LESSON 1 Matter and Its Classification

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 9

LESSON 1: Matter and its Classification

Introduction
What is the importance of chemistry and why would you want to learn about it?
Everyone can and should understand basic chemistry, but it may be important for you to
take a course in chemistry (as a requirement of your course) or even make a career out of
it. It's important to understand chemistry if you are studying any of the sciences because all
of the sciences involve matter and the interactions between types of matter.
The scope of chemistry is extremely broad, and it touches every aspect of our lives.
An iron gate rusting, a pandesal bread baking, the production in a laboratory of an
antibiotic, the ignition of an automobile, and the digesting of food all fall the realm of
chemistry. The key to understanding such diverse processes is comprehending the
fundamental nature of matter which is under the umbrella of chemistry. Now, take – off on
your first journey of demystifying chemistry! Have fun learning!

Learning Objectives
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
 Describe the different states and properties of matter;
 Explain how matter undergoes changes; and
 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Activating Prior Learning


You must have heard the word ‘matter’ and has learned about it during you
elementary grade, as well as in your middle school. Your memory of it might be a little fuzzy
as it happened couples of years ago, thus, this simple activity might help you remember
some of the concepts of matter. Using the word ‘MATTER’ as an acronym, write something
to describe what matter is all about.

It Matters!

M–
A–
T–
T–
E–
R–
Nice try! Now proceed to the next station and explore more about our lesson for today.

Presentation of Contents

With the information you supplied in the first activity, try to see
whether it coincides with definitions and facts presented in the
texts that follows. Read carefully and with understanding.

Chemistry: The Study of Matter


Chemistry is the field of study concerned with the
characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter.
But, what is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space. The term mass refers to the amount of matter
present in a sample, and the amount of space occupied by the
Source:https://i.pinimg.com/originals/
sample is termed as volume. 57/2f/
95/572f9558fd867137f52f4aa19518cdf1.png

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
Are you holding something right now? If not, is there an object near you? Try inspecting it.
Does it have mass? How much do you think it weighs? Is it occupying a portion of space?
Does it have dimensions like length, width and height or in short, volume? If your answers
are affirmative, then it definitely is a matter. Are you a matter? What do you think?

Physical States of Matter


Everything that is familiar to us in our daily lives - from the land we walk on, to the water we
drink and the air we breathe - is based upon the states of matter called gases, liquids, and
solids – the three classic phases. This classification is based on whether its shape and
volume are definite or indefinite.

A peso coin, for example, is a solid with definite shape and volume. It retains its shape and
volume whether it is placed in a large container or table top. A liquid, like coffee drink, has
indefinite shape and always takes the shape of its container. Liquid has definite volume; a
200ml coffee only feels up the cup at 200ml volume. A gas, on the other hand, has both
indefinite shape and volume. A gaseous substance always completely fills its container,
adopting both the container’s volume and shape.

The state of matter observed for a particular substance


depends on its temperature, the surrounding pressure,
and the strength of the forces holding its structural forces
together. At the temperatures and pressures normally
encountered on Earth, water is one of the new
substances found in all three states: solid ice, liquid
Source: Google images water, and gaseous steam.

Aside from the three above – mentioned conventional states of matter, there are two more
known states – Plasma and Bose – Einstein Condensate. Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
are naturally occurring states of matter, while Bose – Einstein Condensate is man – made.

Plasma is not a common state of matter here on


Earth, but it may be the most common state of
matter in the universe, according to the
Jefferson Laboratory. Stars are essentially
superheated balls of plasma. Plasma consists of
highly charged particles with extremely high
kinetic energy. The noble gases (helium, neon,
argon, krypton, xenon and radon) are often used
to make glowing signs by using electricity to %2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Ftirth1508%2Fstatesmattera
ionize them to the plasma state.

On the other hand, Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) was created by scientists in 1995.
Using a combination of lasers and magnets, Eric Cornell and Carl Weiman, scientists at the
Joint Institute for Lab Astrophysics (JILA) in Boulder, Colorado, cooled a sample of
rubidium to within a few degrees of absolute zero. At this extremely low temperature,
molecular motion comes very close to stopping. Since there is almost no kinetic energy
being transferred from one atom to another, the atoms begin to clump together. There are
no longer thousands of separate atoms, just one "super atom."

In many cases, chemical substances may occur in different forms but exist in the same
physical state. These substances are called allotropes. This concept of substances was
proposed by Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1841. Examples include graphite and diamond, the
allotropes of carbon. Oxygen molecule and ozone, the allotropes of Oxygen are other
examples of allotropes

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
Going Through the Phases
Adding or removing energy from matter causes a physical change as matter moves from
one state to another. For example, adding thermal energy (heat) to liquid water causes it to
become steam or vapor (a gas). And removing energy from liquid water causes it to
become ice (a solid). Physical changes can also be caused by motion and pressure. Below
are the processes that involve changing the state of matter:

Melting (Solid Liquid)


When heat is applied to a solid, its particles begin to vibrate faster and move farther apart.
When the substance reaches a certain combination of temperature and pressure, its
melting point, the solid will begin to melt and turn into a liquid. Example: Heating a bar of
butter in a pan to melt it.

Freezing (Liquid Solid)


When heat is removed from a liquid, its particles slow down and begin to settle in one
location within the substance. When the substance reaches a cool enough temperature at a
certain pressure, the freezing point, the liquid becomes a solid. Example: Freezing a bag of
water to make ice.

Sublimation (Solid Gas)


When a solid is converted directly into a
gas without going through a liquid phase,
the process is known as sublimation.
Example: Dry ice (solidified carbon
dioxide) sublimes to gaseous CO2.

Vaporization (Liquid Gas)


Vaporization is the conversion of a liquid
to a gas and can occur through either
evaporation or boiling. Example: You see
steam (water vapor) arising from a kettle
Source: https://igcsesciencehelp.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/cos.jpg when its water boils.

Condensation (Gas Liquid)


Condensation occurs when a gas loses energy and comes together to form a liquid. For
example, water vapour in the atmosphere condenses into clouds (liquid).

Deposition (Gas Solid)


Deposition occurs when a gas transforms directly into a solid, without going through the
liquid phase. Water vapor becomes ice or frost when the air touching a solid, such as a
blade of grass, is cooler than the rest of the air.

During the phase changes in matter, heat is either released or absorbed by the system to
the environment. Any change that involves the absorption of heat by the system from the
surroundings is called endothermic. Examples include evaporation, sublimation and
melting. Exothermic change on the other hand involves the released of heat by the system
into the environment. Examples are condensation, deposition (solidification) and
sublimation.
Note: Any process that proceeds endothermic in one direction will always be
exothermic in the opposite direction.

Properties of Matter
Various kinds of matter are distinguished from each other by their properties. A property is
a distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in its identification and
description. Properties of matter are of two general types:
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
Physical Property Chemical Property
• observable characteristics of a • characteristics of a substance that
substance describes the way it undergoes or
• includes: color, physical state, melting resists change to form new substance
and boiling points and hardness • includes: reactivity, flammability,
• the paper’s color is white corrosiveness and acidity of a
• water’s boiling point is 100⁰C substance
• gold doesn’t rust as much as iron
• Gasoline is flammable
The Physical Property of matter is further categorized in two: Extensive and Intensive
Properties: Below is a comparison of the two:

Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2F%2Fwww.examhill.com%2Fbasic-concept %2Fstudylib.net%2Fdoc%2F9918475%2Fextensive-vs.-intensive
properties

Changes in Matter
Changes in matter are common and familiar occurrences. Changes take place when food is
digested, paper is burned, and a pencil is sharpened. Like properties of matter, changes in
matter are also classified into two categories: physical and chemical.

A physical change is a process in which a substance changes its physical appearance but
not its chemical composition. A new substance is never formed as a result of a physical
change. Examples include melting of ice, chopping of wood, breaking a glass, etc.

Chemical change is the process in which


a substance undergoes a change in
composition. It always involves conversion
of materials into one or more new
substances, each of which has properties
and composition distinctly different from
those of the original materials. Rusting of
iron and ripening of fruit are few examples.
Source: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemicalreactions
091215034010-phpapp01/95/chemical-reactions-4-728.jpg?
cb=1260850896

Let us see if you understand the concept of Chemical and Physical Changes. Work on
these examples below. Put a CIRCLE on the pictures that manifest physical change and a
BOX on pictures illustrating a chemical change. Enjoy!

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
Source:https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.thinglink.com

Classifications of Matter

Courtesy:Christy Johannesson www.nisd.not/communicationarts/pages/chem

In addition to its classification by physical state, matter can also be classified in terms of its
chemical composition as pure substance or as mixture. A pure substance is a single kind
of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means. All
samples of a pure substance contain only that particular substance and nothing else. Also,
pure substance always has definite and constant composition that dictates the properties of
a particular substance that do not vary under a given set of condition. Pure water for
example, consists only of water and nothing else. No matter what the source maybe, pure
water always boils at 100⁰ C and freezes at 0 ⁰C at normal condition.

Pure substances can be further categorized to Element and Compound. An element


cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by any chemical means such as
chemical reaction, an electric current or hit. The metals gold and silver, and oxygen gas are
all elements.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
Compound, in contrast, is a pure substance that can be broken down or decomposed into
two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means. Water is a compound, which by
means of electric current, can be broken down into the gases hydrogen and oxygen, both of
which are elements. The ultimate breakdown products for any compound are elements.
Elements are chemically combined to form a compound; as a result the resulting
compound’s properties are always different from that of the elements’ properties. Water
which is liquid is the chemical combination of two gases – oxygen and hydrogen.

A mixture is a physical combination of two or more pure substances in which


each pure substance retains its own chemical identity. Components of a mixture
retain their identity because they are physically mixed rather than chemically
combined, and for that, these components can also be separated through
physical means. Consider a mixture of salt and pepper. Mixing these two
substances neither change the salt nor the pepper in any way, and these two
substances easily distinguishable from Source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/elements-compounds-mixtures-
each other. You can also separate the 1222945537104981-9/95/elements-compounds-mixtures-68-728.jpg
salt crystals from the pepper bits through
physical means like straining for example.

Variable composition is another property of a mixture. Numerous different salt-pepper


mixtures can be made from more salt – less pepper or more pepper – less salt mixtures.

Mixtures are also sub-classified into heterogeneous or homogeneous, which is based on


visual recognition of the mixture’s components. Heterogeneous mixture contains visibly
different phases (parts), each of which has different properties. Examples are pizza and
mixture of oil and water, whose individual components can be easily differentiated.
Colloids and Suspension are sub-classification of heterogeneous mixture. Mayonnaise
and body lotions are examples of colloids; while halo – halo and freshly made calamansi
juice are suspensions (have suspended particles or other substances that will settle on the
bottom).

On the other note, homogeneous mixtures contain only one visibly distinct phase, which
has uniform properties all throughout. Components in a homogeneous mixture cannot be
visually distinguished. A salt – water mixture in which all salt has dissolved has an
appearance similar to that of pure water. You cannot distinguish the salt particles from the
water. Air has a uniform appearance and it is a mixture of different gasses such as oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and many more, of which each gas is indistinguishable
from each other. These types of mixture is called a solution, which also exist in three
phases – solid solution (alloy), liquid solution (salt water), and gaseous solution (air).

Methods of Physical Separation of Mixtures


Now that we know about the different kinds of mixtures, we are going to learn about some
ways of separating them. Mixtures are very useful. However, sometimes we need to
separate mixtures into their components. Since mixtures are formed by the physical
combining of substances, they can also be physically separated. The most appropriate
technique for separating a mixture depends on the type of mixture and the physical
properties of the components. Below are some methods of separating components of
mixture:
Separation Technique Example

Decanting involves separating a liquid


(supernatant) from a solid (sediment) by gently
pouring off the liquid.

Sieving involves separating a mixture based on

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
different sizes of components, where smaller sort stones or pebbles
fragments pass through holes in the sieve but from sand
large fragments do not.
Muddy water is poured
Filtration is a special form of sieving where filter
through a funnel lined
paper is used to trap very fine solid particles
with filter paper to remove
(residue) from the rest of a liquid or gas mixture
the small sand and clay
(filtrate).
particles.
Sea water
is allowed
to stand in
Evaporation is used for recovering dissolved
shallow
substances from solutions by evaporating the
pans, the
solvent and crystallising the solute.
water gets heated by sunlight and
slowly turns into water vapour, through
evaporation, leaving solid salt behind

Distillation is the process of separating the


components or substances from a liquid mixture
by using selective boiling and condensation.

Magnetism can be used for separating magnetic


materials from non-magnetic materials.
Separating iron from grains of sand
Chromatography separates mixtures based on
their differing levels of attraction to two different Separating contents of
substances, known as the mobile phase and the an ink
stationary phase.

Laws of Matter

Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.slideserve.com%2Ftaylor%2Fchapter-4-atoms-powerpoint- %2Fwww.slideserve.com%2Ftaylor%2Fchapter-4-atoms-powerpoint-
pptpresentation&psig=AOvVaw0VUveK673k-gQkPY0gax2- ppt-presentation&psig /05/en-classification-of-matter.png

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
Source:https://slideplayer.com/slide/
6278648/21/images/42/
John+Dalton+proposed+this+in+1803..jpgm
atter.png

Application

Activity1. States of Matter


Using what you just learned from your readings and connecting it with your own
experiences, choose any of the following activities and describe the properties of the states
of matter and give examples through:
a. A song (w/ the melody)
b. A poem
c. An Illustration

Activity 2. Classification of Matter


Look around your house, pick up items that interest you (kitchen ingredients, rock, paper,
jewelleries, etc.) then group them according to their classification. Arrange them in such a
way that they follow the hierarchy of matter classification. To do this, prepare beforehand,
colourful papers for you to write the classifications as your labels. Take photos of your work
and upload it in our online learning platforms (LENS Moodle/ FB Messenger Group Chat).
Have fun!

My Write – up
Based on what you did on the task above, complete the table below by providing what is
asked.
Item/Substance Classification Justification

Feedback

Directions: Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully, then choose and encircle the
letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is a property of both gases and liquids?
a. definite shape c. definite volume
b. indefinite shape d. indefinite volume
2. The process by which water is turned into ice is called ____.
a. Refrigeration c. Freezing
b. Icing d. Condensation
3. Which of the following is a compound?
a. Cemented wall c. 24 – karat gold
b. Dry ice d. Air
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9
4. Which of the following is in a liquid form?
a. Water vapour c. Smoke
b. Clouds d. Steam
5. Which of the following is a correct description for a sample of ice cubes in water?
a. one phase present, one substance present
b. one phase present, two substances present
c. two phases present, one substance present
d. two phases present, two substances present

Test II. Identify each of the following as a Physical Change, Chemical Change, Physical
Property, or Chemical Property.
6. You leave your bicycle out in the rain and it rusts.
7. Diamond is the hardest natural substance.
8. Melting of candle
9. Cleaning pennies with vinegar
10. Acid in tomato sauce can corrode aluminium foil.

Congratulations on finishing the lesson!

References:
Bettelheim, Frederick and March, Jerry, 2005. Introduction to General Organic and
Biochemistry. 5th ed. Singapore; Thomson Learning Asia.
Brown, T. L. et. al. 2003. Chemistry the Central Science. 9th ed. Singapore: Pearson
Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Stoker, S.H. 2013. Exploring general, Organic and Biological Chemistry. 2nd Ed.
Philippines; Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Phases of Matter - Glenn Research Center - NASA
www.grc.nasa.gov › www › airplane › state
Matter: Definition & the Five States of Matter | Live Science
www.livescience.com>46506-states-of-matter
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter | Boundless...
courses.lumenlearning.com>boundless-chemistry>chapter>physical
3.6: Changes in Matter – Physical and Chemical Changes
chem.libretexts.org
8 Hands – on Experiments to Teach Kids About Chemical
https://owlcation.com/stem/hands-on-experiments-to-learn-about-chemistry
1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-2-phases-and-classification-of-matter
http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/CHEMpdfs/CHEMII.pdf
https://owlcation.com/stem/hands-on-experiments-to-learn-about-chemistry
https://www.britannica.com/science/chemistry
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Is the Importance of Chemistry?" ThoughtCo, Feb.
11, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-is-the-importance-of-chemistry-604143.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9

You might also like