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Report - Automatic temperature sensor using Arduino UNO

Electronic and communication (Visvesvaraya Technological University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM –570018

Mini-Project Report
On
“Automatic Temperature Sensor Using Arduino”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By
Durgashree A O (4RA18EC012)

Hemashree Y R (4RA18EC017)

Sahana T S (4RA18EC037)

Sony B R (4RA18EC043)
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Vishwanath B R B.E., MTech, (Ph.d)
Assistant Professor
E&C Department,
R.I.T, Hassan

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan-573201
2020- 2021

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RAJEEV INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY HASSAN

Plot # 1 – D (P-1), Growth Centre, Industrial Area,
Bangalore-Mangalore Bypass Road, Hassan – 573201

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the mini-project work entitled “Automatic Temperature Sensor
Using Arduino”carried out by Mrs. Durgashree A O (4RA18EC012), Mrs. Hemashree
Y R (4RA18EC017), Mrs. Sahana T S (4RA18EC037), Sony B R (4RA18EC043) are bona fide
student Rajeev institute of technology in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of
engineering in electronics & communication of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum during the year 2020-21. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library.
The mini-project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Guide HOD Project coordinator

Mr. Vishwanath. B.R Dr. Aravind B N Mrs. manasa
Asst. Professor HOD &professor Asst. professor
Dept. of E&C Dept. of E&C Dept. of E&C
RIT Hassan RIT Hassan RIT Hassan

Principal
Dr.A.N. Ramakrishna
RIT Hassan
External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with date

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DECLARATION

We Durgashree A.O, Hemashree Y.R, Sahana T.S and Sony B.R bearing USN
4RA18EC012, 4RA18EC017, 4RA18EC037, 4RA18EC043, students of VI semester BE,
RAJEEV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hassan, hereby declare that the Project Report
entitled “Automatic Temperature sensor using Arduino-UNO” has been carried out under the
supervision of Guide, Mr. Vishwanath BR, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, RIT,
Hassan, which has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in ECE of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi is an authentic record of my own independent work carried out by meduring the
academic year 2020-2021.

We further undertake that the matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted to any
other Organization/University for the award of any degree or certificate.

Durgashree A.O (4RA18EC012)

Hemashree Y.R (4RA18EC017)

Sahana T.S (4RA18EC037)
Sony B.R (4RA18EC043)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and
encouragement crowned our efforts with success.

I would like to profoundly thank our Management of RIT & our Director Dr. Rajeev for
providing such a healthy environment for successful completion of project work report.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. A.N Ramakrishna, Rajeev
Institute of Technology for his encouragement that motivated me for successful completion of
project work report.

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Aravind B.N, Head of the Department of ECE for
providing a good working environment and for his constant support and encouragement.

It gives me great pleasure in placing on record a deep sense of gratitude to my guide,

Mr.VishwanathBR, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE for his expert guidance, initiative
and encouragement that led me throughout a project work report.

I would also like to thank all my staff of ECE department who has directly and indirectly helped
me in the completion of project work report.

And lastly I would hereby acknowledge and thank my parents who have been source of
inspiration and also instrumental in the successful completion of a project work report.

Durgashree A.O (4RA18EC012)

Hemashree Y.R (4RA18EC017)

Sahana T.S (4RA18EC037)
Sony B.R (4RA18EC043)

ii

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ABSTRACT

At present, COVID-19 cases are getting down in many countries, but we can’t neglate it as did
before, as well all know that “Precaution is better than cure”. In this project we going to detect
the body temperature of person. Body temperature screening is very helpful for early detection of
potential infected person and blocking the spread of the epidemic, mainly introducing the body
temperature detection and data acquisition system, and design a system with the function of non
contact temperature measurement and automatic data collecting system. The system is suitable
for the company or school where the flow of people is large and the temperature needs to be
measured quickly and upload information in real time. In this project we have used MLX90614,
Arduino-UNO, LCD, display to recognize temperature of the people. This model can be utilized
for security purpose since it is very resource efficient to deploy. In this approach Arduino-UNO
microcontroller board based on the AT mega 328p (data sheet) and we have MLX90614
Temperature Sensor to9 detect the temperature of the person in contactless, with the Bluetooth
model HC-06 we can get the data (Measured temperature) to respect mobile.

KEYWORDS; Covid -19 (corona virus disease). MLX 90614(temperature Sensor), Arduino
UNO (microcontroller), LCD display (liquid crystal display).

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CONTENTS
TOPIC Page No.

Declaration i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

Content iv-v

Chapter 1 1-10

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General introduction 1-3

1.2 Literature survey 4-6

1.3 Problem statement 6

1.4 Motivation 6

1.5 Objectives 6

1.6 Methodology 7-9

1.7 Application 9-10

1.8 Organization of the report 10

Chapter 2

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

2.1. Hardware 11-15

2.2. Software and libraries 15-20

Chapter 3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 21
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 22
REFERENCES

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE CONTENT PAGE NO

1.6 MLX 90614 connection to system management bus 8

1.6.1(a) Block diagram of the system 8

1.6.1(b) Field of view graph 9

1.6.1 (c) Flow chart of automatic temperature sensor 9

2.1.1 MLX90614 Temperature Sensor 12

2.1.2 LCD Display 13

2.1.3 Jumper Wires 14

2.1.4 Piezo Buzzer 14

2.1.5 Power Supply 15

2.2.1 Arduino Uno 16

2.2.9(b) Part Description of Arduino Uno 20

3 Demonstration of working model 21

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE CONTENT PAGE NO

2.2.9(a) Pin configuration of ARDUINO UNO 20

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AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE SENSOR USING ARDUINO

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

Fever is one of the most important symptoms of COVID-19, but due to the contagious effect, its
measurement can become a serious problem, so it is important to perform the temperature
detection of patients very quickly and possibly without any contact. On the other hand, both
epidemiological and laboratory studies have revealed that ambient temperature could effect the
survival and spread of Corona virus , so that a continuous monitoring of temperature, regarding
both ambient and body temperature, is an essential task to be performed in the contrast of COVID-
19. The adoption of thermo graphic systems in the framework of pandemic situations, such as
COVID-19, can be decisive for initial temperature assessment devoted to medical purposes,
namely:

• Initial human temperature screening during the triage process in a public health
emergency, to determine the significance of fever and elevated temperature with respect
to possible a Section;
• Temperature assessment within high throughput areas, such as business structures,
airports, etc. The additional monitoring of ambient temperature can be strongly helpful to
improve the accuracy in the detection of human body temperature, the measurement of
which can be affected by the environmental humidity. Furthermore, recent studies have
confirmed the effects of environmental temperature and humidity values in the increased
risk of COVID-19 transmission.

A variety of solutions exist in terms of advanced sensor monitoring, but separately working for
ambient humidity or human body temperature sensing, through the adoption of wireless IoT
platforms.
In the first case or wearable sensors for automated temperature monitoring of the patients in the
second case. Larger research has been mainly focused on the adoption of sophisticated solutions
for fever monitoring and contact tracing . An extensive review of non-contact temperature
assessment devices, with specific reference to the COVID-19 pandemic, can be found in , while

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interesting studies on the accuracy assessment for infrared imaging tools under specific
conditions can be found in and references herein. More advanced results have been recently
presented, which are addressed to the detection of abnormal breathing signals . All the above
solutions require a cost that is not easily accessible for massive adoption; moreover, they do not
include the detection of environmental parameters, such as humidity, which can give useful
information for tracing the pandemic disease.

No integrated platform exists to simultaneously perform a non-contact sensing of both ambient

and body temperatures. Such a platform could be very helpful to accurately perform both the
monitoring of infected people (body temperature capturing) and the control of pandemic
spreading, which can be affected by ambient conditions, such as relative humidity.

If joined with heart rate variability (HRV) information, body temperature monitoring can also be
helpful to predict COVID-19 infection before symptoms appear, thus leading to early detection
technology. To this end, an integrated hardware system is proposed in the present work, which
includes two typologies of sensors able to separately capture ambient and human body
temperature values, with no overlap between them. As compared with solutions existing in the
market that are typically able to perform a remote body temperature detection, a compact and low-
cost platform solution (estimated max cost: roughly 10 Euros) is proposed to capture both the
body and ambient temperature, thus being strongly helpful for the investigation of the potential
association of climate and seasonality with the spread of the infection, in the framework of
preventive and surveillance strategies . Two deferent sensors are specifically adopted to realize
the above task, namely, an infrared temperature sensor and a relative humidity (RH) level sensor ,
which are integrated to provide a unique measurement system for the temperature parameters,
easily displayed on a LED screen. Studies regarding the influence of ambient parameters on the
spreading of COVID-19 are in progress, and no consolidated theory exists regarding this. Thus,
the inclusion of ambient humidity can be helpful for providing additional information data towards
the establishment of an ever-improved specific theory to well-characterize COVID-19 and to
distinguish it from other similarpandemics. The combined thermometer prototype can be easily
adopted as a remote sensing device inall situations requiring fast and accurate temperature
monitoring to prevent and control COVID-19 spreading.

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1.1.1 A Non-Contact Sensors for Remote Ambient-Body Temperature

Monitoring

The MLX90614 infrared sensor is used for the measurement of body temperature, consists of a
lens that is able to filter the infrared radiation emitted by the examined body and concentrate it
on a photo resist temperature sensor. This performs the conversion into a current signal, which,
in turn, is transformed into the relative temperature value, configured on the Arduino
microcontroller. The platform corresponds to the capacitive relative humidity (RH) sensor,
which is conditioned to obtain a voltage value at the output. This is entered into the
microcontroller, to be manipulated and to finally obtain the RH and ambient temperature value to
be displayed, together with the body temperature on with the body temperature on an LED
display. The proposed architecture, whose main novelty is the low-cost integration and control of
two different sensors, includes a single platform with two distinct features, namely, the ability to
separately control human body temperature and environmental parameters, such as relative
humidity and ambient temperature. These two capabilities can be adopted together, as well as in
a separate way, depending on the specific purpose (fever detection, ambient temperature check,
and control, etc.). Moreover, the introduced additional information relative to the ambient
temperature can be successfully adopted to compensate for the error due to the emissivity related
to the surrounding environment, which is not directly taken into account by a infrared
thermometer. The infrared temperature detection door has a wide temperature measurement area,
in the working environment 0°C-45°C, the response time is less than 1 second, when the body
temperature is abnormal, it can sound the alarm. In addition, infrared temperature detection door
can be connected with computer, channel gate equipment, and can provide channel gate switch
signal. It can be used for subway security inspection, railway station security inspection, mall
security inspection and other occasions. Portable automatic infrared temperature screening
instrument with tripod, suitable for high-speed exit car and other flexible temperature inspection,
millisecond response, measurement accuracy up to ±0.5°C, the crowd of ultra-high temperature
personnel automatic alarm, Automatic capture of abnormal personnel thermal image photos, can
achieve senseless temperature measurement.

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1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

To carry out any project work it is very essential to understand the current scenario and the
technology advantages and disadvantages. In this context through literature survey as been
carried out. Many papers as been referred and it as been summarized and different techniques
used to design and implementation of temperature detector using arduino-UNO.

• Body Temperature Detection and Data Collection during COVID-19

Author: Wenhong Yu, Chenlu Luo and Kuan Wang

At present, COVID-19 is raging in many countries, which poses a great threat to people's life,
health, social and economic development. Body temperature screening is very helpful for early
detection of potential infected persons and blocking the spread of the epidemic. The paper
mainly introduces the body temperature detection and data acquisition system, and designs a
system with the function of non- contact temperature measurement and automatic data collection
system. This system is suitable for the company or school where the flow of people is large and
the temperature needs to be measured quickly, and upload information in real time.

• A Non-Contact Integrated Body-Ambient Temperature Sensors Platform to

Contrast COVID-19

Author: Sandra Costanzo and Alexandra Flores

An integrated sensors platform for non-contact temperature monitoring is proposed in this work.
The adopted solution, based on the combined integration of an infrared thermometer and a
capacitive humidity sensor, is able to provide a fast and accurate tool for remotely sensing both
ambient and body temperature in the framework of pandemic situations, such as COVID-19, thus
avoiding any direct contact with people. The information relative to the ambient temperature is
successfully exploited to derive a correction formula for the accurate extraction of body
temperature from the measurement provided by the standard infrared sensor. Full details on the
design of the proposed platform are provided in the work, by reporting relevant simulation
results on the variations of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and body temperature.
Experimental validations are also discussed to provide a full assessment of the proposed
approach

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• Response to High Temperature Reading an Operational Site (Gate/Transit

Location)
Author: Bhattacharya, Y and Milne, M

Temperature screening log. Instruct the person to wear a face mask and wait in isolation for 1
hour before a second temperature check is conducted. A minimum distance of 2 metres must
always be maintained between the person and all other people. If the second temperature check
returns a temperature below 37.4°C, the person can enter site operations.

Should the second temperature check return a temperature of 37.4°C or more, the person will be
asked to return to their vehicle and go home. A face mask should be worn whilst in public places
and a minimum distance of 2 metres must always be maintained between the person and other
people. The person should remain isolated for 24 hours and monitor their symptoms After 24
hours isolation, the person can return to the site operations gate. If the third temperature check
returns a temperature below 37.4°C, the person can enter site operations. Prior to entry or
progressing an employee must complete a Self-Declaration.

Should the third temperature check return a temperature of 37.4°C or more, the person shall be
instructed to return to their vehicle and go home. A face mask should be worn whilst in public
places and a minimum distance of 2 metres must always be maintained between the person and
other people. The person should remain isolated for 14 days and monitor their symptoms. Prior
to entry or progressing an employee must complete a Self-Declaration.

• Design of Heating System Controlled by Arduino

Author : Bayram, Atilla, Sulaiman Abdullah Moammed, and Fırat Kara.

Atilla et al. presented a case study that the design of heating system controlled by Arduino and
has studied the technology, software, hardware used in the heating system, which consists of
isolated box, dry resistance, voltage regulator, thermocouple, air fan, microcontroller, and
computer. Proportional– integral–derivative (PID), neural network, fuzzy logic is mainly used
for the temperature control of heating systems. The system uses PID controller and exhibits
satisfactory value of stability, good reliability, and sensitivity also. Microcontroller-based

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temperature control was designed with comparing theoretical values of temperature. However,
Arduino control and implementation were not done.

Abdullah et al. suggested a design of temperature control system and implemented on

TudungSaji microcontroller. Hardware implementation, as well as software simulation, was
tested and obtained. The purpose of this work includes protection against bacteria after certain
value of temperature. The application seems to be very good controlling and rather preventing
from bacteria since after certain temperature, the bacteria can be killed. This could be also tested
on Arduino IDE system.

• Temperature Distribution Control for Baby Incubator System Using

Arduino ATMega 2560

Author: Widhiada, W and Dangi, Nagendra

Wayan et al. proposed the development and design of temperature is tribution control for baby
incubator application. In this system, it is a very important to maintain a certain temperature
inside the room to take care of proper health of a baby. Humidity was also included in the study
of experiment using microcontroller-based system for temperature measurement and control.
This proved to be very important application for baby care and health some sort of temperature
control; this may be artificial intelligence (AI)-based refrigerator or washing machine.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Design and develop a effective model using arduino uno to detect temperature of person in
contactless. So avoid virus and keep safe.

1.4 MOTIVATION
At present, human body temperature is measured and recorded by traditional manual methods in
most areas of our country. The traditional temperature collection method has the disadvantages
of large measurement error, not timely feedback and large workload of statisticians. With the
development of modern technology, the intelligent, information and automation of temperature
measuring equipment has become an way to measure the temperature.

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1.5 OBJECTIVES

The objective is to check the detect temperature whether it’s low or high comparing to set
temperature in arudino uno. The temperature can be detected in real time and display in LCD
display. the buzzers is beeped when the temperature is crossed the limit set by the arduino uno.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

According to Stefan–Boltzmann’s law, the temperature of an object can be estimated from the
knowledge of its emissive power. Although radiation can occur over a wide range of
wavelengths, the peak value of the most commonly desired temperature ranges is in the area of
the spectrum corresponding to the infrared radiation . In infrared thermography this feature is
used for multiple purposes, namely, as a health indicator in medical applications or as a fault
detection in mechanical or electrical maintenance. Among the existing non-contact body
temperature sensors, one of the most popular is that belonging to the MLX90614 family; an
infrared thermometer that has a small size, low cost, and high accuracy [14]. MLX90614 is a non-
contact infrared temperature sensor manufactured by the Melexis company. It can be easily
connected to a processor, such as Arduino, for measuring the temperature of an object at a
distance. Due to its low noise amplifier, 17-bit ADC, and powerful digital signal processor
(DSP) unit, a thermometer with high accuracy and resolution can be achieved. The thermometer
comes factory calibrated with a digital PWM and System Management Bus (SMBus) output. As
a standard, the 10-bit PWM is configured to continuously transmit the measured temperature in a
range between −20 °C and 120 °C, with an output resolution of 0.14 °C, and the POR default is
SMBus, with a resolution of 0.02 °C. The microcontrollers have an I2C communication way to
connect with external peripherals; the MLX 90614 thermometer also includes I2C
communication lines to be able to connect this sensor with the microcontroller, without any
additional circuit (Figure 8). The sensor operates with a 3.3 V DC supply. If the micro controller
operates with a 5 V DC.

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Figure 1.6 MLX90614 Connection To System Managment Bus

1.6.1 ARCHITECTURE:

The internal configuration of the MLX90614 sensor is reported. It is made up of a silicon chip
with a fine micro mechanized membrane that is sensitive to infrared radiation, together with the
necessary hardware to amplify and digitize the signal and then compute the temperature. The set
includes a low noise amplifier, a 17-bit ADC converter, a digital signal processor (DSP), and an
Ambient temperature compensation

Figure 1.6.1.a Block Diagram Of The System

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The graph of the field of view (FOV) , relative to the MLX90614 sensor, is reported, which is
approximately equal to 35_. It is determined when a thermopile receives 50% of the radiation
signal, and it is also related to the main axis of the sensor. Measurement accuracy is only
guaranteed when the test object fully covers the field of view of the infrared sensor.

Figure 1.6.1.b Field Of View Graph

The following expression applies:

TAN(FOV) =Radius of test object / Distance between infrared sensor and test object

Arduino boards have I2C communication lines, which are easy to connect to I2C by cable. The
sensor must be connected as indicated in Figure . In order to provide a +3.3 V power supply from
the Arduino board to the sensor, 4.7 KW resistors are used to realize pull up on the I2C lines.

\
Figures 1.6.1.c Flow Chart Of Automatic Temperature Sensor

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1.7 APPLICATIONS

• At the start-up entry/exit point

• Shopping Centre
• Juice Shops
• Office entrances
• Hotel and restaurant entrances
• Airport entrances
• Railway entrances
• School Or College entrances
• Factory Entrances
• Any place where temperature need to be checked

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

The organization of the report explain in brief about the contents present in the further chapters.

CHAPTER 2: Hardware and software specifications

This chapter gives the complete details about the simulation software used in our project. This
chapter also involves the basic theoretical information about each and every components as well
we have explained about the software used for the purpose of designing.

CHAPTER 3: Hardware implementation

Implementation of LCD display, buzzer, MLX90614 sensor, arduino hardware connection

through ardino-UNO. This chapter describes statistical analysis and calculation done, results gain
from the project and its applications.

Lastly conclusion and future enhancements are discussed briefly.

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CHAPTER 2
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

2.1 HARDWARE:
The components that are required for the implementation for temperature sensor are listed below:

2.1.1 MLX 9O614 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The MLX90614 is an Infra Red thermometer for noncontact temperature measurements.

Both the IR sensitive thermopile detector chip and the signal conditioning ASSP are
integrated in the same TO-39 can. Thanks to its low noise amplifier, 17-bit ADC and
powerful DSP unit, a high accuracy and resolution of the thermometer is achieved. The
thermometer comes factory calibrated with a digital PWM and SMBus (System
Management Bus) output. As a standard, the 10-bit PWM is configured to continuously
transmit the measured temperature in range of -20…120˚C, with an output resolution of
0.14˚C. The factory default POR setting is SMBus. The MLX90614 is built from 2
chips developed and manufactured by Melexis:

• The Infra Red thermopile detector MLX81101

• The signal conditioning ASSP MLX90302, specially designed to process the output of IR sensor.

The device is available in an industry standard TO-39 package.

Thanks to the low noise amplifier, high resolution 17-bit ADC and powerful DSP unit of
MLX90302 high accuracy and resolution of the thermometer is achieved. The calculated object
and ambient temperatures are available in RAM of MLX90302 with resolution of 0.01°C. They
are accessible by 2 wire serial SMBus compatible protocol (0.02°C resolution) or via 10-bit
PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) output of the device. The MLX90614 is factory calibrated in
wide temperature ranges: - 40°C…125°C for the ambient temperature and -70°C…380°C for the
object temperature. The measured value is the average temperature of all objects in the Field Of
View of the sensor. The MLX90614 offers a standard accuracy of ±0.5˚C around room
temperatures. A special version for medical applications exists offering an accuracy of ±0.2˚C in

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a limited temperature range around the human body temperature. It is very important for the
application designer to understand that these accuracies are only guaranteed and achievable when
the sensor is in thermal equilibrium and under isothermal conditions (there are no temperature
differences across the sensor package). The accuracy of the thermometer can be influenced by
temperature differences in the package induced by causes like (among others): Hot electronics
behind the sensor, heaters/coolers behind or beside the sensor or by a hot/cold object very close
to the sensor that not only heats the sensing element in the thermometer but also the thermometer
package.

This effect is especially relevant for thermometers with a small FOV like the xxC and xxF as the
energy received by the sensor from the object is reduced. Therefore, Melexis has introduced the
xCx version of the MLX90614. In these MLX90614xCx, the thermal gradients are measured
internally and the measured temperature is compensated for them. In this way, the xCx version
of the MLX90614 is much less sensitive to thermal gradients, but the effect is not totally
eliminated. It is therefore important to avoid the causes of thermal gradients as much as possible
or to shield the sensor from them.

Figure 2.1.1 MLX 9O614 Temperature Sensor

2.1.2 LCD DISPLAY

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical

device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers.
Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce
images in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-
purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed
or hidden. For instance: preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a

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digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other
displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative),
depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight
will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character
negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the
backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic
appearance.

Figure 2.1.2 LCD Display

A modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a
wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical
wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires across the whole
screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one
side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a 1080p
display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires
horizontally and vertically. That's three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for
each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically.

2.1.3 JUMPER WIRES

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire or cable) is
an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes
without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a
breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components,
without soldering. Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the
slots provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test
equipment.

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Figure 2.1.3 Jumper Wires

2.1.4 PIEZO BUZZER

Piezo buzzers are simple devices that can generate basic beeps and tones. They work by using a
piezo crystal, a special material that changes shape when voltage is applied to it. If the crystal
pushes against a diaphragm, like a tiny speaker cone, it can generate a pressure wave which the
human ear picks up as sound. With such characteristics, piezo buzzers are regularly used in
alarms, warning devices and automobile alerts. In addition, since they can produce a wide range
of audible signals, they're also used in pest deterrent devices.

Figure 2.1.4 Piezo Buzzer

2.1.5 POWER SUPPLY (Battery)

A battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with
external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights and electronic devies. A
battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy.The flow of
electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work. To balance the flow of
electrons, charged ions also flow through an electrolyte solution that is in contact with both
electrodes.

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Figure 2.1.5 Power Supply(Battery)

2.2 SOFTWARE AND LIBRARIES

2.2.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno
and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

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Figure 2.2.1.a Arduino Uno

2.2.2 Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
• IN-The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.

• 5V-The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB
or another regulated 5V supply.

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• 3V3-A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
• GND- Ground pins.

2.2.3 Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library).

2.2.4 Inputs and Outputs

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin
Mode (), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:
• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-
to-TTL Serial chip.
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt() function for
details.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

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I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used withanalog Reference().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button
to shields which block the one on the board.

2.2.5 Communication
The Arduino-Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a.information file is required. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via
the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

2.2.6 Programming

The Arduino-UNO can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details,
see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header
files).You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

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The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software
(Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can
use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-
contributed tutorial for more information.

2.2.7 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino-UNO is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of
the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the
ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that
the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with
the start of the upload. This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is running on the Uno.
While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code),
it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a
sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts,
make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the
auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's
labeled "RESET-EN".
2.2.8 USB Overcorrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts
and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

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2.2.9 Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow
the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8
is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

PINS NO DESCRIPTION
1 USB port
2 7-12V Barrel jack
3 GND
4 5V
5 3.3V
6 ANALOG(A0-A5)
7 DIGITAL(0-13)
8 PWM
9 AREF
10 RESET BUTTON
11 POWER LED INDICATOR
12 TX RX LEDS
13 MAIN IC
14 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TABLE 2.2.1.a: Pin Configuration of ARDUINO-UNO Figure 2.2.9bPart Description of

ARDINO-UNO

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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

However, experimental setup was done and lot of temperature measurement was recorded with
suitable displays. Few of sample displays and the observations are presented here with brief
discussion. Mainly, we have two outputs in this work: one for displaying the temperature
automatically on LCD display and second was even important that is for automatic switching
ON/OFF of buzzer so as to monitor the temperatures on automatic basis. LCD display produces
the output of temperature as well as the status of buzzer. For example, it can be seen that 28
degree centigrade is being displayed by the LCD display along with status of buzzer as ON.
Actually, the running condition of buzzer depends on the threshold value set. We set 25 degree
centigrade as the value, and therefore, it can be seen that for 28 degree centigrade buzzer is
beeping(i.e. Covid-19 symptoms). Obviously, for below 23 degree centigrade, the buzzer will go
OFF. The interface of display with bread board and Arduino hardware can be seen in below
figure.

Figure 3: Demonstration of Working Model

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CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

An integrated platform combining multiple sensors for the simultaneous non-contact

measurement of relative humidity, ambient temperature, and body temperature has been
presented in this work. The operating principle and the full hardware design has been accurately
described. Numerical simulations, reporting the curves for the three assumed variable parameters
are shown and discussed to provide evidence of the nominal design. Experimental validations
have also been provided to demonstrate the improved accuracy of infrared temperature
measurements achieved with the proposed approach. This is particularly useful for detecting
fevers and therefore possible infections of COVID-19 and other illnesses. We have designed a
simple method of temperature control system automatically. Utilizing the concept after certain
temperature, Arduino-based hardware along with display was realized in hardware. Few samples
are shown in result, but any value of temperature can be generalized in this work. The work is
focused mainly on temperature control, and no other parameter is involved. This seems to
berobust way of handling only temperature control on automatic basis. This can be extremely
useful for persons of physical disability. Soft computing method could be used to make it more
robust and fuzzy controlled.The infrared (IR) spot sensors operate on a one-to-one basis. Rather
than looking at a crowd of people, this setup scans one person at a time.Scanning is very fast.
Every 0.6 seconds a temperature reading is processed and validated against the defined limits.
This allows to quickly process large groups of people.
The kit’s operation is pretty simple: the person looks straight at the sensor within a 5 to 30cm / 2
- 12in distance. The bright sensor’s led shows a white light when no one is in front of the sensor
or when the subject is too far. When within range, the led will either turn green or red. Green
means that you’re OK. Red means that a potential elevated skin temperature was detected.
Furthermore, an laser light can be use to detect the body temperature of the person at distance
more then 30 cm. These system can be used in the entrance of any offices etc mention before in
the application section and only the people with control temperature can entry the rooms.

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REFERENCES

[1] Di Gennaro, F.; Pizzol, D.; Marotta, C.; Antunes, M.; Racalbuto, V.; Veronese, N.; Smith,
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[8] This Temperature-Screening System for COVID-19 Can Check Up to 9 People at Once.
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[15] Zdankiewicz, E.M.; A Comparison of Relative Humidity Sensing Technologies.

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