VA – Nitrogen Family
Group 16 or VIA – Chalcogen or Oxygen Family
Group 17 or VIIA – Halogen Family (salt formers)
Group 18 or VIIIA or 0 – Noble or Inert Gases (Unreactive)
Inert gases or noble gases are special group of elements in the periodic table because these
are the only elements that have fully filled outer energy level. As a consequence, these elements are
regarded as unreactive. However, when these elements are subject to extreme heat and pressure, they
become ionized and may enter into chemical reaction forming compounds like XeO 3, XeO4, XeCl2
etc.

Activity 4
Complete the following table:
Group of elements Description Application
1 or IA
2 or IIA
13 or IIIA
14 or IVA
15 or VA
16 or VIA
17 or VIIA
18 or VIIIA or 0
Inner transition metals
Late transition metals

B. Periods of the elements

The period or series is the horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. There are 7 periods
included in the periodic table. The lanthanide series belongs to period 6 while the actinide series
belongs to period 7. The period represents the main energy level of the electrons in the atom. In an
electron configuration, the coefficient gives the period of the electron in the atom and gives
information on its distance from the nucleus.
For example in Oxygen atom where it has 8 electrons (Atomic number is 8), its electron
configuration is 1s2 2s22p4.
Interpretation: There are 2 main energy levels present in the atom. The inner energy level (n=1 or K
shell) has 2 electrons and the outer energy level (n=2 or L shell) has 6 electron from the s sublevel
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and p sublevel. The valence electrons of Oxygen atom are occupying the 2 nd energy level, therefore,
its period is 2 and coincides with its position on the periodic table.

Elements are also grouped into metals, non – metals and metalloids in the periodic table. Almost 80
% of the elements in the periodic are metals, 15 % is non – metal and the rest are metalloids.
a. Metals – hard, dense, shiny and durable which are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They are found left of the zig-zag line of the periodic table. They readily lose electrons
(electron donor) and form basic oxides when they react with water. These elements manifest
the following properties:
1. Luster – ability to reflect light on its surface.
2. Malleability – ability to be flattened into thin sheets.
3. Ductility – ability to be drawn into wires
4. Elasticity - refers to the rate at which a given metal sample is able to distort its size and
shape under a range of stress and strain forces and other externally varying factors.
b. Non – metals – lightweight, brittle and poor conductor of heat and electricity (insulator).
They are found right of the zig-zag line of the periodic table. They readily accept electrons
(electron acceptor) and form acids when they react with water.
c. Metalloids – elements lying along the zig-zag line. They have properties that are intermediate
between those of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids can also be called semimetals. Examples
are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium.
Activity 5
Research on the distribution of elements in the earth’s crust.

Activity 6
Research on the elemental constituents of the earth’s atmosphere.

Activity 7.
Research on the industrial application of metalloids.

 Trends in the Periodic Table

The position of elements in the periodic table explains the variation in the properties manifested
by the different elements. These properties include metallic character, atomic and ionic size,
ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity.

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A. Metallic Character
Trend: Metallic character increases from right to left and top to bottom of the periodic table.
The most metallic elements are found lower left of the periodic table.
Example: Na is more metallic than Mg but K is more metallic than Na.
B. Atomic radius - is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing
electrons.
Trend: Atomic radius increases from right to left and top to bottom of the periodic table. The
biggest atoms are found lower left of the periodic table.
Reason: Across a period, atomic size decreases because of increase effective nuclear charge
and down a group, atomic size increases because of added energy level.
Effective nuclear charge or Zeff is the strength of attraction between the protons in the nucleus and the
electrons outside the nucleus. The greater the effective nuclear charge, the smaller the atomic radius
of the atom. The increase in effective nuclear charge of elements across a period is explained by the
decrease in the shielding effect in the electrons as the number of electrons increases.
Shielding effect describes the shielding of electrons with each other from the pull of the nucleus
towards itself. Therefore, the higher the shielding effect, the weaker the pull of the nucleus and the
bigger the atomic size.
Example: Na is bigger in atomic size than Ca but K is bigger than Na.
Explanation: The valence electrons of Ca are poorly shielded by the inner electrons, therefore
effective nuclear charge of Ca is higher than Na causing its atom to shrink and becomes
smaller than Na. On the other hand, K is bigger that Na because K belongs to period 4 and Na
belongs to period 3. Therefore, K has 1 more energy level than Na.
Ionic Size
Trend: Cation is always smaller that its neutral atom while anion is always bigger than its
neutral atom.
Example: Which is bigger, Na or Na+? O or O2-?
Na is bigger that Na+. When Na loses 1 electron, it achieves the configuration of Ne which belongs
to period 2 and has only 2 energy levels. Na belongs to period 3 and has 3 main energy level.
Therefore, Na has1 more energy level that Na+.
On the other hand, O is smaller than O2- because the shielding effect of the electrons in O 2- is higher
than that in O, therefore the effective nuclear charge in O 2- is weaker than in O that is why O 2- is
bigger than O.
C. Ionization Energy – energy necessary to remove electrons from an atom.
Ao + energy → A+ + e-
Trend: Ionization energy increases across a period and as one goes up a group in the periodic
table.
Reason: Metals easily lose electrons because they are electron donors. Non-metals do not
readily lose electrons because they are electron acceptors. Therefore, lower amount of energy is just
required to remove electrons from a metal but higher amount of energy is required to remove
electrons in the non – metal part of the periodic table.
Across a period, the shielding effect is lower, and effective nuclear charge is stronger,
therefore, outer electrons are strongly attracted by the nucleus, consequently, a higher energy is
necessary to remove outer electron. On the other hand, as one goes up a period, atomic size
decreases, therefore, the stronger the attractive force between the nucleus and the outer electrons,
consequently, these electrons require higher amount of energy to be removed from their energy level.
Example: Cl has higher ionization energy than S, but F has higher ionization energy than Cl or F >
Cl > S in terms of ionization energy.
D. Electronegativity – the tendency of the atom to attract electron towards itself.
Trend: Electronegativity increases across a period and as one goes up a group in the periodic
table.

Reason: Metals are electron donors. Therefore, they have little tendency to attract electron while
non – metals are electron acceptors, therefore, they greatly attract electrons to fulfill the
configuration of their nearest noble gas to achieve stability.

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 Example: Arrange the following elements according to increasing electronegativity: Se, Te, Sb,
As
Answer: Sb < Te < As < Se

E. Electron Affinity – the amount of energy released when a neutral atom accepts and electron.
Ao + e- → A- + energy
Trend: Electron affinity increases across a period and as one goes up a group in the periodic
table.
Reason: Metals are electron donors. Therefore, they have little chance of releasing energy
because they have little chance of accepting electrons. Non – metals are electron donors,
therefore they have great chances of attracting electrons, releasing high amounts of energy.
Example: Arrange the following elements according to decreasing electron affinity: K, Na, Rb,
Cs
Answer: Na > K > Rb > Cs

Activity 8
1. Arrange the following elements according to increasing atomic size: Ne, F, F-, Na, Na+
2. Arrange the following elements according to decreasing metallic character: S, O, F, Cl
3. Given the following elements: K, Br, Sr, Te
a. Arrange according to decreasing ionization energy.
b. Arrange according to increasing electronegativity.
c. Arrange according to decreasing electron affinity.

 Electronic Structure of atoms

The electrons of the atom are circling around the nucleus and can be found most of the time in the
atomic orbitals. Each sublevel or sub-shell contains specific number of orbitals. There is just 1
orbital in the s (sharp) sub-level. There are 3 orbitals present in the p (principal) sublevel. The d
(diffuse) sublevel contains 5 orbitals and f (fundamental) sublevel has 7 orbitals. Each sublevel
can accommodate only certain number of electrons. The s sublevel can accommodate ≤ 2
electrons, p can accommodate ≤ 6 electrons, d sublevel can accommodate ≤ 10 electrons and f
sublevel can accommodate ≤ 14 electrons.
With the present number of elements in the periodic table, there could only be 7 main energy level
available. The names of these main energy levels are K shell or n=1, L shell or n=2, M shell or
n=3, N shell or n=4, O shell or n=5, P shell or n=6 and Q shell or n=7. The n=1 or the K shell is
the closest energy level to the nucleus and the n=7 or the Q shell is farthest the nucleus. The
higher the value of n, the higher the available energy level for the electrons.

You have to remember:

The nearest energy level to the nucleus contains the least
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amount of energy, the farthest energy level has the highest amount
of energy, the nearest electrons to the nucleus are the MOST
Distribution of electrons in the different sublevels in the main energy level (mel)

Problem 1. What is the maximum number of orbital and electrons present in n=5?
Answer:
For number of orbital:
No. of orbital = n2 No. of electrons = 2(n)2
= (5)2 = 2(5)2
= 25 = 50

 Electron Configuration
The distribution of electrons among the various orbitals in an atom or molecule is known as electron
configuration. The principle that governs the manner of distribution of electrons is Aufbau Principle
which is also known as “building up” principle. Aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an
atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying
higher levels.
In terms of energy level:
You have to remember:
In terms of energy level:
n=1 < n=2 < n=3 …
s<p<d<f
In the case of the sublevels p, d and f where they have more than 1 orbitals, each of their orbitals has
the same energy level. They are referred to as degenerate orbital – orbital that have the same energy
level. For each orbital, Wolfgang Pauli in his Pauli’s Exclusion Principle posited that “only two
electrons can be accommodated in each orbital” He further stated that the “electrons occupying the
same orbital should be in opposite spin.” Likewise, he emphasized that “no two electrons of the same
atom will have the same four sets of quantum numbers.”
To guide you in writing the electron configuration of an atom, you can use the following mnemonic
device:

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Study and understand the following illustrations:
❑
1. The electron configuration of 15 P is 1s2 2s2sp6 3s23p3
❑
2. The electron configuration of 26 Fe is
1s2 2s2sp6 3s23p6 4s23d6
❑
3. The electronic configuration of Aluminum ion 13 Al 3+
Solution: The atomic number of Al is 13 and it caries a charge of 3+, therefore the ion has
lose 3 electrons, so its electron number is equal to 10. Its electronic configuration is 1s2
2s22p6
Activity 9
Write the electronic configuration of the following atoms and ions:
❑ ❑
1. 38Sr 4. 82 Pb4+
❑ ❑
2. 74W 5. 53 I -
❑
3. 98Cf
You can also write the electronic configuration of atoms by using the electronic configuration of the
nearest noble gas of the element.
❑
Example 1: What is the electronic configuration of 47 Ag?
Solution: The nearest noble gas to Ag is Kr. Its atomic number is 36. Its electron configuration is 1s 2
2s22p6 3s23p6 4s23d104p6. We use this configuration of Kr to write the abbreviated electronic
configuration of 47Ag. Therefore: [Kr] 5s24d9
❑
Example 2. What is the abbreviated electronic configuration of 83Bi ?
Answer: [Xe] 6s2 4f145d106p3

Activity 10
Write the electronic configuration of the following elements using the electronic configuration of
their nearest noble gas:
❑ ❑
1. 37 Rb 4. 29Cu2+
❑ ❑
2. 45 Rh 5. 51Sb 3-
❑
3. 62Sm

Consider the electronic configuration of the following atoms and ions: 15P3-, 16S2-, 17Cl-, 18Ar, 19K+,
2+ 3+
20Ca , 21Sc . What did you observe on their electronic configuration?
a. 15P - 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6
3-

b. 16S2- - 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6

c. 17Cl- - 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6
d. 18Ar - 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6
e. 20Ca2+ - 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6
f. 21Sc3+ - 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6
Answer: They all have the same electronic configuration.
Substances that have similar electronic configuration are termed isoelectronic. Neutral atoms tend to
either lose or gain electrons in order to achieve the configuration of the noble gases. The
configuration of the noble gas is very unusual because it has completely filled outermost energy level

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 giving the noble gas an unusual stability. This is the status that every atom or ion wants to achieve
and can be done by either losing or gaining of electrons.

Activity 11
Write the electronic configuration of the following atoms, ions and molecules and group the
substances that are isolectronic:
Mg, F-, Si, H2O, NH3, O2, CO

 Excited and Ground State Configuration

The electronic configuration of the elements which are reflected on the periodic table of elements is
in the ground state – condition whereby electrons in the atom occupy the lowest energy level.
However, when atoms are exposed to extreme heat and electricity, their electrons are in the excited
state – condition when electrons jumped into a higher energy level.
Example: The ground state electronic configuration of Oxygen atom is 1s 2 2s22p4. What are the
electronic configurations of Oxygen in the excited state?
Answer: a. It can be 1s2 2s12p5. It is shown here that 1 electron in the 2s orbital is promoted to 2p
orbital. 2p orbital has higher energy level that 2s orbital.
b. It can also be 1s2 2s22p3 3s1. One electron in the 2p orbital has jumped to 3s orbital. 3s orbital has
higher energy level that 2p orbital.

 Distribution of Electron Using Orbital Box Diagram

Electrons can be distributed using orbital box diagram. Each box represents an orbital and
contains 2 electrons that have opposite spins (Pauli’s Exclusion Principle). For sublevels with
more than 1 orbital (degenerate orbital), the distribution of electrons in the different orbitals
follow the Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity – which states that electrons spread in the
empty orbital of the same energy level in the same spin before pairing up in parallel spin. This
was proposed by the German physicist Friedrich Hund.
Illustrations:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.
The following are not allowed according to Hund’s Rule:

a.

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 b.

c.

d.
The electronic configuration of an atom helps you predict the following:
a. Period where the element belongs. Example: The electron configuration of 11Na is 1s2 2s22p6 3s1,
the highest energy level in the electron configuration is 3, therefore, Na belongs to period 3.
b. Group of the element. Using the same example above, the valence electron of Na is 1, therefore, it
belongs to Group IA of 1.
c. If the element is metal, non-metal or metalloid. If the number of valence electron is lesser than 4,
the element is metal, but if the number of valence electron is more than 4, the element is non – metal.
Using the above example, the number of valence electron of Na is 1, therefore, Na is a metal.

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Manahan, Stanley E. (1993) Fundamentals of Chemistry. London: Lewis.

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