-- Collection of mathematical techniques

and tools to solve practical decision problems

Science that aids decision making
Art of giving bad decisions otherwise
which would have been the worst
- Scientific and systematic approach of problem
solving for executive management

Impossibility and infeasibility in certain Distinct directions in decision making

real life or practical problems
variables
Scientibc Pion
- Objective
Notapplicable to intangible
human factors - Inter-disciplinary team approach
and attributes such as - Compatible to digital cotnputer
-Gap between decision maker (manager) - Consideration of all factors
and operations rescarchers
Charactrisics

-Atotal system orientation

Limtaions Operations
- Identifcation of he problern
- Collection of relevant data
fon
Sgni'nce &meríts Research Pbases of OR - Formulation of data into mathematical
- Scientifc approach
- Reaiistic nature
Application of suitable OR model
- Models quantifabje - Analysis and calculation
- Systematic method - Decision making

- Physical (lconic / Analogue) Models/

- Allocation models (simpler/TPIAP) aymbolio (Verbal / Mathematical)
- Inventory (Deterninistic / Probabilistic) - Descriptive / Predictive /
Nomaive
-Game theory Practiceand
Deterninistie /Probabiliscie
- Network models (CPM / PERT)
-Sequoncing modela -8tatie /Dyuunie
Quoue models Analyical /Iterative/ Sunulative
Replacenot
Dynamic prognuning
1.0Introduction
"Science that aids decision making is Operations Research which s tested and
implemented through appropriate modelling."
We take several decisions in our daily life. Most of these decisions are taken by
common sense. But the decisions taken by mere common sense sometimes may
mislead or confuse us. Also,such decisions may neither provide any evidential support
nor stand on any scientific base. Therefore, it has become necessary for managers and
engineers to believe in the science that provides the evidential support and sientific
base.

Operations Research (OR) is one such science that provides better solutions to
the managers, engineers and any practitioners with better solutions. This science came
into existence during World War II. Though it was first emploved for military
operations, its applications areextended to any field on the earth in somne form or
other.

ThusOR is considered as the science that deals with decision making and this
book deals with formulating, analysing, testing and application of various OR models.

1.lOrigin and Development of OR Models

The term, "Operations Research" was first coined by Mc Closky and Trefthen in
1940 in a small town, Bowdsey of United Kingdom.
The nameoperations research was given to this subject because it has started
with the research of (military) operations. During world war - II, the military commands
of UK and USA engaged several teams of scientists to discover tactical and strategic
military operations. Their mission was to formulate specific proposals and to arrive
to the decisions that can optimally utilize the scarce resources to acquire maximum
possible level of effective results. In simple words, it was to uncover the methods that
can yield greatest results withlittie efforts.Thus it has gained popularity and was called
"an art of winning the war without actually fghting it".
Following the end of the war, the success and encouraging results of British
teams have attracted industrial managers to apply these methods to solve their
complex problems. The first method in this direction was simplex method (LPP)
developed in 1947 b÷ G.B. Dantzig, USA. Since then several scientists have been
developing this science in the interest of making operations toyield high profits or
least costs.

Now, this science has become universally applicable to any area such as
transportation, hospital management, agriculture, libraries, city planning, financial
institutions, constructËon management and so forth. In India, many industr
been realising the advantages by implementing the OR models.
 regard are Delhi Cloth Mills, Indian Airlines, Indian
A few to quote in this (HLL), Tata Iron & Steel Co., (T1SCO), Fertilizer
Railways, Hindustan Liver Ltd., Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India etc.
Corporation of India (FC), Life

Operations Research:Some Definitions

2 applications of operations research,
giving a
Because of the wide scope of definitions of ORare as under.
However, a few
precise definition is difficult. methods of sciencelo complex problems,. in
application of he
Operational research is the of largesystems ofmen, machines, materials and mone
the direction and management
government and defense. The distinctve approach is to develot a
in industry, business, measurements of faclorssuch as change and
scientific model of thesstem incorporating
compare the outcome of alternalivedecisions, strategies or
risk, with which to predict and determining its policy and actions
help management in
controls. The purpose is to Operations Research Society, UK
scientificaly.
Research is concerned with scientifically decding how to best design and
Operations regquiring the allocation of scarce resources.
operate man - machine systems usually Operations Research Society, America

lengthy, the definition given by Operational Research Society

Apart from being complex problems and large systems,
of UK, has been criticised because it emphasizes highly technical approach suitable
leaving the reader with the impression thatit is a OR society of America contains an
only to large organisation. The definitions ofresources. The key words used in the
importantreference to the allocation of scarce
system and model. The British
above definitions are scientifc approach, scarce resources, American definition quietly
definition contains reference to optimisation, while the
commonly used and widely
slips in the word, best. A few other definition which are
acceptable are as follows :
"Operatioms Research is the systematic application ofquantitative methods, techniques and
tools to the anaBysis of problems involuing the operakon of systems.
Daellenbach and George, 1978
Operations Research is essentially a collection ofmathematical techniques and tools which
n conjunction with asystemus approach, are applied to solve practical decision problems
of an economicor engineering nature. Daellenbach and George, 1978
These two definitions project another view of OR as the collection of models
and methods which have grown up largely independent of one another.
" Operaions Research utilizes the planned approach (updated scientifc method) and an
inerdisciplinary froviding aquantilative basis for decision making and uNcoverig
problems of quantitative analsis. Thierauf and Klekamp, 1975
" Tläs new decision making field has been characlerised by the use of scienific knouledg
through inier disaiplinary team effort for the purpose of deternining tlhe best utizsa
of limiled resources. HA Taha, 1976
These two definitions refer to the inter
one of the best definitions, given by Churchman,disciplinary nature of OR. Howeves
Ackoff and Arnoff, is as follows
 " Operations Research, in the mast general sense, can be characterised as the application
ofscientific methods, techrniques and tools, to problems involving the operations ofasystem
so as to provide those in control of the operations with optimum solutions
Churchman, to theArnoff,
Ackoff and problems.
1957
Operation Research has been described as a method, an approach, a set of techniques, a
team activity, a combination of maniy disciplines, an extension of particular disciplines
(mathematics,engineering and economics), a new discipline, a vocation, even a religion.
It is perhas some of all these things. SL Cook, 1977
" OR is the art of giving bad answers to roblems towhich otherwise worse answers are
given. TL Saaty, 1958

" involves
Operations Research may be described as a scientific apþroach
the operations of organisational system.
to decision making that
FS Hiller and GJ Lieberman, I1980

Operations Research is a scientific method of providing executve departments with a

P M Morse and G E Kimbal!
quantitative basis for decisions under their contro.
Operations Research is applied decision theory, It uses confront
any scientific,
the
maihematical,
executive, when
or
he
logical means to attempt to cope with the problems that
tries to achieve a through -going rationality in dealing with his decision problems.
D W Miller and M K Stan

" Operations Research is a scientific approach to problems solving for executive

managemeni. HM Wagner
As the discipline of operations research grew, many other names such as
Optimization Techniques, Operation Analysis, Systems Analysis, Decision Analysis,
Management Science were given to it. However, each of these emphases the
quantitative approach to the analysis and solution of management problems.

1.3 Phases (or Steps) ofOperation Research Method (Modelling)

About four to five decades ago it would have been difficult to getButa today,
single
operations researcher to describe aprocedure for conducting OR project.
every engineer and manager are presenting the proceure in different ways as suits
to their situations. However, the procedure for an OR study generally involves the
following major phases :
Phase - I: Formulating the problem
Phase - II: Fitting a Suitable 'OR' model
Phase - III: Analysis and Deriving the solutions from the model
Phase - IV: Testing the Model and its solution
Phase V: Sensitivity analysis and Controlling the solution
Phase VI: Decision making and Implementing the solution
Phase I: Formulating the Problem:
Tofind the solution of a problem, the problem must be formulated in the form
of an appropriate model. This requires the following information.
1. Who has to take the decision?
2. What are the objectives?
3. What are the ranges of controllable variables?
 4. What are the ncontrolled variabie tht my shte th ynhe whmene
5. What are the retritos tm) tomtrsite h mih
6. What are othet omhtien stet tishle
because a wrong folation tan
disastrous in sone ases
Phase - II: Fitting aSuitable 0R Mulel!
next phase of the investiyat is tted hhe unhn h Mwaja
The veienftn iahysn 11 n4 hu
UK model in an appropriate form which is Thie U MMih mon
identificationof both static and dynamie stru tutal elenens
of the following three inportant basit fac tuns.
1. Decisionvariables andOR paraneters.
2. Constraints (or) restrictions,
3. Objective function.
Various models are discussed in the next sections (14& 15)
Phase - IIl: Analysis and Derivingthe Solutions from the Mudel
third phase involves in the computation f thene vanes h derS
The function. Sheh atin in alled a
variables that maximise or minimise the objective interest of the prhiem under
optimal solution which is always in the best
consideration.

Phase - IV: Testing the Model and its Solution:

After computing and deriving the solution fron the snodel, its KE yin
tested as a whole for the errors ifany. Amodel rmay be said w be valíd íf it an proide
god practitionesf peratins
a reliable prediction of the system'sperforrmance. Alor1ger
Research believes that his model be applicable for a time and thas upiats the
model time to time by considering the past, present and future sperifratins f the
problem.
Phase - V: Sensitivity Analysis and Controlling the Solution :
The fifth phase establishes controls over the solution with desred degree of
satisfaction. The model requires imnediate modification as on as the controled
variables (one or more) change significantly, otherwise the model goes ut of contro
This action is often referred to as sensitivity analysis. As the conditions are consatly
changing in the world, the model and the solution may not rermain valid fo alng
time. Therefore it leaves alot of scopefor further improvernent along with controling
Phase VI : Decision Making and Implementing the Solution
Finally, the tested results of the model are inplemented to work. This phase is
primarily executed with the co-operation of operations Research experts and those
whoare responsible for managing and operating the systerns. However, this yob is
more concerned with the production dept of executors of the model. Moreover,
essentially requires to take into confidence, the willingness and belief of the people
who implement it or involve in it.
 14 Operation Research Models : Classifcation
OR model isa representation of areal life situation. OR models can be studied
by classifying in many ways. These are discussed here below :
14.1 Classifcation Based on Structure
1. Physical Models: These models give a physical appearance of the real object
either in reduced form or scaled up. These are further divided into two
categories.
(a) lconic Models : These are representations in either idealised forn or a
scaled version. (i.e., enlarging orreducing in size) of real objects. e.g., Blue
prints, Globe, Photographs, Drawings, Templates etc.
(6) Analogue Models : These models represent a system by a set of profperties
different from that of thë original system, and physically do not resemble.
Afer attaining solution, itis re-interpreted in terms oforiginal system. e.g.,
frequency curves, flow charts, organisation charts etc.
Classification of OR Models

Based on Based on Based on Based on Based on

structure purpuse/nature degree of certainity time reference method of solution

Descriptive Predictive Normative Static Dynamic

Physical Symbolic Deterministic Probabilistic Analytical Iterative Simulative

or stochastic

Iconic Analog Verbal Mathematical

FIGURE I.I: CLASSIFICATION OF OR MODELS

2. Symbolic Models: These models use symbols in the form of letters,
mathematical operators Or any other symbols to represent the properties of
the system. These are often described in two types.
(a) Verbal Models: These models are used to describe a situation in written or
spoken language in the form of letters, words and sentences.
(b) Mathematical Models : These models use mathematical symbols, letters,
numbers and mathematical operators to represent relationship among
various variables of the system to explain its behaviour and properties.
142Classification Based on Purpose and Nature
1. Descriptive Models : The reports of surveys, questionnaire results,
inferences of the observations etc., are used in such models to describe the
situation. These also include the models such as plant layout diagram, block
diagram of an algorithm etc.
 These models are results of the quiery such as "what will
2. Predictive Modcls: or does not occur?" e.g. Preventive maintenance
follow if this occurs
schedules.
Optimisation Models) : These models are designed to
S. Normative Model (or imitations on
'optimal' solution to the problems subject to certainconditions that
provide meeting the requirements or at the
the use of resources or
Problem.
normally exist. e.g. Linear Programming
143 Based on Certainty
Model : If all the parameters of decisionvariables, constants
1. Deterministic relationship are known (or assumed to be known) with
and their functional is said to be deterministic. e.g. Certain inventory
certainty, then the model
models, games with saddle points. at least one
Probabilistic (or Stochastic) Model : This is the model in whichProbabilistic
2. random variable. e.g.
parameter or decision variables is a points, queuing models.
inventory models, games without saddle
1.4.4 Based on Time Reference
models present time, which do
a system at a specifiedReplacement
1. Static Model : These of
for changes over certain period of time. e.g.
not account with time.
machines when money value is not changing impact
Dynamic Model: Time is considered as one of thevariables and theoptimal
2. time is accounted while whenselecting the
of changes generated byMachine replacement model money value is
course of action. e.g.
changing with time.

L4.5 Based on Method of Solution

Model : These have a specific mathematical structure and hence
1. Analytical
can be solved by analytical or mathematical techniques. e.g. Any
optimisation model, such as inventory models,waiting lines etc.
Iterative Models : In these models, the solution is obtained from the
2.
conclusion of previous step. e.g. Simplex method for LPP, dynamic
programming.
3. Simulation Models : Though these models have a mathematical structure,
they can not be solved by applying mathematical techniques. Instead, a
simulation model is essentially a computer assistant experimentation on a
mathematical structure ofa real life problem under certain assumptions over
random numbers,
a period of time. e.g. Monte-Carlo simulation, use of
forecasting models etc.

1.5Application Models of Operations Research

Basic Operation Research Application Models are discussed here below
1. Allocation Models: Allocation models are used to allocate resources to
activities in such a way that sum measure of effectiveness (objective function)
isoptimized. e.g. Linear Programming Problem (Simplex, Transportation,
Assignment etc.,) and Non-linear programming.
 2. Inventory Models : Inventory models are used to determine how much to
order and when to place an order so as to optimize the inventory costs such
as order cost, carryìng cost, shortage cost etc.,
3. Competitive (Game Theory) Models :These models are used to characterize
the behaviour of two or more opponents (called players) who compete for
the achievement of conflicting goals. These models are cassified according
to number of competitors, sum of loss and gain and type of strategy.
4. Network Models : These models are applied to management (planning and
scheduling) of large scale projects, PÉRT/CPM help in identifying trouble
spots in aproject by critical path and to determine time-cost trade off,
resource allocation and updating of activity timnes.
5. Sequencing Models :This arises whenever there is a problem in fnding a
sequence or order in a number of tasks performed by a number of service
facilities. Here, the total time to process all the jobs on all the machines is
optimized.
6. Waiting Line (Queuing) Models : These are used to establish a trade off
betweern cost of providing service and the waiting time of a customer in
queuing system by using the probabilities and averages.
7. Replacement Models : To decide the optimal time to replace equipment, for
instance when equipment deteriorates or fails, these models are applied.
8. Dynamic Programming Model : These may be considered as of an out growth
of mathematical programming,which involves optimization multi stage,
inter-related decision process.
9. Markov Chain Models :Used for analysing a system which changes over a
period of timeamong various possible out comesor states.
10. Monte-Calro Simulation : Simulation is a quantitative procedure, which
describes process by developing a model of that process and then
of the
to predict the behaviourcertain
conducting a series of organised experiments
the real process would react to
process over time. Toind out how model and simulate the
changes, we can produce these changes in our
reaction of the real process to them.

.bSignificance and Applications of OR in Industrial

Problems
very significant in industrial
The Operations Research approach becomesor/and when a balance is to be
are scarce
problems particularly,when the resoucesthere are many alternative courses of actions
brought between conflicting goals where
decision maker. Let us consider one such example given below.
available to the
inventory management. The
Suppose, adecision has to be taken regarding ofmaterial and availability
objective of production manager is based onqualitythe line of minimising the
manager thinks on
on time. While a finance prefer to order a party who can supply at lowest
costs. Therefore he would
some discount. The materials
manager wishes to
costs or can offer stockouts and against demand fluctuations etc.
safeguard production from way. But the storesandmanager
Thereforehe would like to order n such them in his stores other
will be particular about accommodating storage andso on. Thus all
protecting the materials while
related problems in
 minimise the cost or maximise profit to the
these managers are trying manager is thinking in the interest of organisation
organisation. Though every
growth, their objectives vary according to their specification.
decissons which
In view of the situations like above a manager has to derive the
should consist.
1. A
total system orieniation
2. Scientific apgroach
3. Realistic nature
4. Models should be able to be extressed quantitative.
5. Systematic method.
OR is the science that is embedded with suitable blend all the above features.
Thus, OR can play a significant role in bringing a balance among different
interdiscipinary people to managerial problems.
Some Areas of Applications :
1. Design of aircraft and aerospace structures for minimum weight.
2. Finding the optimal trajectories of space vehicdes.
3. Design of civilengineering structures like frarnes, foundations, bridges, tOwers,
chimneys and dams for minimum cost.
4. Optimum design of linkages,cams, gears, machine tools and other mechanical
components.
5. Selection of machining conditions in metal cutting processes for minimum
production cost.
6. Design of material handling equipment like conveyorstrucks and cranes for
minimum cost.
7. Design of pumnps, turbines and heat transfer equipment for maximum
efficiency.
8. Optimum design of electrical machinery like motors,
transformers. generators and
9. Optimum design of electrical networks.
10. Shortest route taken by salesman visiting different
cities.
11. Optimum production planning, conrolling and
12. Analysis of statistical data and building scheduling.
empirical models from experimental
results to obtain the accurate representation of the physical phenomenon.
13. Optimum design of chemical
14. Design of optimum pipe line processingforequipment and plants.
15. Selection site for an industry.
of networks process industries.
16. Inventory control to
minimise inventory costs such as
costs, shortage costs etc. ordering cost, carryng
17. Planning of
operating costs.maintenance and replacement of equipment to reduce the
18. Allocation resources of
19. services among several activities to
maximise the beneht
 Qnnllng the waiting and idle itenns and queuing in production lines to
etuce the costs
m Mauning the ben strategy o obtain rxium profit in he preene of
ompeior

17 Characteristic features of Operations Research Model (or

Merits of Operations Research Models)
Some significant teatures of Operations Research Model are given belom.
1.7.1 Disthinct Direction in Decision Making
Operations Research model provides a clear and distinct direction to the
managers in decision making and problem solving Amajor premise of Operations
Research is that decision making irrespective of the situation involved, can be
considered as a general systematic process.
1.72 Scientiic Approach
Operations Research enmploys scientific reasoning to its problerns. Therefore
the managers can confidently implement their decisions. Even if they fail after talking
a decision provided by Operations Research, they willhave scientific and evidential
basis to plead in their support.

173 Objective Orientation

Operations Research is oriented to locate the best possible or optimal solution
to the problem. As the approach itself is enmbedded with setting of the goal or
objectives, it becomes easy to use this as a measure to compare the alternative courses
of action.

I74 Inter -Disciplinary Team Approach

Operations Research is inter disciplinary in nature and therefore needs a eam
approach. Itisablend of the aspects of various disciplines such as economics, physics,
physiology, sociology, anatomy, engineering, technology, mathematics, statistics and
management. This feature keeps OperationsResearch on the common berth to all
sectors of people and builds an espirit-de-corps. It can also provide a soluion
acceptable to all the people.
1.7.5 Compatible to Digital Computer
Perhaps the use of digital computer has become an integral part of the
Operations Research approach to decision making. There are several software
packages developed with the help of Operations Research approach to problems with
high volume and complexive in nature.
17.6 Consideration of AllFactors
 of the goais (objective function) of the
Operations Research takes into account
hurdles (constraint set) and the feasibii
organisation with all bottlenecks orprovides a manager totake a decisionthat can
(conditions of variables). This feature edge.
keep himself or his organisation on acomnpetitive

L.8Limitations (Demerits) of Operations Research

limitations. These :
Operations Research, thoughwidely used has got certain
given below:

1.8.1 Impossibility and Infeasibility

Operations Research takes care ofall the factors in choosing the best alternative.
In modern society and in real life these factors are numerous and establishing relation
among these is either impossible or infeasible in many cases. Thus many problems
willbe left unsolved.
1.8.2 For Intangible Situations
Operations Research can provide solution to those problems in which all the
factors can be quantifiable. But it can not provide any solution to intangible variables
and attributes which are qualitative in nature such as a human factors etc.

1.8.3 Distance Between Managers (Decision Maker) and Operation

Researcher

Operations Research is specialist's job and requires the knowledge of

mathematics, statistics etc. The researcher thus may not be aware of the business
problem and the aspect of flexibility cannot be clarified by him.
At the same time the managerS may fail tounderstand the complex working of
the OR. Some times they may not even find time to notice any misconceptions. Thus
there is a large gap built up between one who provides solutions and one who uses
them. This leads to confusion and poses lot of problems during implementation or
practice. Therefore it may result in utter failure even with a successful formula.

Review Questions
1. Discuss the phases of Operations
Research.
2. Discuss the characteristics and
limitations of Operations Research.
[Mech. 96, 95/C, 97/s, 98/P,99/C]
 3. Discuss the types and characteristics of models used in Operations Research.
(CSE - 98/s]

4. What are the different types of models used in Operations Research?

Mention general methods of solving Operations Research models.
Mech. 95/S, 96/S, CSE 96, 98]

5. Explain engineering applications to optimization techniques (EE 95, 97, 9a/S]

6. 'Operations Research provides bad sohutions, otherwise which would have been
the worst." Comment.

7. Discuss the merits and demerits of Operations Research models.

8. Discuss the strengths and weakness of Operations Research approach.
9. Discussthe significance of OR in solving managerial problems. [CSE 2000]

10. Explain the characteristic features of OR [CSE 2000/S]

11. Write short note on 'General methods of solving OR models'

(JNTU - Mech. Prod,/Chem. -2001/5]
12. Write critical essay on the definition and scope of OR [JNTU -CSE/E.Com. E2001)

13. Define Operations Research [OU - MBA - 90, Dee. 95, Sep 2001,]

14. State hree distinguishing characteristics of OR

MBA - 0U - May 91 Dec. 2000, Sep. 2000]

15. Explain the role of OR in management decision making [MBA -OU -March 99)
16. What is "team approach" in OR [MBA - 0U - July 2000]

17. Write any three definitions of OR [MBA -0U- Nov. 94]

Objective Type Questions

1. Which of the following models does not use probabilities.
(a) inventory models (b) game theory models
(c) queuing models (d) linear programning
2. Which of the following belongs to Operations Research model classified on the
basis of time reference.
 Operations Research - An Overview
(a) predictive model (b) normative model
(d) simulation (a) normative (b) iconic (c) predictive (d) descriptive
(c) dynamic model
not use alphabet 13. The scaled version of a real object is
3. In which of the following models, we do
(a) mathematical model (b) descriptive (a) iconic model (b) descriptive
(c) verbal (d) none of the above (c) normative rnodel (d) static nodel

4. Deterministic models are based on 14. Find odd man out.

(a) time frame (b) degree of certainty (a) iconic model (b) verbal model
(c) method of solution (d) nature or purpose of use
(c) mathematical model (d) probabilistic model
5. Iconic model uses
15. The failures of decisions based on Operations Research modeling to
(a) scaled version (b) expectation managerial problems is attributed to
(c) synergy (d) time reference
(a) model makers ignorance (b) managers ineficiency
6. The Operations Research model represents a system, but does not physically (c) decision makers fault (d) understanding between decision
resemble the components of the system is makér and model maker
(a) iconic (b) analogue (c) symbolic (d) normative
16. In which of the following, deterministic models are not found.
7. Game heory without saddle points belongs to model of OR (a) games and competitive strategies (b) inventories
(a) static (b) dynamic (c) deterministic (d) probabilistic (c) waiting line models (d) replacement models
8. Replacement modeis when money value not changing with time can be 17. Plant layout diagram is an example as best fit in
considered as
(a) probabilistic model (b) dynamic model
(a) static (b) dynanic (c) probabilisic (d) simulative (c) descriptive model (d) simulative model
9. Which of the following is not a strength of Operations Research. 18. Demand forecasting can be fit as an example of
(a) objective orientation (b)distinct decision making (a) static model (b) simulative model
(c) team approach (d) gap between the user and OR model (c) deterministic model (d) symbolic model
designer
10. Which of the following is not a limitation of Operations Research. 19. Consider these following two groups :
1. Degree of certainty A. Iterative
(a) qualitative aspects 2. Time reference B Normatives
(0
(b) gap between decision maker and model maker C. Stochastic
3. Application
(c) involvement multiple constraints 4. A method of solution (0 D. Verbal
(d) scientificapproach 5. Symbolism () E. Staic
The correct matching is
11. The Operations Research widely
employed in marketing problems is (a) 1-C, 2-E, 3-B, 4-D, 5-A (b) 1-C, 2-E, 3-B, 4-A, 5-D
(a) goal programming (c) A-4, B-3,C4, D-1, E-2 (d) A-3, B-4,C-2, D-5,E-1
(b) game heory
(c) dynamicprogramming 20. Operations Research models can not work in the case of
(d) linear programming
12. "If this occurs, what will (a) tangible variables (b) quantitative factors
follow?" This question is connected with model.
 (d) decision maker knows OR
(c) human factors

21. Match the following:

1. Iconic model (0 A Explanation
B. Words x letters
2. Dynamic model
3. Predictive model () C. Changes with time
Expectation through chues
4. Stochastic model
5. Verbal model (0 E. Scaled version
6. Descriptive F. Comparative
G. InvoBvement of risk

Fillin the Blanks

1. The scaled version of a real object can be termed as model of
Operations Research.
2. Operations Research problems take into consideration of the objective
function, constraintsand
3. According to Saaty "Operations Research is choosing. decision
otherwisé which would have been
4. The goodness or optimality of an Gperations Research problem is checked by
5. The static and dynamic models of Operations Research are based on
reference.

Answers
Objective Type Questions :
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
Match the Following :
1.(e) 2. (c) 3. (d)
4. (g) 5. (b) 6. (a)
Fillin the Blanks :
1. iconic 2. conditions of variables 3. the bad, the worst
4. objective function 5. time