COMPOSTELA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – DAY CLASS

GRADE 12 Learners

Arts and Its Visual Elements

In order to understand how to describe a painting or a sculpture, it is important to comprehend first the visual
elements of art. These visual elements of art are line, color, shape, space, value, texture, time and motion.

Line- This refers to a prolongation of a point or a mark on a

surface.
Solid lines can be used in order to define form while broken
lines are typically used to suggest hidden. forms.

Shape and Mass

This element refers to an area with boundaries identified or
drawing lines. A shape may be natural or living forms called
an organic shape and can be irregular or rounded. It. may
also be measured forms called geometric shape. In. contrast
to shape., which is two-dimensional, mass refers to solid
portions of a three-dimensional object.

Color -This refers to visual perception that allows a person to differentiate objects due to the way various
wavelengths of light are reflected. Color is a very important element because it can communicate information and
emotion to the viewer. These are the three properties of color: • Hue, which refers to the basic or pure color, and is
represented in the color wheel. • Value, which refers to the lightness and darkness of color. A light color or tint is the
result of adding white to a hue, while a dark color or shade results from adding black to a hue. • Saturation, which
refers to brightness and dullness of color. It is also referred to as purity of the color. A bright color can be produced
by adding more pigment to the same hue, while a dull color can be produced by adding gray or the color’s
complement to the pigment.

The color wheel is an arrangement of primary

secondary and tertiary colors. It is important tool to
identify which colors can work well if used in a
certain artwork which is the color schemes or color
relationships.
Color Schemes
• Monochromatic – involves using the same hue but with different gradients of value.
• Analogous – entails the use of three or four adjacent colors in the color wheel.
• Complementary – involves the use of a color and its complement -meaning the color located opposite of the first
color.
• Split-complementary – a close relative to the complementary color scheme. But instead of using the color’s
complement, this scheme uses the two colors adjacent to the complement.
• Triadic – uses three colors that are of equal distance with each other.
• Tetradic – also known as double complementary color scheme, this uses two pairs of complementary colors.
Texture
This element refers to the feel or appearance of a surface.
A person may describe as actual or implied. Actual
texture can be felt tangibly based on the material that is
used for. the artwork while implied texture, can be
exhibited.
Example: a painting of fur of an animal.

Value - This element refers to lightness or darkness of an area. This is evident in creating shadows for a two-
dimensional object to give an illusion of depth.
Space - refers to the area that is occupied by an object or a subject, as well as the area surrounding that object or
subject. An illusion of space can still be created in a two-dimensional surface using perspective. There are two types
of perspective: atmospheric perspective, which utilizes the properties of light and air in depicting the illusion of
distance; and linear perspective, which involves the use of vanishing points and receding hidden lines.
Time and Motion - Movement in the visual arts can either be an illusion or an actual motion. An illusion of movement
is more common in two-dimensional artworks. On the other hand, actual motion is easily seen in kinetic sculpture
that moves with the wind or are vibrating with the surrounding air.

Various Contemporary Art Form Speaking of art, there are many words that will always pop up in our mind. When
we say forms, classifications we can name them one by one. Today, we will discuss various art forms of contemporary arts
according to use.
1. PRACTICAL ( Utalitarian) ART . This art is intended for practical for practical use or utility. It is the changing of
raw materials for utilitarian purposes. However, they must possess ornaments or artistic qualities to make them
useful and beautiful.
2. INDUSTRIAL ARTS. It is the changing of raw materials into some significant products for human are shell craft,
bamboo crafts, leather craft, pottery making, sheet – metal work and manufacture of automobiles, home appliances
and televisions set.
3. APPLIED / HOUSEHOLD ART. It refers mostly to household arts such as flower arrangement, interior
decoration, dress making, home – making, embroidery, cooking and others.
4. CIVIC ART. This art includes city or town planning, maintenance, and beautification of parks. This refer to
beautification to improve the standards of living.
5. COMMERCIAL ART. It involves business propaganda in the form of advertisements in newspapers and
magazines, sign painting, billboard and announcements, leaflets, displays, poster designing, movie illustrations and
many more.
6. GRAPHIC ART. It is anything printed from raised or sunken reliefs and plane surfaces.
7. AGRICULTURAL ART. (crop production), horticulture (garden or orchard cultivation), husbandry (raising of
cows, carabaos, poultry and swine) and farming.
8. BUSINESS ART. This includes merchandising, accounting, bookkeeping, typewriting, stenography, salesmanship,
and business administration.
9. FISHERY ART. It includes shallow and deep-sea fishing, fish refrigeration and culture, net weaving.
10.MEDICAL / CLINICAL ART. It includes first aid treatments, medical manufacturing, surgery, medical
operation, rehabilitations and other.
From the discussion above, we learned about the different contemporary art forms. While we review the previous
lesson, it to boot basic to be beyond any doubt that the art of the so – called past continued and proceeds to
development until the appear and are thus in that sense, “contemporary”. This art continued to be conveyed, without
a doubt in case the conditions behind its era have as of now changed through and through. In the discussion below, be
conscious of the way the description of context is integrated into the description of form – what art is made of and
how art is made. The relationship of material and process to the symbols and meanings of the art forms matters how
we contextualize.
I. Philippine Art History. Pre-Colonial Arts / Ethnic Arts - Was there art before colonization? In art chronicle
terms, we imply art a few times as of late the coming of the essential colonizers as “pre - triumph”. In expound terms, we
insinuate to it as natural the thought that our forerunners, have been making art without a doubt a few times as of late
colonization. It is also described in cultural terms as “pre-colonial” as a term to use the general way of life before
colonization. Although the terms are interchangeable, it is also useful to keep these distinctions in mind when studying the
art of the past. In Pre – colonial Philippines, arts are for ritual purposes or for everyday use. Art of the ancient Filipinos were
woven into the fabric of everyday life. They do not refer to art as we do today. That is, as an expression of an individual, and
seen largely in galleries and concert halls. They do not distinguish forms into different categories like music, theater, visual
arts, etc. Everyday expressions were all integrated within rituals that marked significant moments in a community’s life, like
planting, harvesting, rites passage, funerary, ceremonies, weddings, among others. Our ancestors, just like others in the
world during those times, were hunter gatherers. The forefathers hunted food and game that were shared among members of
a community in a gathering where they told stories about the hunt. They imitated the movement of animals and prey, and the
sounds that they made. But how do arts apply? In this simple activity alone evolved ritual, music, dance, theater and yes even
literature. When they told stories about the hunt, this form of oral story telling marked the beginnings of the literature. When
they imitated movements of the animals they hunted, this marked the early beginnings of theater or play acting. When they
learned to add drum beating and attach rhythm to their movements, they have given birth to music and dance. The pre-
colonial peoples of the Philippines already possessed a varied and vibrant musica le culture. The country’s indigenous
cultures through the existence of ethnic musical instruments such as pipes , flutes, zithers, drums, various string instruments
like kudyapi a three stringed guitar, the kulintang – an array bossed gongs, the gansa or flat gong, bamboo percussion
instruments, and the gong – large bossed gong.
The following are the native 4 dance forms imitated from the movements of the animals:
1. Pangalay dance (Sulu) is mimetic of the movements of the sea birds
2. Mandaya’ Kinabua, Banog – banog (Higaonon & B’laan), and ma- manok (Bagobos in Mindanao is imitated the movements of
predatory birds
3. Talip dance (Ifugao) that is used for courtship is mimetic of the movements of wild fowls.
4. Inamo dance (Matigsalugs) and Kadaliwas dance (T’Boli) represent the comedic movement of the monkey
5. Tinikling dance evocative of the movements of the crane, balancing itself on stilt – like legs or flirting away from
the clutches of bamboo traps.
Famous artworks during pre – colonial
1. Carving Bulul (Cordillera) a granary God that plays an important role in rituals Hagabi (Ifugao) a wooden
bench Santos / sculptures of saints (Laguna and Pampanga) Okir (Tausug / Samal / Badjao) mythical sarimanok,
the naga or serpent. Manunggul Jar discovered at Manunggul cave of Palawan
2. Weaving Textile weaving
a. Pis siyabit (Tausug of Sulu) a headpiece woven
b. Malong (Maranao of Lanao del Sur) Mat and basket weaving
a. Tepo mat (Sama of Tawi-Tawi) a double layered made of Pandan leaves.
b. Ovaloid basket (Itbayat, Batanes) a head sling made of nito or bamboo used to carry the harvests. c. Bubo
(Ilocos region) a sturdy bamboo strips used to trap the fish.
3. Ornamentation - representations of various ethnolinguistic groups.
a. Wearing gold jewelry (upper class Tagalog)
b. Tattooing (Visayan) it is believed to protect the individual from evil
spirits, it is also a sign of bravery and maturity.

II.SLAMIC ERA (13 TH Century to the Present) How did Islam influence art before the coming of Spanish
colonizers? Islamic is characterized by geometric designs and patter selecting focus from the believers. Even before
the coming of Spanish colonizers, Islam was already well entrenched in SouthernPhilippines. Filipino Muslims
recognize that they belong to an ummah or a community of believers. Central to the Islamic faith is the doctrine of or
unity of God. This belief emphasizes the impermanence of nature and the incomprehensible greatness of the Divine
Being. In Islamic art we can observe how artist are influenced by the notion of the Tawhid, we will find that the
interior of mosques are covered with elaborate patterning in the form of reliefs to draw the attention away from the
concrete object, in other words away from human forms and nature” toward the contemplation of the divine”
Happenings during Islamic era
1. Sultanate of Sulu was established Sayyid Abbubakar
2. Qura or holy text was introduced
3. Building of religious school called Madrasah
4. Natives from Yakans , Basilan and Zamboanga were converted to Islam
5. Islamazation process In Mindanao became strong.
6. Islam became the religion and as a way of life of people in Mindanao (Tausug, Maranao, Maguindanao, Yakan,
Samal, Badjao)

III. SPANISH ERA (1521 – 1898)

What kinds of art developed during Spanish Colonization? Art became a hand maiden of religion, serving to
propagate the Catholic faith and thus support the colonial order at the same time. Religious orders were dispatched
to convert the natives to Catholicism as part of the larger project culturally as religious art, lowland Christian art or
folk art. During this period, cruciform churches following the shape of the latin cross were built. In keeping with the
prevailing, they were characterized by grandeur, drama, and elaborate details that purposely appealed to the
emotions. The use of adobe, limestone or brick and the construction of thick buttresses or wing like projections
reinforce the church structure to make it more resistant to earthquake. In other words, the result is a fusion of both
native and European elements, prompting some art historians to refer to the style as colonial baroque or Philippine
or tropical baroque.

Important Happenings related to art during Spanish era Chinese artisans were engaged in making icons or saints
made in wood or ivory Colonial churches were built Western musical instruments were introduced, pipe organ,
violin, guitar, and piano Catholic liturgi.
cal music was introduced in 1742 Choral music to boys were introduced and created the first Filipino composers
named Marcelo Adonay (1848 – 1928)
Musical form based on Catholic faith have emerge in the Pasyon – the biblical of Christ’s passion chanted in an
improvise melody. Secular music was formed; the awit and the corridor – these were the two musical forms based on
European literature and history. Kundiman became a vehicle for conflict – the lyrics were that of unrequited love,
except that the love object was the Philippines who would be cleverly concealed as beautiful woman. Mangyans made
the baybayin script made of bamboo poles cut into smaller nodes that are carved used to composed short poems,
expressing one’s feelings and other emotional concers. Pomp and pageantry of religious processions were introduced.
Zarzuela was introduced, it was an opera which features singing and dancing with prosed dialogue which allowed the
story to be carried out in a song. Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan were awarded as the most distinguished
playwrights as they wrote zarzuela in Tagalog Honorata “ Atang” dela Rama awardeded as the most celebrated
leading actress The first Senakulo was written in 1704 by Gaspar Aquino de Belen Komedya were also introduced;
komedya de santo (it centers on life of Christ ) and Secular Komedya. Folk dances such as carinosa, pandango,
polka , dansa and rigodon, habanera, and tango were introduced. Visual arts, and paintings must be visual
interpretation of biblical texts.
center to Catholic devotion ex. Heaven Earth and Hell by Jose Dans ( 1850) Reprographic art of printmaking was
introduced, Doctrina Christiana is an example, the first printed book in the Philippines compiling song lyrics,
commandments, sacraments and other catechetical material. Juan Luna ( Spolarium) won gold medals and Felix
Resurrection Hidalgo (Virgenes christianas expuestas al populacho) won Famous Artists and their artworks during
Spanish era:
Visual Arts:
1. Damian Domingo – water color albums of tipos
2. Juan Luna – Spoliarium, Espana y Filipinas
3. Felix Resurrection Hidalgo – Virgenes christianas expuestas al populacho
4. Lorenzo Guerrero - The Water Carrier
5. Simon Flores – Portrait of the Quiazon Family
6. Jose Dans – Heaven , Earth , Hell
7. Esteban Villanueva - Basi Revolt silver medals
Miniature painters Engraver:
1. Antonio Malantic 1. Francisco Suarez
2. Isidro Arceo, 2. Nicolas Engraver
3. Dionesio de Castro 3. Laureano Atlas
4. Justiniano Assuncion 4. Felipe Sevilla

Musician – Composer Theater artist:

1. Marcelo Adonay 1. Honorata “ Atang” dela Rama
Writers:
1. Severino Reyes - Zarzuela
2. Hermogenes Ilagan – Zarzuela
3. Gaspar Aquino de Belen – Senakulo
IV. AMERICAN ERA (1898 – 1940) to the Post war Republic (1946 – 1969)
What were the changes brought about by American Colonization? How were they differ from the religious forms of
the Spanish colonial period ?
In the American regime, commercial and advertising arts were integrated into fine arts curriculum. Moreover,
Americans favored idyllic sceneries and secular forms of arts. Because the lingua franca of this period was English,
poems and stories from books were dramatize in classroom, to facilitate the teaching of the English language. Unlike,
the Spanish, the Americans passionate thought their language through an efficient public school system. In less than
decade, Filipino playwrights began to write plays in English. In the beginning of the 20th century, new urban pattern
that responded to the secular goals of education, health and governance was imposed. The new patrons of the arts
included the Americans who engaged in governance and education, business and tourism. The demand for artists
who could do illustrations in textbooks or graphic design to product labels thus emerged. The inclination towards
genre, still life and portrait paintings persisted. Landscapes on the other hand, became cherished as travel souvenirs,
especially those that captured the exotic qualities of Philippine terrain. In 1909, a year after the establishment of the
University of the Philippines, its School of Fine Arts was opened. It also offered a course on commercial design to
fulfill the aforementioned demand. For some time, the academic ( a term referring to the kind of art was influenced
by European academies) tradition of painting and sculpture in the manner of Amorsolo and Tolentino prevailed in
the art scene.

Famous Artist during American era

1. Juan Abad – Tanikalang Ginto (Golden Chain) (1902)
2. Juan Matapang Cruz – Hindi ako Patay ( Iam Not Dead) 1903
3. Aurelio Tolentino – Kahapon , Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow )

Famous artist and their artworks during Japanese era

1.Fernado Amorsolo (painting)
• Harvest scene, 1942 • Rice Plating, 1942 • Bombing of the Intendencia (1942) • Ruins of Manila Cathedral (1945)
2. Sylvia La Torre (song) • Sa kabukiran
3. Levi Celerio (composer) • Sa Kabukiran
4. Felipe P. de Leon (composer) • Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas
5. Crispin Lopez (painting) • Study of an Aeta (1943)
6. Diosdado Lorenzo (painting) • Atrocities in Paco
7. Dominador Castaneda (painting) • Doomed Family (1945
Modern famous artists and their artworks Neo Realists Artist
1. Manansala – The Beggars (1952), Tuba Drinkers (1954), 2. Legaspi – Gadgets II (1949), Bad Girls (1947)
3. HR Ocampo – The Contrast (1940), Genesis (1968)
4. Ramon Estella
5. Victor Oyteza
6. Romeo Tabuena

Abstractionist Artists Modern Architectural Structures:

1. Constancio Abenardo 1. Church of Holy Sacrifice (1955)
2. Lee Aguinaldo 2. Church of the Risen Lord
3. Jose Joya 3. Chapel of Saint Joseph the Worker
4. Fernando Zobel
5. Arturo Luz – Street Musicians (1952)
6. Nina Saguil - Cargadores (1951)

Important Happenings during the rise of Contemporary Art

COMPOSTELA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – DAY CLASS
Poblacion, Compostela, Cebu
Written Examination
 GRADE 12 Students

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____________________

Grade & Section: ______________________ Score: ___________________

I. Instructions: Choose the best answer for the given choices. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided.

______1. Which of the following is not an Abstractionist Artists?

a. Ramon Estella c. Fernando Zobel
b. Jose Joya d. Arturo Luz
______2. He is a Miniature painter.
a. Francisco Suarez c. Jose Joya
b. Dionisio de Castro d. Arturo Luz
______3. The following famous artist and their artworks during Japanese era except for:
a. Felipe P. de Leon (composer) • Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas
b. Crispin Lopez (painting) • Study of an Aeta (1943)
c. Diosdado Lorenzo (painting) • Atrocities in Paco
d. Juan Abad – Tanikalang Ginto (Golden Chain) (1902)
_______4. Famous artworks during pre – colonial, Weaving Textile except:
a. Pis siyabit (Tausug of Sulu) a headpiece woven
b. Malong (Maranao of Lanao del Sur) Mat and basket weaving.
c. Wearing gold jewelry (upper class Tagalog).
d. Tepo mat (Sama of Tawi-Tawi) a double layered made of Pandan leaves.
_______5. A native dance forms imitated from the movements of the animals.
a. Talip dance (Ifugao) that is used for courtship is mimetic of the movements of wild
fowls.
b. Levi Celerio (composer) • Sa Kabukiran
c. Juan Matapang Cruz – Hindi ako Patay ( Iam Not Dead) 1903
d. Tuba Drinkers (1954)

II. Direction: Answer the question briefly and concisely.

1. What is the importance of using locally available resources in creating art?

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2. How do materials affect in the way the art is made?
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3. What resources are available in your locality and what art product can you make out of these
available materials?
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III. Instructions: Compose a four-verse poem or song honoring the contemporary Philippine artworks
and artist that we have discussed in our lesson.
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GOOD LUCK …