Priming PDF

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Priming is a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people

respond to a subsequent stimulus. Priming works by activating an association or


representation in memory just before another stimulus or task is introduced. This
phenomenon occurs without one’s conscious awareness, yet it can have a major impact
on numerous aspects of people’s everyday lives. Priming can work with stimuli that are
related in a variety of ways. Priming is named as such to evoke the imagery of a water
well being primed. Once the well has been primed, water can then be subsequently
produced whenever it is turned on. Once the information has been primed in memory, it
can be retrieved into awareness more readily. There are several different types of priming
in psychology. Each one works in a specific way and may have different effects.
- Positive and negative priming describes how priming influences processing speed.
Positive priming makes processing faster and speeds up memory retrieval, while
negative priming slows it down.
- Semantic priming involves words that are associated in a logical or linguistic way.
The earlier example of responding to the word "banana" more rapidly after being
primed with the word "yellow" is an example of semantic priming.
- Associative priming involves using two stimuli that are normally associated with
one another. For example, "cat" and "mouse" are two words that are often linked
with one another in memory, so the appearance of one of the words can prime the
subject to respond more rapidly when the second word appears.
- Repetition priming occurs when a stimulus and response are repeatedly paired.
Because of this, subjects become more likely to respond in a certain way more
quickly each time the stimulus appears.
- Perceptual priming involves stimuli that have similar forms. For example, the
word "goat" will evoke a faster response when it is preceded by the word "boat"
because the two words are perceptually similar.
- Conceptual priming involves a stimulus and response that are conceptually
related. Words such as "seat" and "chair" are likely to show priming effects
because they are in the same conceptual category.
- Masked priming involves part of the initial stimulus being obscured in some way,
such as with hash marks. Even though the entire stimulus is not visible, it still
evokes a response.

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