DRYING

Dr. Nonni Soraya Sambudi

1
2 Objectives

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

 understand the drying principles and method
 Finding the values of:
 humidity, humid volume, humid heat
 adiabatic saturation temperature
 wet bulb temperature
 understand the equilibrium moisture content principle
 discuss and analyze rate of drying
3 EVAPORATION vs DRYING

 Evaporation  Drying
 Large amount of water  Removal small amount of
removed water/other liquid from
 Water removed as solid material
vapor at its boiling point  Water usually removed
1) thermally - as a vapor by
air
2) mechanically – pressing,
centrifuge, etc. (cheaper
than thermal)
4 APPLICATIONS of DRYING

 Preservation technique in food industry,

<10% water ~microbes cannot grow.
 <5% water content to preserve flavor and
nutrition.
 Final processing step before packaging
 Pharmaceutical
 5 METHODS of DRYING
Batch Continuous
Input Added once Continuously added
Methods Performed for a given period of time Few cycles – 24 hours
Product At the end of 1 cycle Continuously removed
Collection
Example Vacuum Dryer
 6 VAPOR PRESSURE and HUMIDITY

 Humidification - transfer of water from liquid phase into gaseous

mixture of air and water vapour
 Dehumidification - transfer of water vapor from vapour state to
liquid state
 Capacity of air for drying depends on
• Air humidity
• Air temperature
 Humidity (H) is the measure of water content of air mass of
water vapour per unit mass of dry air (kg.kg-1)
 7 1) humidity, H

Humidity (H) – kg water vapor contained in 1 kg of dry air

– depends on partial pressure of water, pA & total pressure, P
P = total pressure = 101.325 kPa, 1 atm, 760 mmHg

kg H 2O p A kg mol H 2O 18.02 kg H 2O kg mol air

H = × ×
kg dry air P − p A kg mol air kg mol H 2O 28.97 kg air /

18.02 p A
H=
28.97 P − p A
 8 2) Saturation humidity, Hs
3) Dew Point TEMPERATURE, Tw
 air is saturated with water vapour at a given T & P
 humidity is maximum
 under conditions of saturation - partial pressure of water
vapour in air = saturation vapour pressure of pure water at
that temperature

18.02 p AS
Saturation humidity, HS =
28.97 P − p AS

Dew point - T at which a given mixture of air and water vapor would be
saturated
 9 4) PERCENTAGE HUMIDITY, HP
5) Percentage Relative Humidity, HR

Percentage Humidity,
H
H P = 100
HS

Percentage Relative Humidity,

pA
H R = 100
p AS

HR ≠ HP
10 EXAMPLE 1

The air in a room is at 26.7°C with a pressure of

101.325 kPa and contains water vapor with a
partial pressure, pA = 2.76 kPa. Calculate
a) Humidity
b) Saturation humidity and percentage humidity
c) Percentage relative humidity
 EXAMPLE 1
11
a) Given: pA = 2.76 kPa, P = 101.325 kPa
hence H = 0.01742 kg H2O/kg air

b) Refer steam table, at 26.7ºC, 101.325 kPa,

pAS (partial pressure of water vapor in saturated air)

= 3.5 kPa (steam table)
HS = 0.02226 kg H2O/kg air
12
13 EXAMPLE 1

b) HP = 78.3%

𝐻𝐻 100 (0.01742)
𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 100 = = 78.3%
𝐻𝐻𝑆𝑆 0.02226

c) HR = 78.9%
𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 100 (2.76)
𝐻𝐻𝑅𝑅 = 100 = = 78.9%
𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3.50
14
6) Humid heat (cs)

– Amount of heat (in kJ or J) required to raise the temperature of 1

kg of dry air + water vapor present by 1 K or 1ºC
-Heat capacity of air & water vapor can be assumed constant,
1.005 kJ/kg dry air . K and 1.88 kJ/kg water vapor. K

c S (kJ/kg dry air. K) = 1.005 + 1.88 H (SI)

c S (btu/lbm dry air. ˚F) = 0.24 + 0.45 H (english)

15 7) Humid volume (vH)
8) Total enthalpy (Hy)

Total volume in m3 of 1 kg of dry air plus the vapor it contains at 1 atm

abs & the given air temperature
vH = (2.83 x 10 –3 + 4.56 x 10-3 H) T K

Total enthalpy (Hy) – Total enthalpy of 1 kg of air plus its water vapor

Hy (kJ/kg dry air) = cS (T - T0) + H λ0

=(1.005 + 1.88 H) (T - T0 ºC) +Hλ0
T0 = reference temperature
λ0 = latent heat at T0 (kJ/kg)
16
HUMIDITY CHART

 a convenient chart of the properties of air-water vapor mixtures

at 1 atm abs pressure
 humidity, H, is plotted versus the actual temperature of air-water
vapor mixture (dry bulb temperature)
 HUMIDITY (PSYCHROMETRIC) CHART
17
18 EXAMPLE 2

Air entering a dryer has a temperature (dry bulb

temperature) of 60ºC and a dew point of 26.7ºC. Using
the humidity chart, determine the:
a)actual humidity, H
b)percentage humidity, HP
c) humid heat, cs
d)humid volume, vH
19
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
a) Actual humidity, H
H = 0.0225 kg H2O/kg dry air

Refer Humidity Chart, given Dry bulb temperature

(air temperature = 60ºC, Dew Point = 26.7ºC)
b) Percentage humidity, HP
Hp = 14%
c) Humid heat?
cS (kJ/kg dry air.K) = 1.005 + 1.88 H = 1.005 + 1.88 (0.0255)
Cs = 1.047 kJ/kg dry air . K
d) Humid volume?
vH = (2.83 x 10 –3 + 4.56 x 10-3 H) T K = (2.83 x 10 –3 + 4.56 x 10-3 (0.0225)) (60+273.15)

VH = 0.977m3/kg dry air

 HUMIDITY CHART
20

Percentage
humidity, HP =
14%

H = 0.0225 kg water/ kg dry air

 21 ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE

cooled water vapor

Gas = air-water vapor mixture

 Gas is contacted with spray of liquid water

 adiabatic process (chamber is insulated)

Steady state temperature attained when a large amount of water is contacted by

entering gas -the adiabatic saturation temperature, TS
22 ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE

 contact between entering gas and spray

 enough (sufficiently long time)
 gas and liquid at equilibrium
 leaving air is saturated at TS and HS
 obtain TS and HS on 100% saturation curve
 not sufficient
 leaving mixture at percentage saturation < 100%
but on same line
23 EXAMPLE 3

An air stream at 87.8ºC having a humidity H = 0.03 kg

H2O/kg dry air is contacted in an adiabatic saturator
with water. It is cooled and humidified to 90%
saturation.
Determine:
a)The final values of H and T
b)For 100% saturation, what would be the values of H and T
24
HUMIDITY CHART

90% H=0.05
Given: 87.8ºC,
0.03 or 3% H = 0.03 kg
H2O/kg dry air,
90% saturation

T=42.5 87.8
25 EXAMPLE 3
a) The final values of H and T
H = 0.05 kg H2O/kg dry air,
T = 42.5 ºC

b) For 100% saturation, what would be the values of H

and T
H = 0.0505 kg H2O/kg dry air,
T = 40.5ºC
26
HUMIDITY CHART

100% H=0.0505
Given: 87.8ºC,
0.03 or 3% H = 0.03 kg
H2O/kg dry air,
90% saturation

T=40.5 87.8
 Wet bulb temperature
27
 The wet bulb temperature is the steady state nonequilibrium temperature
reached when a small amount of water is contacted under adiabatic
conditions by a continuous stream of gas.
28 EXAMPLE 4

A water vapor-air mixture having a dry bulb

temperature of T = 600C is adiabatically
passed over a wet bulb. The wet bulb
temperature obtained is Tw = 29.5 0C. What is
the humidity of the mixture?
 HUMIDITY CHART
29

H=0.0135

60°C
29.5 °C
 Problems
30
 1. The air in a room is at 37.8°C and a total pressure of 101.3 kPa abs containing
water vapour with a partial pressure pA = 3.59 kPa. Calculate:
a) Humidity.
b) Saturation humidity and percentage humidity.
c) Percentage relative humidity
(Problem 9.3-1)
18.02 𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 18.02 3.59 kg H2 O
𝐻𝐻 = = = 0.0228 �kg air
 a. 28.97 𝑃𝑃 − 𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 28.97 101.3 − 3.59

18.02 𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 18.02 6.594 kg H2 O

𝐻𝐻𝑆𝑆 = = = 0.0432 �kg air
 b. 28.97 𝑃𝑃 − 𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 28.97 101.3 − 6.594
𝐻𝐻 100 (0.0228)
𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 100 = = 52.8% humidity
𝐻𝐻𝑆𝑆 0.0432
 c.
𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 100 (3.59)
𝐻𝐻𝑅𝑅 = 100 = = 54.4% relative humidity
𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 6.594
31
32  2. The air entering a dryer has a temperature of 65.6°C (150°F) and dew
point of 15.6°C (60°F). using the humidity chart, determine the actual humidity
and percentage humidity. Calculate the humid volume of this mixture and
also calculate CS using SI units.
(Problem 9.3-3)

From the chart, H = 0.0113 kg H2O/kg air

HP = 5.3%

3
𝜐𝜐𝐻𝐻 = 2.83 × 10−3 + 4.56 × 10−3 0.0113 65.6 + 273.15 = 0.976 m �kg dry air

kJ
𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 = 1.005 + 1.88 0.0113 = 1.026 𝐾𝐾 �kg dr air. K
33

Hp=5.3%
H=0.0113

15.6°C 65.6°C
34
Hs = 0.13

Hp = 23%

t dew = 31.7°C 57.2°C

 35 Exercise

Air having a dry bulb temperature of 37.8°C and a wet bulb

temperature of 26.7°C (air is passed adiabatically over a wet
bulb) is to be dried by first cooling to 15.6°C to condense
water vapour and then heating to 23.9°C.
(a) Calculate the initial humidity and percentage humidity.
(b) Calculate the final humidity and percentage humidity.

H1 = 0.018 kg H2O/kg air, Hp1 = 41%

H2 = 0.0115 kg h2O/kg air, Hp2 = 60%

36

H = 0.018
H = 0.0115

15.6 23.9 37.8

26.7
37
38
Exercise
Air entering an adiabatic cooling chamber has a
temperature of 32.2°C and a percentage humidity of
65%. It is cooled by a cold water spray and saturated
with water vapour in the chamber. After leaving, it is
heated to 23.9°C. The final air has a percentage
humidity of 40%.
(a) What is the initial humidity of the air?
(b) What is the final humidity after heating?
39 WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN A WET SOLID
IS BROUGHT INTO CONTACT WITH AIR?

 Solids tend to lose moisture to air lower humidity

 Solids tend to absorb moisture from air higher humidity

UNTIL EQUILIBRIUM IS ATTAINED

40 EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF MATERIALS

 Equilibrium attained when solid attain a definite

moisture content after prolonged exposure to air under
specified humidity and temperature of air

UNIT = kg water/kg bone dry solid (dry basis)

= kg moisture/kg wet substance (wet basis)
= kg H2O/100 kg dry solid
= kg water/kg dry solid
 EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF MATERIALS
41

 EMC varies greatly with the type of

material
 Nonporous insoluble solid tend to
have low EMC at given humidity
 Typical food or biological material
tend have high EMC
 EMC of a solid decreases with
increase in temperature at given
humidity.
42 FREE MOISTURE OF A SUBSTANCE

 Free moisture content is the difference between given moisture content of

solid, XT and equilibrium moisture content, X*, => XT – X* (moisture in
excess to EMC)
 This excess moisture can be removed by drying under the given percent
relative humidity
eg. Silk, EMC = 8.5 kg H2O/100 kg dry material when in contact with air of
50% HR, 25◦C.
If a sample contains 10 kg H2O/100 kg dry material, only 1.5 kg H2O/100 kg
dry material is removed (free moisture)
43 RATE OF DRYING CURVES

For drying process following need to estimate

Size of dryer
Various operating conditions of H, T for the air used
Operating time to perform desired drying
Determination of equilibrium moisture content
experimentally
Experimental measurements of drying of rates
44
RATE OF DRYING CURVES
Sample (solid) is placed on tray

use balance to measure the loss in weight of

moisture during drying at different intervals
without interrupting the operation

Constant drying condition : Velocity,

humidity, temperature and direction of air
are constant
45 RATE OF DRYING

LS ∆X LS dX
R= − =−
A ∆t A dt

R = drying rate curve, kg moisture/h . m2

A = exposed surface area for drying, m2
LS = kg dry solid
∆X = weight loss for a ∆t time
 CALCULATION METHODS FOR CONSTANT-RATE
46 DRYING PERIOD

W − LS
XT =
LS
X = XT − X *
LS ∆X LS dX
R=− =−
A ∆t A dt
W = weight of wet solid, kg R = drying rate curve, kg H2O/h . m2
A = exposed surface area for drying, m2 LS = kg dry solid
∆X = weight loss for a ∆t time X = free moisture content, kg free
water/kg dry solid
X* = EMC, kg equilibrium moisture/kg dry solid
47 DRYING CURVES

Aʹ= when
solid is
hot

A= when
solid is
colder

Curve in terms of free moisture Curve in terms of drying rate

content
48 Assumption: adiabatic

Rate of drying for constant-rate period

h 0
RC = (T − TW C )(3600) [to express the rate per hour]
λW
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
T = temperature of air
TW = wet bulb temperature = solid surface temperature
λW = latent heat at TW (J/kg)
 PREDICTION OF CONSTANT RATE DRYING
49
To predict constant rate drying heat transfer co-efficient must be known
h = 0.0204 G0.8 (9.6-9 [1])
Air is flowing parallel to drying surface
T = 45 –150 0C
G, mass velocity = 2450 – 29 300 kg/h m2
Velocity of air = 0.61 – 7.6 m/s

h = 1.17 G 0.37 (9.6-10 [1])

Air is flowing perpendicular to drying surface

G, mass velocity = 3900 – 19 500 kg/h m2
Velocity of air = 0.9 – 4.6 m/s
50
Mass Velocity, G = vρ

Density of air, ρ = m/νH

Velocity of air
= GIVEN (Total mass of dry air +
moisture)/Humid volume
ρ= m/νH

vH = (2.83 x 10 –3 + 4.56 x 10-3 H) T K

 51 EXAMPLE 5: PREDICTION CONSTANT- RATE DRYING

An insoluble wet granular material is dried in a pan 0.457 x 0.457 m, and

25.4 mm deep. The material is 25.4 mm deep in the pan, and the sides and
bottom can be considered to be insulated. Heat transfer by convection
from an air stream flowing parallel to the surface at a velocity of 6.1 m/s.
The air is at 65.6 oC and has a humidity of 0.010 kg H2O/kg dry air.
Estimate the rate of drying for the constant-rate period.
52

Given: A = 0.457 x 0.457 m

Deep = 25.4 mm deep
Insulated = adiabatic
Air parallel, velocity = 6.1 m/s
T = 65.6 oC
H = 0.010 kg H2O/kg dry air
Find: rate of drying for the constant-rate period,
Rc?
 1. Tw = ? Refer Humidity Chart, Tw = 28 0C, Hw =0.026
53

Hw
H

Tw
54

2. Refer steam table for λW,

at Tw = 280C, λW = 2433 kJ/kg

3. How to obtain h, heat transfer

coefficient???

h = 0.0204 G0.8 [for parallel air flow]

55
 56
Mass Velocity, G = vρ

Density of air, ρ = m/νH

Velocity of air
= GIVEN (Total mass of dry air +
moisture)/Humid volume
vH = (2.83 x 10 –3 + 4.56 x 10-3 H) T K = (2.83 x 10 –3 + 4.56 x 10-3 (0.01)) (273.15+65.6)
= 0.974 m3/kg dry air
ρ= m/νH = 1 (kg dry air) + 0.01 (kg H2O) = 1.037 kg/m3
0.974

G = 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐= (6.1 m/s) (3600 m/h) (1.037 kg/m3) = 22 770 kg/h m2

 57
ℎ = 0.0204𝐺𝐺 0.8 = 0.0204(22700)0.8 = 62.45 W� 2
m .K
Then, 4. Substitute all values into Equation

ℎ
1 W = 1 J/s 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊 0 𝐶𝐶 3600
𝜆𝜆𝑊𝑊
J/s
62.45 2
= m .K ((273.15 + 65.6) − (273.15 + 28.9))(3600 s/h)
2433 kJ/kg × 1000 J/kJ
= 3.39 kg/h.m2

Rc = 3.39 kg/h m2 (drying rate for constant period)

What is the total evaporation rate for a

surface area of 0.457 x 0.457 m2 ?
RCA = 3.39 (0.457 x 0.457) = 0.708 kg/hr
 PREDICTION OF CONSTANT RATE DRYING
58

Heat and Mass Transfer in a constant-rate period

• Similar to wet-bulb temp.

• Heat transfer only by convection
(no radiation & conduction)

Convection of heat transfer from gas to surface: q = h(T − TW ) A

M air
Mass flux of water vapor from the surface: N A = k y ( yw − y ) = k y (H w − H )
M Wat
Neglecting the small sensible heat changes, heat required to vaporize NA kg mol/m2.s is
q = MwatNAλWA
59 PREDICTION OF CONSTANT RATE DRYING

Combining both equations:

q h(T − TW )
RC = = = k y M air ( H W − H )
AλW λW

Drying time for constant rate drying (in terms of transfer coefficients)
LS λW ( X 1 − X 2 ) LS ( X 1 − X 2 )
t= =
Ah(T − TW ) Ak y M air ( H W − H )
 60 DISCUSSION – PROBLEM 1

A traditional pasta manufacturer, Al Dante is using Low-Temperature (LT)

drying method to produce 300 kg dry pasta with equilibrium moisture
content of 0.20 kg H2O/kg dry solid. LT method requires 3 hours to
remove 40% of the free moisture content of moist extruded pasta in an
insulated oven (5m x 5m). The oven is operated at a constant drying rate
at 40˚C and has a humidity of 0.015 kg H2O/kg dry air.

Estimate the rate of drying and air velocity in meter per second if the air
flows parallel to the pasta.
61 rate of drying (ℎ)
𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆 40
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑋𝑋 − 𝑋𝑋2 0.2
𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 1 100
300
3= 0.33 − 0.2
5 × 5 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 60
kg 𝑋𝑋 = 0.2
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 1.923 � 100 1
h.m2 𝑋𝑋1 = 0.33
ℎ
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊 3600
𝜆𝜆𝑊𝑊
2 ℎ
1.923 kg/h.m = (313.15 − 298.15)K (3600 s/h)
2442.5 kJ/kg (1000 J/kJ)
J/s
ℎ = 86.98 2 = 86. 98 W/m2 K
m K

ℎ = 0.0204𝐺𝐺 0.8
86.98 = 0.0204𝐺𝐺 0.8
𝐺𝐺 = 34453.822 kg/h.m2
62

H= 0.015

Tw=25°
40°
63
64 Air Velocity
3
𝜐𝜐𝐻𝐻 = 2.83 × 10−3 + 4.56 × 10−3 0.015 273.15 + 40 = 0.908 m �kg dry air

𝑚𝑚 1 + 0.015 kg
𝜌𝜌 = = = 1.118 � 3
𝜐𝜐𝐻𝐻 0.908 m

𝐺𝐺 = 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐
34453.822 = 𝜐𝜐(3600) 1.118
𝜐𝜐 = 8.56 m/s
 DISCUSSION – PROBLEM 2
65

An entrepreneur has purchased a vacuum dryer to produce 500 kg of lavender soap.

Hot air from the built-in blower flows perpendicular to the soap chips at constant drying
rate to remove 20% of the initial free moisture content. The vacuum dryer is considered to
be insulated with following operating conditions:
Parameter Value
Temperature, T 125˚C
Humidity, H 0.01 kg H2O/kg DA
Area, A 25 m2
Initial free moisture 0.6 kg H2O/kg dry solid
content, Xi

Predict the rate of drying, R and air velocity if the entrepreneur has only one hour to dry
the soap.
66
 X2 = X1 – 0.2X1 = 0.6 – (0.2 x 0.6) = 0.48

𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑋𝑋 − 𝑋𝑋2
𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 1
500
1= 0.6 − 0.48
(25)𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶
kg
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 2.4 �
h.m2
ℎ
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊 3600
𝜆𝜆𝑊𝑊
ℎ
2.4 kg/h.m2 = (398.15 − 311.15)K (3600 s/h)
2411.7 kJ/kg (1000 J/kJ)
J/s
ℎ = 18.48 2 = 18. 48 W/m2 K
m K
ℎ = 0.0204𝐺𝐺 0.8
18.48 = 0.0204𝐺𝐺 0.8
𝐺𝐺 = 4969.81 kg/h.m2
67

Tw = 38°
68
69
3
𝜐𝜐𝐻𝐻 = 2.83 × 10−3 + 4.56 × 10−3 0.01 273.15 + 125 = 1.145 m �kg dry air

𝑚𝑚 1 + 0.01 kg
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.882 � 3
𝜐𝜐𝐻𝐻 1.145 m

𝐺𝐺 = 𝜐𝜐𝜐𝜐
4969.81 = 𝜐𝜐(3600) 0.882
𝜐𝜐 = 1.56 m/s
 70 EFFECTS OF PROCESS VARIABLES ON
CONSTANT- RATE PERIOD
Experimental measurements are usually preferred, HOWEVER the equations
are HELPFUL in predicting the EFFECT of CHANGING FEW VARIABLES.

SOLID
THICKNESS - AIR
VELOCITY HUMIDITY
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE

x, (kg H2O/kg
dry solid) v, (m/s) T, (oC) H, (kg H2O/kg
dry air)
71

1) Solid thickness 2)Air Velocity

 Different solid thickness  Effect of air velocity + no

changes the solid moisture, and conduction.
drying time, t of solid being  Rc, h, G
dried
 Effect of air velocity is less
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝜆𝜆𝑊𝑊 (𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜 − 𝑥𝑥 ∗ ) important when exist radiation
𝑡𝑡 = & conduction
𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 )
72

3) Air Temperature 4) Air Humidity

If H increased, Tw from
If T increased, Tw
humidity chart increased
increased but not as
as well as Rc. New drying
much as the increased in
rate equation:
T. New drying rate
equation:
T2 − Tw2 H w2 − H 2
Rc2 = Rc1 = Rc1 T − Tw 2 H w2 − H 2
T1 − Tw1 H w1 − H1 Rc 2 = Rc1 = Rc1
T − Tw1 H w1 − H1
73 EXAMPLE 6 – Prediction of Problem 1

 In order to export his pasta to other countries, Al Dante has to

comply with a strict regulation that requires the dry pasta to be
produced with a free moisture content of 0.12 kg H2O/kg dry
solid. Hence, High-Temperature (HT) drying method is
implemented at 90°C. Using the same operating conditions,
calculate the new amount of dry pasta produced.
74

Tw = 35°C
75
New Conditions:
T2= 90°C, x* = 0.12 kg H2O/kg dry solid
From humidity chart:
H2 = 0.015kg H2O/kg dry air, Tw2 = 35 °C

T2 − Tw2 90 − 35
Rc2 = Rc1 = 1.923 = 7.051 kg/m2 .h
T1 − Tw1 40 − 25

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜 − 𝑥𝑥 ∗ )
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 (0.33 − 0.12)
7.051 =
5×5 3
Ls = 2518.21 kg