MODULE 1
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO CE PROBLEMS
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course provides background on numerical analysis needed
to solve civil engineering problems numerically when their difficult to
analytical solution is either not available or obtain.
MATRICES
INTRODUCTION
Cayley, a French mathematician, discovered matrices in the year 1860. However, it is
only until the twentieth century that engineers heard of them.
Matrices play an important role in the solution of many applied mathematics problems
like systems of linear algebraic equations and differential equations. Likewise, matrices
have been found to be of great utility in engineering solutions such as in mechanical
systems, circuit theores, dynamic resposes of structures, nuclear physics, aerodynamics
and astronomy. Thus, it is necessary for a young engineer to learn the elements of matrix
algebra so as to keep up with the rapid developments in physics and engineering.
Defintion
Matrix is " a rectangular array of elements arranged in m rows and n columns, and is
enclosed by a pair of parenthesis or brackets. "
The elements in a matrix may be numbers, variables, function, integrals, derivatives or
even other matrices.
Notation
In general, a matrix (i.e matrix A ) is written in the following form:
a11 a12 a1n x
A = (aij) = a21 a22 a2j
y
am1 ai2 amn z
or simply
A = (aij) = where 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n
The size or dimension of the matrix in m x n ( read as "m by n" )
SPECIAL MATRICES : TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1 COLUMN VECTOR AND ROW VECTOR
Column Vector or Column Matrix is a matrix with only one column
and m rows, an m by 1 (mx1) matrix .
Example : The 4x1 Matrix (A) below is a Column Matrix
-11
A= 6
0
5
Row vector or Row Matrix is a matrix with only one row and n columns
Example : The 1 x 3 Matrix (A) below is a Row Matrix
A= 31 3 -1
2 NULL MATRIX
Null Matrix also knwn as zero matrix, is a matrix whose elements are all equal
to zero . Example of a Null or Zero Matrix
0 0
B=
0 0
3 SQUARE MATRIX
A matrix with equal number or rows and columns is called a square matrix.
A square matrix of size "nxn" is also called a matrix of order n.
Example : Below is a Matrix of order 3
15 4 1
C = 11 -11 2 Matrix of order 3
12 6 0
4 TRIANGULAR MATRICES
Upper-Triangular Matrix is a square matrix in which all elements below the
main diagonal are equal to zero. The diagonal and the elements above it can
take on any values.
a11 a12 a1n
D= 0 a22 a2j Upper - Triagular matrix
0 0 amn
Lower-Triangular Matrix is a square matrix in which all elements above the
main diagonal are equal to zero. The diagonal and the elements below it can
take on any values.
a11 0 0
a21 a22 0
E =
am1 ai2 amn
5 DIAGONAL MATRIX
A diagonal Matrix is a square matrix in which every element not on the principal
diagonal ( also called off-diagonal elements) is zero and whose diagonal
elements can take on any value '
15 0 0
F= 0 -11 0
0 0 3
6 SCALAR MATRIX
Scalar Matrix is a diagonal matrix where all elements along the principal diagonal
are all equal, that is , a11=a22=ann.
15 0 0
A= 0 15 0
0 0 15
The Matrix can also be written as 15I where I is an identity matrix.
7 IDENTITY MATRIX
Identity matrix or unit matrix is a scalar matrix whose element along the principal
diagonal are all equal to one.
1 0
A= 0 1 identity matrix of order 2
1 0 0
A= 0 1 0 unit matrix of order 3
0 0 1
8 TRANSPOSE MATRIX
Let A = (aij ) be an (m x n ) matrix. The transpose of A denoted by A isT defined
AT = (aji ) where the corresponding rows and columns of A are interchanged.
For Example : Let A be a ( 4 x 2 ) matrix given below :
2 -1
A= -3 5
0 8
6 -3
The Transpose of A is a ( 2 x 4 ) matrix A Twhere :
2 -3 0 6
AT = -1 5 8 -3
For a square matrix, a quantity called its TRACE is defined.
The TRACE of a square marix is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal.
For Example : Consider the Matrix A as
-4 4 2
A= 0 5 -2
2 3 -1
The TRACE of A is given Tr (A) = (-4) + (5) + (-1) = 0
The TRACE remains the same if a square matrix is transposed.
9 SYMMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
Symmetric matrix is a square matrix in which the corresponding off diagonal
elements are equal, that is aij = aji for all i and j.
1 5 3 4
A= 5 6 7 9 symmetric matrix
3 7 2 3
4 9 3 5
Skew-symmetric Matrix is a square matrix whose elements in the main diagonal
are all zero and whose off-diagonal elements are aij = - aji for all I and j.
0 v -t
A= -v 0 s skew-symmetric matrix
t -s 0
