Welcome to FMTO'S "Now You Know"!

If you're struggling with some mathematical equations, FMTO

is right here to show you the solutions! Pakitandaan, basta MATH—ANGAT!

Hello, everyone! Fundamental operations on Numbers and Integers will be our topic today.

We firmly advise spending the time to really dedicate to these abilities because mastering arithmetic
operations means laying a solid foundation for a lifetime of effective math studies! To begin with, what are
"arithmetic operations"? All mathematical procedures and techniques are constructed from a foundation of
arithmetic operations. These operations are under the "arithmetic" branch of mathematics, which is kind of a
huge deal.

Whether we are aware of it or not, arithmetic procedures reduce math to its most fundamental concepts.
There are four fundamental concepts: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Not that frightening,
would you say? For the operation Addition, the verb is "add". In Subtraction, the verb is “subtract”. For
multiplication, we “multiply”. And for Division, we “divide”.
The symbol that is used for addition is a plus sign denoted by a vertical and horizontal symbol that
intersects with each other. The symbol that is used for subtraction is a minus sign denoted by a horizontal
symbol. In multiplication, we can use four types of symbols. We have the multiplication symbol, it's quite
similar with the letter x, but you can clearly notice its difference. We have the asterisk, the center/middle dot,
parentheses, and brackets. In division, we have the division symbol, long division symbol or division bracket,
fraction bar, and the slash symbol.
We recommend that you skip this part if you're already familiar with the fundamental operations on
Numbers. We offer a warm embrace to anyone who is unfamiliar with the fundamental operations on numbers.

NOW, LET'S START!

In Addition, we have this term called the "addend", "addends", and the "sum". Addend is singular
form of addends. And the sum is the answer from adding two or more numbers.
For example, we have here 5 + 3. The number 5 is an addend and so is the number 3. The number 5 and
3 are the addends of this given. Now let's find the sum of the given. We can use sticks in order to find the sum.
So, let's draw five sticks that represent the number of 5 and three sticks that represent the number of 3. In order
to acquire the sum, we must add all the sticks. After counting the sticks of number 5, we must continue the
counting of sticks of the number 3. So, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If we count all the sticks from the number 5 and 3, we'll
get the answer 8. The sum of 5 + 3 is 8.
Let's have another given, 11 + 9. Just like earlier, let's draw the sticks of the addends. After that, we'll
continue counting after the 11th stick. Let's count! 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20! If we count all the
sticks from the number 11 and 9, we'll get the answer 20. The sum of 11 + 9 is 20.

Easy right? In this video, we are not only going to use sticks but various of examples like apples,
bananas, and etc.

In Subtraction, we have these terms called "minuend", "subtrahend", and the "difference".
Minuend is the number from which another number is to be subtracted. Subtrahend is the number being
subtracted from another. And the answer from subtracting is called the difference.
Now, let's have this example, 6 - 5. The number 6 is the minuend and the number 5 is the subtrahend.
Let's use apples. We have six apples for the number 6 and five apples for the number 5. If we were to eliminate
or remove the five apples from the number 6, you'll see that only an apple will be left. Hence, 6 - 5 = 1. The
difference of 6 - 5 is 1.
Let's have another example, 10 - 6. Just like earlier, we'll use apples. We have 10 apples for the number
10 and 6 apples for the number 6. We need to remove the 6 apples from the ten apples and we'll be left with 4
apples. The difference of 10 - 6 is 4.
 In Multiplication, we suggest that you must familiarize yourself with the multiplication table for future
purposes. Nevertheless, we will show you how to multiply in such simple way.
Let's have the given 4 × 3. In multiplication, we have three terms, "multiplicand", "multiplier", and
the "product". The multiplicand is the number being multiplied by another number and that is the number 4.
The multiplier is a number that you multiplying by and using the given, 3 is our multiplier. The answer from
multiplying the two numbers is called the product. Let's use baskets and bananas as examples. We have 4
baskets and each basket contains 3 bananas. If we will count all the bananas, we will get 12 in total. Hence, 4 ×
3 = 12.
Another example, 8 × 4. We'll use the basket and bananas again. We have 8 baskets and each basket has
4 bananas. If we will count all the bananas, we will get 32 in total. Hence, 8 × 4 = 32.

In Division, we also have three terms. The “divisor”, “dividend”, and the “quotient”. The divisor is
the number being divided by. The number that is being divided is dividend and the answer from dividing a
number from a number is called the quotient.
Using the example 9 ÷ 3, the dividend is the number 9 and the divisor is the number 3. Let's say there
are nine cookies on a tray and the three children wanted to have an equal number of cookies to all three of them.
The first row of three cookies will be given to the first child, the second row of three cookies will be given to
the second child, and the third row of three cookies will be given to the third child. The children received an
equal number of cookies. Therefore, 9 ÷ 3 = 3.
We can also use the other way to acquire the quotient. In order to get the quotient, we must use the long
division to help break down the problem into simple and easy steps. In this operation, multiplication and
subtraction will be used. Now let's answer 9 ÷ 3. Let's think of a number that when it's multiplied to 3, the
answer will be greater than or equal to three, but less than or equal to 9. The number 2 satisfies the condition
since 6 will be greater than three, but less than or equal to 9. Before we proceed, let's check if 2 will finally be
our final answer. Let's try to multiply 3 to 3, itself. The product of 3 × 3 is 9 which is the perfect answer! We'll
put the 3 on top of the division bracket. Then we multiply the 3 to itself and the product will be placed on just
below the dividend. Then we'll write the minus sign on the left part then subtract the subtrahend to the
minuend, 9 - 9 = 0. Hence, 9 ÷ 3 = 3.
Let's do another example, 12 ÷ 6. There are twelve cookies on a tray and the six children wanted to have
an equal number of cookies to all six of them. The first row of two cookies will be given to the first child, the
second row of two cookies will be given to the second child, the third row of two cookies will be given to the
third child, the fourth row of two cookies will be given to the fourth child, the fifth row of two cookies will be
given to the fifth child, and the sixth row of two cookies will be given to the sixth child. The children received
an equal number of cookies. Therefore, 12 ÷ 6 = 2.
Using the other solution, let's think of a number that when it's multiplied to 6, the answer will be greater
than or equal to 6, but less than or equal to 12. We all know that when you multiply a number to 1, the answer
will be itself. So, the number 1 already satisfies the condition, but let's check the number 2. When 6 is
multiplied to 2, the product of 6 × 2 is 12 which is the perfect answer! We'll put the 2 on top of the division
bracket. Then we multiply the 2 to 6 and the product will be placed on just below the dividend. Then we'll write
the minus sign on the left part then subtract the subtrahend to the minuend, 12 - 12 = 0. Hence, 12 ÷ 6 = 2.

Now we're done with the Fundamental operations on Numbers. We'll now proceed to the Fundamental
operations on Integers. Just like earlier, we also have four fundamental concepts which are addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.

Let's start with Addition. First topic is the "Addition of Integers". Under this, we have two subtopics
which are "Addition of integers having the same sign" and "Addition of integers having opposite signs".

Addition of Integers having the Same Sign

1. The sum of two positive integers is the sum of their absolute values with a positive sign.
Example 1: (+6) + (+4).
 First of all, numbers are already considered positive even without the positive sign (+), but 0 is
an exception. The number 0 is neither a positive or a negative number. It is known as the neutral integer.
It will only be considered negative if a minus sign is present before the number. So, let's remove the
positive signs of the numbers 6 and 4. Now, we'll continue solving the given. We will use the number
line on showing the process of acquiring the answer on the fundamental operations on integers. On a
number line, first draw an arrow from 0 to 6 and then go 4 steps ahead. The tip of the last arrow reaches
10. So, 6 + 4 = 10.

Example 2, 8 + 1.
On a number line, first draw an arrow from 0 to 8 and then go 1 step ahead. The tip of the last
arrow reaches 9. So, 8 + 1 = 9.

2. The sum of two negative integers is the sum of their absolute values with negative sign (-).
Example 1: (-3) + (-4).
On a number line, first we draw an arrow on the left side of zero from 0 to -3 and then further
move to the left 4 steps. The tip of the last arrow is at -7. So, (-3) + (-4) = (-7).

Example 2: (-2) + (-8).

On a number line, first we draw an arrow on the left side of zero from 0 to -2 and then further
move to the left 8 steps. The tip of the last arrow is at -10. So, (-2) + (-8) = (-10).

Now we have, "Addition of integers having opposite signs".

Addition of Integers having Opposite Signs.

The sum of two integers having opposite signs is the difference of their absolute values with the sign of
integer of greater absolute value.
Example 1: 6 + (-9).
On a number line, first we draw an arrow from 0 to 6 on the right and then go 9 steps to the left.
The tip of the last arrow is at -3. So, 6 + (-9) = (-3). Example 2, 5 + (-7). On a number line, first we draw
an arrow from 0 to 5 on the right and then go 7 steps to the left. The tip of the last arrow is at -2. So, 5 +
(-7) = (-2).

It's not that hard, right?

Second topic which is "Subtraction of integers". In subtraction, we change the sign of the integer
which is to be subtracted and then add to the first integer. In other words, if a and b are two integers, then a – b
= a + (-b).
But before we continue, have you ever encountered where your teacher says that it's not possible to
subtract a larger number from a smaller number? In the Fundamental operations of Integers, it's possible here,
especially when subtracting integers. Let's have here some examples.
Example 1: 10 - 4. On a number line, first we draw an arrow from 0 to 10 on the right and then go 4
steps to the left. The tip of the last arrow is at 6. So, 10 - 4 = 6.
Example 2, (-10) - 6. If we will fix the form a bit, we will have (-10) + (-6). On a number line, first we
draw an arrow from 0 to (-10) on the left and then go 6 steps to the left. The tip of the last arrow is at -16. So, (-
10) + (-6) = (-16).
Example 3, (-15) - (-7), here we need to fix the form a bit. If you can remember earlier that one of the
symbols in multiplication is parentheses. You can see that a minus sign is beside the -7. We need to change the
operation from subtraction to addition by multiplying the minus sign to the negative symbol. Negative
multiplied to negative will give us a positive answer. The multiplying of symbols will be tackled later on. So,
from (-15) - (-7) will be (-15) + 7. On a number line, first we draw an arrow from 0 to (-15) on the left and then
go 7 steps to the left. The tip of the last arrow is at -8. So, (-15) + 7 = (-8).
 Example 4, 4 - (-5), just like in example 3, we need to fix the form a bit. We need to change the
operation from subtraction to addition by multiplying the minus sign to the negative symbol. Negative
multiplied to negative will give us a positive answer. From 4 - (-5) will be 4 + 5. On a number line, first we
draw an arrow from 0 to 4 on the right and then go 5 steps to the right. The tip of the last arrow is at 9. So, 4 + 5
= 9.

NOTE:
In Addition of integers
(a) The sum of two integers with like signs is the sum of their absolute values with the same sign.
(b) The sum of two integers with unlike signs is the difference of their absolute values with the sign of
the greater absolute value.

In Subtraction of integers
The sign of the integer is changed which is to be subtracted and then added to the first integer.

Third topic is the "Multiplication of integers". Under this, we have two subtopics which are "
Multiplication of integers having the same sign" and "Multiplication of integers having opposite signs".

1. Multiplication of integers having the same sign.

When two integers have the same sign, their product is the product of their absolute values with positive
sign.
Example 1: 6 × 7 = 42
Example 2: 5 × 10 = 50
Example 3: (-3) × (-5) = 15
Example 4: (-20) × (-6) = 120

2. Multiplication of integers having opposite signs.

The product of two integers having opposite signs is the product of their absolute values with negative
sign.
Example 1: (-10) × 8 = (- 80)
Example 2: (- 5) × 7 = (-35)
Example 3: 12 × (-3) = (-36)
Example 4: 5 × (-4) = (-20)

NOTE:
positive × negative = negative
negative × positive = negative
negative × negative = positive
positive× positive = positive
negative × negative × negative = negative
negative × negative × negative × negative = positive

Notice that when you multiply odd quantities of negative numbers, you'll acquire a negative answer. But
if you multiply even quantities of negative numbers, you'll get a positive answer.

The fourth topic is the "Division of integers". Under this, we have two subtopics which are " Division
of integers having the same sign" and " Division of integers having opposite signs".

1. Division of integers having the same sign.

Division of two integers having the same sign is the division of their absolute value with a positive sign.
If both integers have the same sign, then the quotient will be positive.
Example 1: 9 ÷ 3 = 3
 Example 2: (-9) ÷ (-3) = 3
Example 3: (-24) ÷ (-12) = 2

2. Division of integers having opposite signs.

If both integers have different signs, the quotient will be negative.
Example 1: 12 ÷ (-3) = (-4)
Example 2: (-10) ÷ (5) = (-2)
Example 3: (-18) ÷ (3) = (-6)

NOTE:
In Multiplication of integers
(a) When two integers have the same sign, their product is the product of their absolute values with a
positive sign.
(b) The product of two integers having opposite signs is the product of their absolute values with a
negative sign.

In Division of integers
(a) If integers have the same sign, the quotient is always positive.
(b) If integers have opposite signs, the quotient will be negative.

We hope you understand it well! This is FMTO'S "Now You Know"! If you're struggling with some
mathematical equations, FMTO is right here to show you the solutions! Pakitandaan, basta MATH—ANGAT!
See you again in our next video tutorial. Bye!

Online References:
Basic Arithmetic Operations: The Four Fundamental Operators. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://photomath.com/en/arithmetic/arithmetic-operations

sastry. (2020, December 2). Fundamental Operations on Integers. Retrieved from Aplus Topper :
https://www.aplustopper.com/fundamental-operations-integers/