A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

SMART COOLING SYSTEM FOR MILK

TRANSPORTATION IN RURAL AREAS

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
Electronics & Communication Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

207R1A0406 CH.SAI CHERAN

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

G.SRAVANTHI
Assistant Professor, ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS

UGC AUTONOMOUS

Kandlakoya(v),Medchal Road,Hyderabad-501401

(2023-2024)
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS
UGC AUTONOMOUS

Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Road, Hyderabad-501401

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “SMART COOLING
SYSTEM FOR MILK TRANASPORTATION IN RURAL AREAS” being
submitted by CH.SAI CHERAN with bearing Roll Number : 207R1A0406, in
partial fulfillment for the Degree of bachelor of technology in “ ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING” during the academic year 2023-2024

Certified further, to the best of my knowledge that the work reported is not
part of another project on the basis of which a degree or an award has been given
on an earlier occasion to any other candidate.The result have been verified and
found to be satisfactory.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPAERTMENT

G.SRAVANTHI Dr.G.SRIKANTH

Assistant Professor Professor &HOD,ECE Dept

EXTERNAL EXAMINER Dr.A.RAJIREDDY

DIRECTOR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank G.SRAVANTHI, Asst.Professor, Department of ECE for

her constant guidance and for providing the required guidance as an
internal guide for the result-oriented implementation of ideas relevant to my
project.
I thank Dr. SUDHA ARVIND, Mini Project Coordinator for her
constant support in carrying out the project activities and reviews.
I thank Prof.G.Srikanth, HOD of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for providing seamless support and knowledge over the past year
and for providing the right suggestions at every phase for the successful
completion of my project.
I express my whole-hearted gratitude to Dr.A.Raji Reddy, Director,
CMR Technical campus for providing me with a conducive environment
for carrying out my academic schedules and projects with ease.

There is a need to thank all staff members, friends, and parents whose
support the project would have been deferred.

207R1A0406 CH.SAI CHERAN

I
 ABSTRACT

The project aims to develop a smart cooling system for milk

transportation in rural areas using DHT11, relay, fan, LCD display, and
Arduino. The system will be designed to maintain a constant temperature in
the milk container during transportation to ensure that the milk does not spoil.
The system will consist of an Arduino microcontroller that will read data
from the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor. Based on the readings,
the microcontroller will control the fan and the relay to maintain a constant
temperature inside the milk container. The system will also have an LCD
display to show the current temperature and humidity readings. The fan will
be placed inside the container and will circulate air to maintain a constant
temperature. The relay will be used to control the fan, and it will be turned
on or off based on the readings from the DHT11 sensor. The system will also
have an alarm to alert the driver if the temperature inside the container goes
above or below the set threshold.

II
 CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE NO

Acknowledgement I

Abstract II

Contents III-IV

List of Figures V-VI

List of Tables VII

List of Abbreviations VIII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-6

1.1 Importance of cooling 1-2

1.2 Objectives , 2-3
1.3 Literature Survey 3-6
1.4 Thesis Outline 7
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 8-19

2.1 Introduction 7-13

2.2 Reduced Instruction Set Computer 13-14
2.3 Complex Instruction Set Computer 14-15
2.4 Harvard Architecture 15-16
2.5 Von-Neumann Architecture 17-18
2.6 Problem Formulation 19

CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED METHOD

20-28
3.1 Block Diagram 20
3.2 Proposed design 21-28

III
CHAPTER4: SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 29-52

4.1 Arduino Software 29

4.2 Download of Arduino 29- 35

4.3 Hardware Description 36-52

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 53-57

5.1 Output 54
5.2 Waveforms 55-57

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 58-61

6.1 Conclusion 58-59

6.2. Advantages 59
6.3. Applications 59-60
6.4. Future Scope 60-61

REFERENCES 62

IV
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NUMBERS PageNo.

Fig.2.1: Block Diagram of embedded system 9

Fig.2.2: Three basic elements of Microprocessor 11
Fig.2.3: Block Diagram of Micro Controller (µc) 12
Fig.2.4: Harvard Architecture 16
Fig.2.5: Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture 17
Fig.3.1: Block diagram of proposed system 20
Fig.3.2: Operational flow diagram of proposed system 21
Fig.3.3: Implemented control flow diagram 25
Fig.3.4: Temperature analysis with three TECMs placed
at lowest level in tanker 26
Fig.3.5: Tempurature analysis with TECMs placed
along sides of the tanker 26
Fig.3.6: Tempurature analysis with TECMs placed
Parallel to bottom of tanker 27
Fig.4.1: Arduino with battery 34
Fig.4.2: Block Diagram of Power Supply 40
Fig.4.3 Schematic Diagram of Power Supply 40
Fig.4.4 Power Supply 41
Fig.4.5 LCD diagram 44
Fig.4.6 Buzzer Pin Configuration 47
Fig.4.7 Water Level Circuit using Buzzer 51
Fig.5.1 Integrated intelligent solar powered TECM road
milk tanker 53
Fig.5.2 Output when temp is low 54
Fig.5.3 Output when temp is high 54
Fig.5.4 Liquid cooling test results for 7L and 21L 55
Fig.5.5 Results for temp control test 57

V
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Page No:-

Table.1.1: Literature 5

Table.3.1: Heat loads for different quantities of water 24

Table.4.4: PIN Configurations 44

VI
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

ASIC Application Specific Integration Circuit

ALP Arthematic Language Programming

DSP Digital Signal Processor

ALU Arthematic Logic Unit

CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer

ROM Read Only Memory

RAM Random Access Memory

CU Control Unit

LED Light Emitting Diode

ARM Advanced Risk Machine

PLC Programable Logic Controller

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

ICSP In-Circuit Serial Programming

VII
SMART COOLING SYSTEM FOR
MILK TRANSPOTATION IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In rural areas, the dairy industry plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of many
communities. One of the key challenges faced in this industry is the transportation of
milk from remote villages to processing centres while maintaining its freshness and
quality. Traditional methods of milk transportation often result in spoilage and quality
deterioration due to inadequate cooling facilities and long travel times. This
introduction presents an overview of a "Smart Cooling System for Milk Transportation
in Rural Areas," highlighting the motivations, objectives, and scope of this innovative
solution.

1.1 Importance of Cooling

Great care in production and handling of milk is necessary to ensure high quality
dairy products. When dairy products were used only at home, the quality was not so
important. If you want to sell, products of every batch should have constant quality –
with pleasant taste and smell.

Milk gets easily contaminated with dirt, bacteria and odours. It is an excellent
medium for the growth of bacteria, particularly when not properly cooled. It should be
removed from the barn immediately after milking and filtered – to remove any
unwanted particles. However, it is impossible to strain bacteria out of milk.

One of the most important things to buy for successful dairy production is not only
a cheese kettle, but also a milk cooling device. Milk coolers are one of the most
important things to ensure constant quality of your dairy products. Cooling milk
immediately after milking keeps bacteria from multiplying rapidly. Holding milk at
temperatures below 4 °C and above freezing maintains its excellent quality until it is
processed for milk or manufactured into dairy products. Each degree in temperature
above 4 °C elevates bacteria counts and decreases the shelf life of finished products.

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Close temperature control and clean milk are necessary to produce high quality dairy
products. Bacteria use milk sugar, fat and other compounds of milk.

It is not recommended to process milk directly after milking. Milk cooling is

especially important when there are considerable time lapses between milking and
pasteurization or processing.

Milk cooling is even more important if you are processing raw milk (Plevnik cheese
kettle with copper inside especially appropriate when processing raw milk). Only
correctly cooled milk can be used raw. Usually, milk is pasteurized before processing.

Milk cooling in regular refrigerator is to slow. Milk coolers transfer temperature

with a help of liquid and not air. Therefore, they cool milk 20 times faster.
By stirring they ensure the same temperature of the whole milk and prevent warm milk
in the middle.

By choosing the right cooling system you can lower your energy costs. Milk cooling
is an important part of the total energy costs of operating a dairy. Energy demand and
farm diary operating costs can be reduced using different options that involve heat
recovery from your cooling system.

1.2 Objectives

The primary goal of this documentation is to introduce and delve into the concept
of a smart cooling system tailored for milk transportation in rural settings. The key
objectives of this system include:
1. Preservation of Milk Quality: Develop a system that maintains the optimal
temperature throughout the transportation process to prevent spoilage and ensure that
the milk reaches processing centres in a fresh and consumable state.
2. Efficiency in Transport: Create a transportation solution that optimizes route
planning, minimizes travel time, and reduces the risk of delays, ultimately enhancing
the overall efficiency of milk supply chains.
3. Real-time Monitoring: Implement a real-time monitoring mechanism that tracks
temperature changes, location, and other relevant parameters, providing dairy farmers

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and processors with instant insights into milk conditions.

4. Cost Reduction: Design a cost-effective system that minimizes losses due to
spoilage, leading to increased revenue for dairy farmers and improved economic
viability of the dairy industry.

1.3 Literature Survey

The following literature survey provides an overview of key research and
developments related to smart cooling systems designed for milk transportation in rural
areas. This survey covers a range of studies, methodologies, and advancements that
contribute to a deeper understanding of the topic.
1. "Smart Technologies for Improving Dairy Supply Chains in Developing
Countries"
This study explores the application of smart technologies, including IoT and
temperature monitoring, in improving the efficiency and quality of dairy supply chains
in rural areas. It discusses the challenges faced by rural dairy farmers and how smart
cooling systems can address these challenges.
2. "Design and Implementation of a Solar-Powered Milk Cooling System for Rural
Areas"
This research presents the design and implementation of a solar-powered milk cooling
system suitable for rural settings. The authors discuss the integration of renewable
energy sources to maintain the temperature of milk during transportation and storage.
3."IoT-Enabled Cold Chain Management for Dairy Products in Remote Areas"
This study focuses on IoT-enabled cold chain management for dairy products,
including milk, in remote and rural areas. It explores how temperature sensors, data
communication, and real-time monitoring can improve the quality of dairy products
during transportation.
4. "Enhancing Milk Supply Chains Through IoT-Based Refrigeration Systems"
This research investigates the enhancement of milk supply chains using IoT-based
refrigeration systems. It covers the integration of temperature sensors, data analytics,
and remote monitoring to ensure optimal milk quality during transportation.
5. "Efficient Milk Collection Using IoT and Blockchain in Rural Areas"
This study explores the integration of IoT and blockchain technologies for efficient

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milk collection in rural areas. It discusses how smart cooling systems can be combined
with blockchain-based data management to ensure transparency and traceability in the
supply chain.
6. "Challenges and Opportunities of Implementing Smart Cooling Systems in
Dairy Supply Chain”
This article discusses the challenges and opportunities of implementing smart cooling
systems in dairy supply chains. It addresses technical, economic, and infrastructural
considerations while highlighting the potential benefits for rural dairy communities.
7. "Remote Monitoring of Milk Temperature for Quality Assurance in Rural
Areas”
Focusing on remote monitoring, this research explores the use of temperature sensors
and wireless communication to ensure milk quality during transportation. It discusses
the importance of real-time data in maintaining freshness and preventing spoilage.
8. "Technology-Driven Solutions for Enhancing Dairy Product Value Chains"
This review paper discusses various technology-driven solutions, including smart
cooling systems, for enhancing dairy product value chains. It emphasizes the need for
context-specific solutions to meet the challenges faced by rural dairy communities.
9. "Design and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Smart Cooling System for Milk
Transportation"
This study presents the design and evaluation of a low-cost smart cooling system for
milk transportation. It highlights the affordability aspect of such systems and their
potential impact on rural dairy economies.
10. "Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Dairy Supply Chains in Remote
Areas"
This comprehensive article explores innovative approaches, including smart cooling
systems, to establish sustainable dairy supply chains in remote areas. It discusses how
technology can overcome challenges and benefit rural dairy stakeholders.

This literature survey offers a glimpse into the breadth of research and developments
related to smart cooling systems for milk transportation in rural areas. By exploring
these studies, you can gain valuable insights into the technology, challenges, and
pportunities associated with implementing such systems to enhance the quality and

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efficiency of dairy supply chains in remote regions.

Table1.1 Literature Survey
S.no Name of Internationa Paper Month/ Description Limitati
the l journal/ title Year on
author conference
1. Anirban Asansol Milk June There is time gap For
Sur, Engineering storage 2020 between milking heating
Sharnil College, systems and storage, electrici
Pandya, West for milk spoilage is ty is
Ramesh Bengal, remote more in remote used as
prasad India areas areas in India, it is very
Sah using hence immediate rare in
solar pasteurization and rural
thermal storing facility is areas.
energy required
and
Adsorpti
on
cooling

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S.
2. Name
Ta
Tanknk SInternat mamarrt A
choolh SPaper pril/
Month/ Description
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CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Introduction
An embedded system is a system which is going to do a predefined specified
task is the embedded system and is even defined as combination of both software and
hardware. A general-purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices
used to control, monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plant.
"Embedded" reflects the fact that they are an integral part of the system. At the other
extreme a general-purpose computer may be used to control the operation of a large
complex processing plant, and its presence will be obvious.
All embedded systems are including computers or microprocessors. Some of these
computers are however very simple systems as compared with a personal computer.
The very simplest embedded systems are capable of performing only a single function
or set of functions to meet a single predetermined purpose. In more complex systems
an application program that enables the embedded system to be used for a particular
purpose in a specific application determines the functioning of the embedded system.
The ability to have programs means that the same embedded system can be used for a
variety of different purposes. In some cases a microprocessor may be designed in such
a way that application software for a particular purpose can be added to the basic
software in a second process, after which it is not possible to make further changes. The
applications software on such processors is sometimes referred to as firmware.
The simplest devices consist of a single microprocessor (often called a "chip”), which
may itself be packaged with other chips in a hybrid system or Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Its input comes from a detector or sensor and its output goes
to a switch or activator which (for example) may start or stop the operation of a machine
or, by operating a valve, may control the flow of fuel to an engine.

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As the embedded system is the combination of both software and hardware

Fig 2.1 :Block Diagram of embedded system

Embedded
System

Software Hardware

▪ ALP
▪ C ▪ Processor
▪ VB ▪ Peripherals
Etc.. ▪ Memory

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Software deals with the languages like ALP, C, and VB etc., and Hardware deals
with Processors, Peripherals, and Memory.
Memory: It is used to store data or address.
Peripherals: These are the external devices connected
Processor: It is an IC which is used to perform some task
Applications of embedded systems
• Manufacturing and process control
• Construction industry
• Transport
• Buildings and premises
• Domestic service
• Communications
• Office systems and mobile equipment
• Banking, finance and commercial
• Medical diagnostics, monitoring and life support
• Testing, monitoring and diagnostic systems

Processors are classified into four types like:

➢ Micro Processor (µp)
➢ Micro controller (µc)
➢ Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
➢ Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)
Micro Processor (µp):
A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms
microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal
computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control
the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for
automobiles.
Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:
➢ Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
➢ Bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.

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➢ Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how
many instructions per second the processor can execute.
In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a
32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit
microprocessor that runs at 25MHz. In addition to bandwidth and clock speed,
microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
or CISC (complex instruction set computer).
A microprocessor has three basic elements, as shown above. The ALU performs
all arithmetic computations, such as addition, subtraction and logic operations (AND,
OR, etc). It is controlled by the Control Unit and receives its data from the Register
Array. The Register Array is a set of registers used for storing data. These registers
can be accessed by the ALU very quickly. Some registers have specific functions - we
will deal with these later. The Control Unit controls the entire process. It provides the
timing and a control signal for getting data into and out of the registers and the ALU
and it synchronizes the execution of instructions (we will deal with instruction
execution at a later date).

Fig2.2 .Three basic elements of Microprocessor

Micro Controller (µc):
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit
containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output
peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also
often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the

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microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose

applications.

ALU

CU

Memory

Timer, Counter, Serial

Communication ROM,
ADC, DAC, Timers,
USART Oscillators

Fig2.3: Block Diagram of Micro Controller (µc)

Digital Signal Processors (DSPs):
Digital Signal Processors is one which performs scientific and mathematical
operation. Digital Signal Processor chips - specialized microprocessors with
architectures designed specifically for the types of operations required in digital signal
processing. Like a general-purpose microprocessor, a DSP is a programmable device,
with its own native instruction code. DSP chips are capable of carrying out millions of
floating point operations per second, and like their better-known general-purpose
cousins, faster and more powerful versions are continually being introduced. DSPs can
also be embedded within complex "system-on-chip" devices, often containing both
analog and digital circuitry.

Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

ASIC is a combination of digital and analog circuits packed into an IC to achieve
the desired control/computation function

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ASIC typically contains

➢ CPU cores for computation and control
➢ Peripherals to control timing critical functions
➢ Memories to store data and program
➢ Analog circuits to provide clocks and interface to the real world which
is analog in nature
➢ I/Os to connect to external components like LEDs, memories, monitors
etc.
Computer Instruction Set
There are two different types of computer instruction set there are:
1. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and
2. CISC (Complex Instruction Set computer)

2.2 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

A RISC (reduced instruction set computer) is a microprocessor that is designed
to perform a smaller number of types of computer instruction so that it can operate at a
higher speed (perform more million instructions per second, or millions of instructions
per second). Since each instruction type that a computer must perform requires
additional transistors and circuitry, a larger list or set of computer instructions tends to
make the microprocessor more complicated and slower in operation.
Besides performance improvement, some advantages of RISC and related design
improvements are:
➢ A new microprocessor can be developed and tested more quickly if one of its
aims is to be less complicated.
➢ Operating system and application programmers who use the microprocessor's
instructions will find it easier to develop code with a smaller instruction set.
➢ The simplicity of RISC allows more freedom to choose how to use the space on
a microprocessor.
Higher-level language compilers produce more efficient code than formerly because
they have always tended to use the smaller set of instructions to be found in a RISC
computer.
RISC characteristics

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➢ Simple instruction-set:
In a RISC machine, the instruction set contains simple, basic instructions, from which
more complex instructions can be composed.
➢ Same length instructions.
Each instruction is the same length, so that it may be fetched in a single operation.
➢ 1machine-cycleinstructions.
Most instructions complete in one machine cycle, which allows the processor to handle
several instructions at the same time. This pipelining is a key technique used to speed
up RISC machines.

2.3 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)

CISC, which stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer, is a philosophy
for designing chips that are easy to program and which make efficient use of memory.
Each instruction in a CISC instruction set might perform a series of operations inside
the processor. This reduces the number of instructions required to implement a given
program, and allows the programmer to learn a small but flexible set of instructions.
The advantages of CISC
At the time of their initial development, CISC machines used available
technologies to optimize computer performance.
➢ Microprogramming is as easy as assembly language to implement, and much
less expensive than hardwiring a control unit.
➢ The ease of micro-coding new instructions allowed designers to make CISC
machines upwardly compatible: a new computer could run the same programs as earlier
computers because the new computer would contain a superset of the instructions of
the earlier computers.
➢ As each instruction became more capable, fewer instructions could be used to
implement a given task. This made more efficient use of the relatively slow main
memory.
➢ Because micro program instruction sets can be written to match the constructs
of high-level languages, the compiler does not have to be as complicated.

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The Disadvantages of CISC

Still, designers soon realized that the CISC philosophy had its own problems,
including:
➢ Earlier generations of a processor family generally were contained as a subset
in every new version --- so instruction set & chip hardware become more complex with
each generation of computers.
➢ So that as many instructions as possible could be stored in memory with the
least possible wasted space, individual instructions could be of almost any length---this
means that different instructions will take different amounts of clock time to execute,
slowing down the overall performance of the machine.
➢ CISC instructions typically set the condition codes as a side effect of the
instruction. Not only does setting the condition codes take time, but programmers have
to remember to examine the condition code bits before a subsequent instruction changes
them.
Memory Architecture
There two different type’s memory architectures there are:
• Harvard Architecture
• Von-Neumann Architecture

2.4 Harvard Architecture

Computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and data.
There are two or more internal data buses, which allow simultaneous access to both
instructions and data. The CPU fetches program instructions on the program memory
bus.
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate
storage and signal pathways for instructions and data. The term originated from the
Harvard Mark I relay-based computer, which stored instructions on punched tape (24
bits wide) and data in electro-mechanical counters. These early machines had limited
data storage, entirely contained within the central processing unit, and provided no
access to the instruction storage as data. Programs needed to be loaded by an operator,

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the processor could not boot itself.

Fig 2.4.Harvard Architecture

Modern uses of the Harvard architecture:
The principal advantage of the pure Harvard architecture - simultaneous access
to more than one memory system - has been reduced by modified Harvard processors
using modern CPU cache systems. Relatively pure Harvard architecture machines are
used mostly in applications where trade offs, such as the cost and power savings from
omitting caches, outweigh the programming penalties from having distinct code and
data address spaces.
➢ Digital signal processors (DSPs) generally execute small, highly-optimized
audio or video processing algorithms. They avoid caches because their behavior must
be extremely reproducible. The difficulties of coping with multiple address spaces are
of secondary concern to speed of execution. As a result, some DSPs have multiple data
memories in distinct address spaces to facilitate SIMD and VLIW processing. Texas
Instruments TMS320 C55x processors, as one example, have multiple parallel data
busses (two write, three read) and one instruction bus.
➢ Microcontrollers are characterized by having small amounts of program (flash
memory) and data (SRAM) memory, with no cache, and take advantage of the Harvard
architecture to speed processing by concurrent instruction and data access. The separate
storage means the program and data memories can have different bit depths, for
example using 16-bit wide instructions and 8-bit wide data. They also mean that
instruction pre-fetch can be performed in parallel with other activities. Examples
include, the AVR by Atmel Corp, the PIC by Microchip Technology, Inc. and the ARM
Cortex-M3 processor (not all ARM chips have Harvard architecture).
Even in these cases, it is common to have special instructions to access program
memory as data for read-only tables, or for reprogramming.

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2.5 Von-Neumann Architecture

A computer has a single, common memory space in which both program
instructions and data are stored. There is a single internal data bus that fetches both
instructions and data. They cannot be performed at the same time
The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital
computer that uses a central processing unit (CPU) and a single separate storage
structure ("memory") to hold both instructions and data. It is named after the
mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann. Such computers
implement a universal Turing machine and have a sequential architecture.
A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its programmed
instructions, as well as its data, in read-write, random-access memory (RAM). Stored-
program computers were advancement over the program-controlled computers of the
1940s, such as the Colossus and the ENIAC, which were programmed by setting
switches and inserting patch leads to route data and to control signals between various
functional units. In the vast majority of modern computers, the same memory is used
for both data and program instructions. The mechanisms for transferring the data and
instructions between the CPU and memory are, however, considerably more complex
than the original von Neumann architecture.
The terms "von Neumann architecture" and "stored-program computer" are
generally used interchangeably, and that usage is followed in this article.

Fig.2.5 Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture.

Basic Difference between Harvard and Von-Neumann Architecture

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➢ The primary difference between Harvard architecture and the Von Neumann
architecture is in the Von Neumann architecture data and programs are stored in the
same memory and managed by the same information handling system.
➢ Whereas the Harvard architecture stores data and programs in separate memory
devices and they are handled by different subsystems.
➢ In a computer using the Von-Neumann architecture without cache; the central
processing unit (CPU) can either be reading and instruction or writing/reading data
to/from the memory. Both of these operations cannot occur simultaneously as the data
and instructions use the same system bus.
➢ In a computer using the Harvard architecture the CPU can both read an
instruction and access data memory at the same time without cache. This means that a
computer with Harvard architecture can potentially be faster for a given circuit
complexity because data access and instruction fetches do not contend for use of a
single memory pathway.
➢ Today, the vast majority of computers are designed and built using the Von
Neumann architecture template primarily because of the dynamic capabilities and
efficiencies gained in designing, implementing, operating one memory system as
opposed to two. Von Neumann architecture may be somewhat slower than the
contrasting Harvard Architecture for certain specific tasks, but it is much more flexible
and allows for many concepts unavailable to Harvard architecture such as self
programming, word processing and so on.
➢ Harvard architectures are typically only used in either specialized systems or for
very specific uses. It is used in specialized digital signal processing (DSP), typically for
video and audio processing products. It is also used in many small microcontrollers
used in electronics applications such as Advanced RISK Machine (ARM) based
products for many vendors.

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2.6 Problem Formulation:

Proposed solution:
Developed the smart cooling system for milk storage with chiller unit. As
previously mentioned, that the project consists of chiller unit, after getting chilled it is
sent to the final storage unit where it is packed and then transported to various locations.
While transporting the chilled milk in the container due to the rise of temperature the
milk gets spoil.

Existing solution:
In existing solution the design and development of smart cooling system for
milk transportation in rural areas using DTH11 temperature and humidity sensor, based
on the temperature and humidity the relay controls the motor. The system will also have
an alarm to alert the driver if temperature inside the container goes above or below the
set thresh

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CHAPTER 3

IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED METHOD

3. 1 Block Diagram

Fig.3.1 Block Diagram of proposed system

LCD
POWER
SUPPLY UNIT

BUZZER
ARDUINO

RELAY
DHT11 SENSOR

MOTOR

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3.2 Proposed Design

Connect/replace the View the temperature

components and level of milk
unsuccessfully inside the tank
connected/damaged

Deliver the
Switch the milk
system ON

Check the
alarm Operate OR
indications control unit

View
power
consumpt
ion
Fig.3.2: Operational flow diagram of proposed system

Fig3.2 shows the overview and operational analysis of the proposed system
which describes the actions that the end-user will have to perform in order to operate
and monitor the system.
The end user will at first, must switch the system on and check the alarm
indications - whether all the components of the system are connected and functional. If
the alarm system indicates certain components of the system are disconnected or
malfunctioning, the end user will have to replace or connect them to the system and
monitor the alarm system again to verify that they all connected. When the alarm system
indicates positive results, the end user will have to operate the controller with the aim
to check/ monitor the temperature and the level of the milk. The end user will also
monitor the power being consumed by the system. After the process of operating the

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system, the end-user will then have to deliver the cooled milk inside the tanker to
respective dairy processing plants. The control unit will have the buttons and screen
through which the end-user will operate to view the status (level and temperature) of
the milk inside the tanker.
The TECM from laird technology/TE technology Inc., usually comes with heat
sink and fan already assembled, depending on the application for which they are
needed. The cooling capacity of the thermoelectric cooling system is dependent on the
operating temperature of the content desired for cooling, quantity of thermoelectric
modules used, the type of thermoelectric module used and the applied power. The
Marlow guide [13], will be used in this case to select the applicable TECM which will
be compatible for the research. Firstly, the heat load capacity of the milk needs to be
determined to select the applicable TECM which will be able to provide cooling
capabilities. As such, the selected TECM must be able to handle the temperature
difference of 34 °C. The cooling capacity of the milk, in this case, is determined to
select the right TECM for the application. Equation (1) can be used to estimate the heat
load/capacity of liquids [14].
Qc = mCTt = VCT (1)
Where, 𝑚 is cooled substance mass (kg), 𝐶 is cooled substance specific heat
capacity (J/(kg K)), Δ𝑇 is cooling temperature difference (K), 𝜌 is cooled substance
density (kg/L), 𝑉 is Volume of the cooled substance (dm3 ) and Δ𝑡 is cooling time (s).
Although our research was based on milk cooling, water was used as a viable substance
to cool.
The density of the water was 1 kg/L, its heat capacity was 4.2 KJ/(kg*K). The
heat load capacity of 50 L of water is: 661.1 W. Considering the safety factor of 20%,
cooling capacity of 50 L of water/milk is: 1.2 *661.1 = 793.3 W. The TECMs chosen,
must be able to pump this amount of energy to cool 50 L of milk to 4 °C within the
estimated time of 3 hours.
Table.3.1 , shows the heat load for different levels of water. It is evident that
the heat load doubles whenever the quantity of the milk doubles. The heat loads
calculated using Equation (1) is only an estimate and something to work on regarding
choosing the right TECM for the research. The liquid cooled TECM (Laird
Technologies LA-115-24-02- 0710) that was used is shown in Fig. .

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This module has the voltage rating of 24 V, current rating of 5.8 A and power
rating of 139 W. This Single Assembly, from our heat load capacity calculation of the
water/milk, would be able to cool 8 L of milk/water to a temperature of 4 °C within the
period of 3 hours. Approximately 7 of these TECM assemblies will be able to cool 50
L of water/milk. These approximations are only theoretical, and they do not account for
the shape of the tanker and all other factors which might affect cooling process of the
tanker.
Simulation was done later in SolidWorks® to estimate the cooling capacity that
is needed for 50 L of milk. Simulation results provided more accurate approximations
because in this case other factors which can influence the cooling process were
considered. The eTape liquid level sensor from the Milone Technologies Inc was
selected for this research. This sensor output was used by the controller to
calculate/determine the actual capacity of milk inside the tanker in L. The controller
also used eTape results to determine the temperature sensors that must be activated and
considered to calculate and ensure that accurate temperature results of the milk are
displayed. eTape was placed in a vertical position inside the tanker and was in contact
with the liquid. The eTape used the radius/diameter measurement of the tanker which
was then used altogether with the tanker dimensions to determine and display the liters
of the liquid inside the tanker.
A thermocouple was selected as the temperature sensor to be used for the
research. Three thermocouples were placed at different levels inside the tanker and their
output was connected to the controller. The controller was programmed to only display
the average temperature sensed by the thermocouples in contact with the liquid. One
thermocouple was used to sense the temperature surrounding the tanker. Four
thermocouples were needed for this for the research. The thermocouple sensor had the
requirement of being able to measure the minimum temperature of -5 °C and maximum
of 40 °C, as the temperature ranges of the liquid sensed were within this range. The
controller also used the imbalance of 10% (within the sensors placed inside the tanker)
to activate the mixer to ensure that temperature of the milk was distributed and
accurately displayed. Type K thermocouple sensor from RS-pro was used. This
industrial manufactured sensor has a temperature range of -50 to +400 °C, which was
viable for the research.

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Liters(L) Qc Heat load(W)

1.0 15.86
3.0 47.80
5.0 79.33
10 159.67
20.0 317.33
30.0 476.00
40.0 634.67
50.0 793.33
TABLE.3.1 . HEAT LOADS FOR DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF WATER

The alarm system for the research consisted of light emitting diodes (LEDs)
which indicated the status of the system components such as photovoltaic (PV) (1st
Power Supply), the battery (2nd power supply) and the state of the mixing unit. The
green LED was used for indicating the connection of the PV panel to the system, yellow
LED was used for indicating the presence of the battery in the system and lastly the
blue LED and red LEDs were used for indicating the status of the mixing unit. The blue
LED was activated when the mixing unit was in operation and the red LED was used
to indicate the off state of the mixing unit. The operator (driver) was able to view the
status of the components and able to make informed decisions thereafter. The alarm
system also indicated whether the control system was supplied through the PV or the
battery and this was indicated by means of green and yellow LEDs, respectively.
This controller was used to implement the temperature control unit and energy
management unit of the system. The PLC read the information, gathered through the
sensors discussed, and took control steps to meet the specifications of the research, such
as maintaining temperature of the liquid between 3-4 °C. In the temperature control
unit, the PLC used the temperature sensors in contact with the fluid and displayed their
average sensed results. The PLC required level measurements from eTape to decide
which temperature sensor to consider. In the energy management unit, the PLC decided
on the energy source that needed to be used depending on weather conditions. The PV
was the primary source while the battery was the secondary source. The battery was
utilized when there was insufficient energy from the PV due to weather conditions. The

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PV charged the battery and supplied the system when there was sufficient energy during
sunny days. The PLC also managed the alarm system of the research by sending the
switching instructions to the LEDs depending on the input information it received from
the system’s components.

Fig.3.3:Implemented control flow diagram

Fig.3.3 shows the suggested control flow diagram that was implemented. In
this flow diagram, the system first determines the amount of milk that is inside the
tanker. The system uses the minimum level (L1) as the level at which the cooling
occurs, as to avoid wasting energy during the time when the tanker was empty. TECM
started to be activated when the water level was above the minimum level.
When the measured liquid level was between the minimum level and the median
level (L2), only the first thermocouple (T1) measurement was considered. T1 and T2
were considered when the water level was between L2 and L3 (maximum level).
T3 together with T1 and T2 were considered when the liquid level was above
L3. The average temperature (Tavg) sensed by the thermocouples, was calculated
together with their temperature deviation (Tdev). When the average temperature of the
liquid was greater than 4 °C, the cooling units continued to be in activation state until

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the average temperature was less than 4 °C. The mixer was activated when the
temperature deviation was greater than 10% and deactivated when the temperature
deviation was less than 10%.
For current sensing measurements, the shunt resistor, together with the current
sense amplifier, was used to take the current measurements from the PV. The power of
the PV was then determined from the current and voltage measurement of the PV. This
power calculation was then used to determine if the PV is able to supply sufficient
power or not. Fig. 5-Fig. 7 shows the temperature analysis of the tanker.

Fig 3.4:Temperature analysis with one TECM placed at lowest level in tanker

Fig.3.6:Temperature analysis with three TECMs placed along sides of the tanker.

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a) 2 TECMs b) 3 TECMs

Fig.3.7: Temperature analysis with TECMs placed parallel to bottom of tanker.

The TECM was operated outside the tanker with copper coils placed inside, for
direct contact with the milk/water. The purpose thereof, was to see how the temperature
was distributed within the milk upon the placement of the copper coil to the relevant
place inside the tanker. Only one TECM was available for the research and the
SolidWorks® simulation was done to investigate the effect of this module inside the
tanker. The minimum temperature of the provided cooling module was -10 °C. Ethanol
was chosen as the circulating liquid which will flowed through the heat exchanger of
the TECM. In the simulation, the temperature of the ethanol entering the copper coil
was set at -10 °C. Fig. 3.5 shows the temperature results of our analysis. It was
considered that the coils were placed at the minimum level of the tanker to allow
cooling when the liquid level is at that point.
The surrounding temperature of the tanker was set at 25 °C since this was the
temperature regarded as room temperature and the water was used as a liquid to be
cooled with an initial temperature of 38 °C. In Fig.3.5, the copper coil only managed to
cool the liquid near it and as such, the agitator was needed to mix the liquid and ensure
that the temperature of the liquid was well distributed. This setup of the tanker required
that the agitator be placed in the parallel position to the tanker to allow the movement
of the cooled liquid to mix with the hot liquid as seen in Fig.
The thermocouples for this scenario, had to be placed at different levels of the
tanker. One thermocouple was placed at the bottom level of tanker, the second
thermocouple was placed in the middle of the tanker and the third thermocouple in the

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top level of the tanker. The fourth thermocouple sensor was placed outside of the tanker
to read the outside temperature. This setup in Fig.3.5, was implemented as there was
only one available TECM. The tests on the tanker were conducted to evaluate the
cooling capability of this cooling module.
Fig.3.6 shows the thermal analysis of the tanker when there is multiple liquid
cooled thermoelectric cooling modules. The position placement of three TECMs was
investigated in this regard, to determine how the liquid was cooled in these scenarios.
In Fig.3.6, the tanker was connected to three TECMs whose coils are placed
perpendicular to each other. This set up of coil placements is not proper since the
temperature at the top is not cooled. The liquid at the bottom of the tank will also freeze
due to high concentration of cooling happening at the bottom. Hence the choice of
placing the cooling coils in this manner is not proper. In Fig.3.7, the three TECM copper
coils are placed in a parallel in accordance with the levels of the tank. The cooling in
this case happens much better that in Fig.3.6. The temperature of the water in Fig.3.7 is
mostly seen to be around 3-7 °C. This proves the setup in Fig.3.7 is better . than the
setup in Fig.3.6

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CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 Arduino Software

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on
an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a
set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from
everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers
- students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals
- has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to
an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and
experts alike. Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool
for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and
programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started
changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-
bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments. All Arduino boards are completely open- source, empowering users to
build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The
software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.

4.2 How To Download The ARDUINO Software (IDE):

Get the latest version from the download page. You can choose between the
Installer (.exe) and the Zip packages. We suggest you use the first one that installs
directly everything you need to use the Arduino Software (IDE), including the drivers.

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With the Zip package you need to install the drivers manually.
When the download finishes, proceed with the installation and please allow the
driver installation process when you get a warning from the operating system.
INSTALLATION:
In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on
our computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.
Step 1 − First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board)
and a USB cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano,
Arduino Mega 2560, or Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B
plug), the kind you would connect to a USB printer as shown in the following image.

In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to Mini-B cable instead as shown
in the following image.
Step 2 − Download Arduino IDE Software.
You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the
Arduino Official website. You must select your software, which is compatible with
your operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is
complete, unzip the file.
Step 3 − Power up your board.
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power
from either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you
are using an Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured to
draw power from the USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a
small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and power
jacks. Check that it is on the two pins closest to the USB port.
Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power
LED (labeled PWR) should glow.
Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside
the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe).
Double-click the icon to start the IDE.

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Step 5 − Open your first project.

Once the software starts, you have two options −

● Create a new project.

● Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File → New.

To open an existing project example, select File → Example → Basics → Blink.

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Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the
LED on and off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the
list.
Step 6 − Select your Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the
correct Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your
computer.
Go to Tools → Board and select your board.

Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, but you must

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select the name matching the board that you are using.
Step 7 − Select your serial port.
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools → Serial Port menu. This
is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware
serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the
menu, the entry that disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board
and select that serial port.

Step 8 − Upload the program to your board.

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate
the function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.

A − Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B − Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.

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C − Shortcut used to create a new sketch.

D − Used to directly open one of the example sketch.
E − Used to save your sketch.
F − Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data
to the board.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds;
you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful,
the message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.
Note − If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you need to press the reset
button physically on the board, immediately before clicking the upload button on the
Arduino Software.

CONNECTING A BATTERY
For stand-alone operation, the board is powered by a battery rather than through
the USB connection to the computer. While the external power can be anywhere in the
range of 6 to 24 V (for example, you could use a car battery), a standard 9 V battery is
convenient. While you could jam the leads of a battery snap into the Vin and Gnd
connections on the board, it is better to solder the battery snap leads to a DC power plug
and connect to the power jack on the board. A suitable plug is part number 28760 from
www.jameco.com. Here is what this looks like.

Fig.4.1: Arduino with battery

Disconnect your Arduino from the computer. Connect a 9 V battery to the

Arduino power jack using the battery snap adapter. Confirm that the blinking program
runs. This shows that you can power the Arduino from a battery and that the program
you download runs without needing a connection to the host PC .
Moving On
Connect your Arduino to the computer with the USB cable. You do not need
the battery for now. The green PWR LED will light. If there was already a program
burned into the Arduino, it will run.
Start the Arduino development environment. In Arduino-speak, programs are called

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“sketches”, but here we will just call them programs.

In the editing window that comes up, enter the following program, paying attention to
where semi-colons appear at the end of command lines.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Hello World");
}
void loop() {}

MC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: EMBEDDED C -

This is the most widely used programming language for embedded
processors/controllers. Assembly is also used but mainly to implement those portions
of the code where very high timing accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime
requirements. Embedded C is perhaps the most popular languages among Embedded
Programmers for programming Embedded Systems. There are many popular
programming languages like Assembly, BASIC, C++ etc. that are often used for
developing Embedded Systems but Embedded C remains popular due to its efficiency,
less development time and portability.

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4.3 Hardware description

4.3.1 Arduino
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use
hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the
computer code to the physical board.
The key features are −
● Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED
on/off, connect to the cloud and many other actions.
● You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading
software).
● Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an
extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto
the board. You can simply use a USB cable.

● Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it

easier to learn to program.

● Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of
the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

4.3.2 Board Description:

In this chapter, we will learn about the different components on the Arduino
board. We will study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in
the Arduino board family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics
and coding. Some boards look a bit different from the one given below, but most
Arduinos have majority of these components in common.

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Power USB
1 Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer.
All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).

Power (Barrel Jack)

2 Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply
by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).

Voltage Regulator
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to
3
the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor
and other elements.

Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues.
How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the
4
crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino
crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000
Hertz or 16 MHz.

Arduino Reset
5, 17
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the

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beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the
reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset
button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

● 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
● 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
● Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine
6, 7, 8,
● with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
9
● GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino
● , any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
● Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board
● from an external power source, like AC mains power supply.

Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins
10 can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be
read by the microprocessor.

Main microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as
the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the
Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are
11
usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has
before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information
is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction
and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
12
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often
referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be

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considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the

output device to the master of the SPI bus.

Power LED indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source
13
to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn
on, then there is something wrong with the connection.

TX and RX LEDs
On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
14 pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication.
Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different
speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the
baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

Digital I/O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured
15
to work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital
output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins
labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.

AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set
16
an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for
the analog input pins.

4.3.3 Power Supply Unit

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can
by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c
power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains

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fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”.

Fig4.2: Block Diagram of Power Supply

Fig.4.3: Schematic Diagram of Power Supply

DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY:

A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least one electric load.
Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another, but it may also convert a
different form of energy – such as solar, mechanical, or chemical - into electrical
energy.

A power supply provides components with electric power. The term usually
pertains to devices integrated within the component being powered. For example,
computer power supplies convert AC current to DC current and are generally located
at the rear of the computer case, along with at least one fan. A power supply is also
known as a power supply unit, power brick or power adapter.

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Power Supply:

Fig.4.4: Power Supply

4.3.4 DHT11 Sensor

Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in the air. The level of
humidity in air affects various physical, chemical and biological processes. In
industrial applications, humidity can affect the business cost of the products, health and
safety of the employees. So, in semiconductor industries and control system industries
measurement of humidity is very important. Humidity measurement determines the
amount of moisture present in the gas that can be a mixture of water vapour, nitrogen,
argon or pure gas etc… Humidity sensors are of two types based on their measurement
units. They are a relative humidity sensor and Absolute humidity sensor. DHT11 is a
digital temperature and humidity sensor.
What is a DHT11 Sensor?
DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and
humidity. This sensor can be easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as
Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity and temperature instantaneously.
DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The
difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on
LED. DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this
sensor uses a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.

Working Principle of DHT11 Sensor

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a

thermistor for sensing temperature. The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes
with a moisture holding substrate as a dielectric between them. Change in the

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capacitance value occurs with the change in humidity levels. The IC measure, process
this changed resistance values and change them into digital form.
For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient
thermistor, which causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature.
To get larger resistance value even for the smallest change in temperature, this sensor
is usually made up of semiconductor ceramics or polymers.
The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree
accuracy. Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The
sampling rate of this sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for every second. DHT11
is small in size with operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used
while measuring is 2.5mA.

Fig4.5.DHT11 Sensor
DHT11 sensor has four pins- VCC, GND, Data Pin and a not connected pin. A
pull-up resistor of 5k to 10k ohms is provided for communication between sensor and
micro-controller.

Applications:

This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and

temperature values in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather
stations also use these sensors to predict weather conditions. The humidity sensor is
used as a preventive measure in homes where people are affected by humidity. Offices,
cars, museums, greenhouses and industries use this sensor for measuring humidity
values and as a safety measure.

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4.3.5 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display):

The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a low power device (microwatts). Now
a days in most applications LCDs are using rather using of LED displays because of its
specifications like low power consumption, ability to display numbers and special
characters which are difficult to display with other displaying circuits and easy to
program. An LCD requires an external or internal light source. Temperature range of
LCD is 0ºC to 60ºC and lifetime is an area of concern, because LCDs can chemically
degrade these are manufactured with liquid crystal material (normally organic for
LCDs) that will flow like a liquid but whose molecular structure has some properties
normally associated with solids. .
LCDs are classified as
1. Dynamic-scattering LCDs and
2. Field-effect LCDs
Field-effect LCDs are normally used in such applications where source of
energy is a prime factor (e.g., watches, portable instrumentation etc.).They absorb
considerably less power than the light-scattering type. However, the cost for field-effect
units is typically higher, and their height is limited to 2 inches. On the other hand, light-
scattering units are available up to 8 inches in height. Field-effect LCD is used in the
project for displaying the appropriate information.

RS (Command / Data):
This bit is to specify weather received byte is command or data. So that LCD
can recognize the operation to be performed based on the bit status.
RS = 0 => Command
RS = 1 => Data

RW (Read / Write):
RW bit is to specify weather controller wants READ from LCD or WRITE to
LCD. The READ operation here is just ACK bit to know weather LCD is free or not.
RW = 0 => Write
RW = 1 => Read

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EN (Enable LCD):
EN bit is to ENABLE or DISABLE the LCD. When ever controller wants to
write some thing into LCD or READ acknowledgment from LCD it needs to enable the
LCD.
EN = 0 => High Impedance
EN = 1 => Low Impedance
ACK (LCD Ready):
ACK bit is to acknowledge the MCU that LCD is free so that it can send new
command or data to be stored in its internal Ram locations
ACK = 1 => Not ACK
ACK = 0 => ACK

LCD diagram:

R2

Fig4.5: lcd diagram

Hardware connections:

CONTROLER PINS LCD PINS PIN NAME WITH FEATURE

(P1.0) 4 RS (Control Pin)

(P1.1) 5 RW (Control pin )

(P1.2) 6 EN (Control pin)
Port 0 7 to 14 Data Port
40 15 & 2 Vcc
20 16 & 1 Gnd

Table.4.1.PIN Configurations

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FLOWCHART:

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4.3.6 Buzzer
There are many ways to communicate between the user and a product. One of
the best ways is audio communication using a buzzer IC. So during the design process,
understanding some technologies with configurations is very helpful. So, this article
discusses an overview of an audio signalling device like a beeper or a buzzer and its
working with applications.

What is a Buzzer?

An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical

or piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal
from audio to sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers,
alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can
generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren.

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Fig.4.6 Buzzer Pin Configuration

The pin configuration of the buzzer is shown below. It includes two pins
namely positive and negative. The positive terminal of this is represented with the ‘+’
symbol or a longer terminal. This terminal is powered through 6Volts whereas the
negative terminal is represented with the ‘-‘symbol or short terminal and it is connected
to the GND terminal.
History

The history of an electromechanical buzzer and piezoelectric is discussed below.

Electromechanical

This buzzer was launched in the year 1831 by an American Scientist namely
Joseph Henry but, this was used in doorbells until they were eliminated in 1930 in
support of musical bells, which had a smooth tone.

Piezoelectric

These buzzers were invented by manufacturers of Japanese & fixed into a broad
range of devices during the period of 1970s – 1980s. So, this development primarily
came due to cooperative efforts through the manufacturing companies of Japanese. In
the year 1951, they recognized the Application Research Committee of Barium Titanate
that allows the corporations to be cooperative competitively & bring about numerous
piezoelectric creations.

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Specifications

The specifications of the buzzer include the following.

• Color is black
• The frequency range is 3,300Hz
• Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C
• Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC
• The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm
• The supply current is below 15mA
Types of Buzzer

A buzzer is available in different types which include the following.

• Piezoelectric
• Electromagnetic
• Mechanical
• Electromechanical
• Magnetic

Piezoelectric

As the name suggests, the piezoelectric type uses the piezoelectric ceramic’s
piezoelectric effect & pulse current to make the metal plate vibrate & generate sound.
This kind of buzzer is made with a resonance box, multi resonator, piezoelectric plate,
housing, impedance matcher, etc. Some of the buzzers are also designed with LEDs.

The multi resonator of this mainly includes ICs and transistors. Once the supply is given
to this resonator, it will oscillate and generates an audio signal with 1.5 to 2.kHz. The
impedance matcher will force the piezoelectric plate to produce sound.

Electromagnetic

This type of buzzer is made with a magnet, solenoid coil, oscillator, housing,
vibration diaphragm, and magnet. Once the power supply is given, the oscillator which

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produces the audio signal current will supply throughout the solenoid coil to generate a
magnetic field.
Sometimes, the vibration diaphragm will vibrate & generates sound under the magnet
& solenoid coil interaction. The frequency range of this ranges from 2 kHz to 4kHz.

Mechanical

These types of buzzers are subtypes of electromagnetic, so the components used

in this type are also similar. But the main difference is that the vibrating buzzer is placed
on the outside instead of the inside.
Electromechanical

The designing of these types of buzzers can be done with a bare metal disc &
an electromagnet. The working principle of this is similar to magnetic and
electromagnetic. It generates sound throughout the disc movement & magnetism.

Magnetic

Like a piezo type, magnetic is also used to generate a sound but they are
different due to core functionality. The magnetic type is more fixed as compared to the
piezo type because they work through a magnetic field.Magnetic buzzers utilize an
electric charge instead of depending on piezo materials to generate a magnetic field,
after that it permits another element of the buzzer to vibrate & generate sound.
The applications of magnetic buzzers are similar to the piezo type in household devices,
alarms such as watches, clocks & keyboards.

Working Principle

The working principle of a buzzer depends on the theory that, once the voltage
is given across a piezoelectric material, then a pressure difference is produced. A piezo
type includes piezo crystals among two conductors. Once a potential disparity is given
across these crystals, then they thrust one conductor & drag the additional conductor
through their internal property. So this continuous action will produce a sharp sound
signal.

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Mounting Configurations

The mounting configurations of buzzers include the following.

• Panel Mount
• Wire Leads
• Screw Terminals
• Through Hole
• Spring Contact
• Surface Mount
How to use a Buzzer?

A buzzer is an efficient component to include the features of sound in our system

or project. It is an extremely small & solid two-pin device thus it can be simply utilized
on breadboard or PCB. So in most applications, this component is widely used.

There are two kinds of buzzers commonly available like simple and readymade.
Once a simple type is power-driven then it will generate a beep sound continuously. A
readymade type looks heavier & generates a Beep. Beep. Beep. This sound is because
of the internal oscillating circuit within it.

This buzzer uses a DC power supply that ranges from 4V – 9V. To operate this,
a 9V battery is used but it is suggested to utilize a regulated +5V/+6V DC supply.
Generally, it is connected through a switching circuit to switch ON/OFF the buzzer at
the necessary time interval.
Buzzer Circuit Diagram

The circuit diagram of the water level indicator using the buzzer is shown
below. This circuit is used to sense or detect the water level within the tank or washing
machine or pool, etc. This circuit is very simple to design using few components such
as a transistor, buzzer, 300K variable resistor, and power supply or 9V battery.

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Fig.4.7 Water Level Circuit using Buzzer

Once the two probes of the circuit are placed in the tank, it detects the level of
water. Once the water level exceeds the fixed level, then it generates a beep sound
through a buzzer connected to the circuit. This circuit uses a BC547B NPN
transistor however we can also use any general-purpose transistor instead of using
2N3904/2N2222.
This water level sensor circuit working is very simple and the transistor used
within the circuit works as a switch. Once the two probes notice the water level within
the tank, then the transistor turns ON & the voltage begins flowing throughout the
transistor to trigger the buzzer.

How to Choose a Buzzer?

While choosing a buzzer or speaker, many principles need to consider like the
following.

• Size of the product

• Consumption of Current
• Type of terminal
• Frequency Voltage
• Volume
• Type
• AC/DC Voltage
• The tone is Continuous/Pulsed

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• Fixing – Pins, Leads/Surface Mount

• Output of Sound
• Feedback Option
• Piezo Elements
Advantages:

The advantages of a buzzer include the following.

• Simply Compatible
• Frequency Response is Good
• Size is small
• Energy Consumption is less
• The Range of Voltage usage is Large
• Sound Pressure is high
Disadvantages

The disadvantages of the buzzer include the following.

• Controlling is a little hard
• Generates Annoying Sound
• Training is necessary to know how to repair the condition without just
turning off.
Applications

The applications of the buzzer include the following.

• Communication Devices
• Electronics used in Automobiles
• Alarm Circuits
• Portable Devices
• Security Systems
• Timers
• Household Appliances
• Electronic Metronomes
• Sporting Events

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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS
The subsystems discussed above were all integrated to realize the intelligent solar
powered TECM road milk tanker shown in Fig. 8. This figure shows the setup of the
research where 8.91 L of water was inside the tanker as indicate on the LCD screen.
The LCD screen also displays power consumption. The PLC recorded the temperature
to be 7℃ inside the tanker and the surrounding temperature was 18℃.
Two tests were performed in order to evaluate the system performance and determine
the efficiency of the system. The results were used in order to draw a conclusion on
how, on t big scale, the system performed. The ability of TECM as a cooling unit was
evaluated and tested as to predict how many TECMs were needed to ensure that the
system becomes more efficient in terms of cooling. The ability of the tank to preserve
and maintain the cooled temperature will be discussed. The critical tests that were
conducted were the cooling ability and the temperature control.

Fig. 5.1 Integrated intelligent solar powered TECM road milk tanker.

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5.1 Output:

Fig.5.2. Output when temp is low

When the temperature is low, the sensor detects the temperature and relay motor be in
off condition.

Fig.5.3.Output when temperature is high

When the temperature is high, the sensor detects the temperature and relay makes
switches onthe fan to decrease the temperature.

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5.2 Waveforms:

5.2.1 Cooling Ability

This test determined the ability of the tanker to cool the milk. Water was used as a
viable liquid that was cooled and tested even though the objective of this research was
to design the tanker which will be able to cool the temperature of the milk from 38℃
to 4 ℃ within a time period of 3 hours to ensure that the quality of the milk is
preserved. 7 L and 21 L of water were externally heated up to a temperature of 38 ℃.
7 L of this hot water was filled inside the tanker first and the test was performed. 21 L
of hot water was filled secondly, and the cooling test was conducted. The temperature
measurements of the critical sensors were recorded and noted while the system was
being operative for 3 hours for both cases of 7 L and 21 L. Fig. 9 shows the cooling
test results for both the cases. The system managed to cool down 21 L of water from
a temperature of 33 ℃ to a temperature of 19℃ within the period of 3 hours. On the
other hand, the system only managed to cool down the temperature of 7 L of water
from the temperature of 30 ℃ to the final temperature of 13 ℃.

Fig.5.4. Liquid cooling test results for 7 L and 21 L

The cooling test results from Fig. 9 indicate linearity hence the trend line was
drawn. With these results, we were able to estimate after how long the system will
be able to cool the liquid to the temperature of 4℃. These results shows us that the
cooling unit (TECM) had insufficient cooling capacity for this tanker. The TECM
that was used in this research has a cooling capacity of 113 W which is insufficient

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to ensure that the temperature of the liquid is cooled and maintained up to the
temperature of 4℃ within the period of 3 hours. The heat load for specific amounts
of water were calculated and estimated in Table I. From this table, this cooling unit
was to cool 7 L content to 4 °C within 3 hours. Because of the surrounding factors
which dissipate heat, like the electric fuel pump, this was not realized. From Fig. 9,
it is safe to conclude that two of these TECMs should be able to cool down 7 L of
water from initial temperature of 38 ℃ to the final temperature of 4 ℃ within 3
hours.

5.2.2 Temperature Control

The objective of this test was to determine the ability of the tanker to maintain the
temperature of the liquid between 3 and 5 ℃. The ice cubes were filled inside the
tanker so that the temperature of water can initially be below 4 ℃. Ice cubes were
added to the 7 L of water that was tested for cooling. The water capacity after the
ice cubes were filled changed to an average water capacity of 9 L. The critical
sensor, which in this case is sensor number one, initially registered a temperature
of 2 ℃ as can be seen in Fig. 10.

The system was then off for a period of 40 minutes. The system turned on when
the temperature of 4 °C was exceeded. This is indicated by the profile of current
measurements plotted in Fig. 10. The temperature of water continued to rise even
when the system cooling unit was activated. The temperature of 9 L of water
continued to rise until it settled at 7 ℃ after 120 minutes. The temperature of the
liquid continued to be between 6 and 7 °C for the remaining period of 1 hour. The
behavior of current when this happened is shown in Fig. 10. During the time when
the system was off, the temperature of liquid inside the tanker changed from 2 ℃
to 4 ℃ within the space of 40 min.

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Fig. 5.5.Results for temperature control test.

This result proves that the tanker was not efficient enough to hold and maintain
the temperature of the liquid for an extended time. This is not surprising since the
tanker did not have insulation between the outside part of the tanker interacting with
the environment and the inside of the tanker which interacts with the liquid. This
means that insulations needs to be applied to this tanker. The tanker can store 50 L of
milk, as such this required a cooling unit with minimum cooling capacity of
approximately 800W according to Table I. Taking into account environmental
factors, it would be safe to use a cooling unit with cooling capacity of 1200 W. Using
TECM as a cooling unit, 12 will be required. For an actual tank of 8000 L, the cooling
unit used shall require a cooling capacity of 192 kW. This will require 1920 TECMs.

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CHAPTER 6
COCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, the development of the Smart Cooling System for Milk
Transportation in Rural Areas represents a significant advancement in ensuring the
quality and safety of milk during its journey from rural farms to processing facilities.
The system's integration of temperature sensors, an Arduino microcontroller, a cooling
mechanism, and optional features like real-time monitoring has the potential to
revolutionize the milk transportation process in rural areas.
By effectively controlling the temperature within the milk storage containers,
the system prevents spoilage, bacterial growth, and deterioration of milk quality that
can occur due to temperature fluctuations. This not only preserves the economic value
of the milk but also upholds consumer trust by delivering fresh and uncontaminated
products.
The system's adaptability and versatility make it well-suited for the unique
challenges of rural areas, where infrastructure and resources might be limited. Its
relatively simple design, utilizing commonly available components and Arduino
programming knowledge, ensures that implementation and maintenance are feasible for
local farmers and transporters.
Moreover, the optional inclusion of real-time monitoring through a Wi-Fi
module enhances transparency and accountability in the milk transportation process.
This feature enables stakeholders to remotely track temperature conditions, promoting
a sense of control and ensuring that corrective actions can be taken promptly if
deviations from the desired temperature range occur.
In summary, the Smart Cooling System for Milk Transportation in Rural Areas
holds the potential to significantly improve the efficiency, reliability, and quality of
milk transportation processes in rural communities. By safeguarding the freshness and
safety of milk products, this innovative solution contributes not only to the economic
well-being of local farmers and businesses but also to the health and satisfaction of

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consumers. As technology continues to evolve, projects like these showcase the power
of simple yet effective solutions in transforming traditional industries and enhancing
the livelihoods of people in rural regions.

6.2 Advantages
1. Preservation of Milk Quality: The primary advantage of this system is its ability to
maintain the desired temperature range for milk during transportation. This prevents
spoilage, bacterial growth, and degradation of milk quality, ensuring that consumers
receive fresh and safe milk products.
2. Reduced Wastage: By preventing temperature fluctuations that can lead to spoilage,
the system reduces milk wastage and financial losses for farmers and processing
facilities.
3. Improved Food Safety: Maintaining proper temperature conditions minimizes the
risk of contamination and pathogens in the milk, contributing to enhanced food safety
standards.
4. Cost-Efficiency: The use of readily available components and Arduino programming
keeps the implementation and operational costs relatively low, making it accessible to
rural farmers and transporters.
5. Remote Monitoring and Control: The optional real-time monitoring feature allows
stakeholders to remotely track temperature conditions and take immediate corrective
actions if necessary. This enhances control and accountability throughout the
transportation process.
6. Customizable: The system can be adapted to various sizes of milk storage containers
and transportation vehicles, making it versatile and suitable for different scenarios.
7. Easy Integration: The integration of the Arduino microcontroller and sensors is
relatively straightforward, even for individuals with basic programming knowledge.

6.3 Applications
1. Rural Dairy Farms: Small-scale and subsistence dairy farmers in rural areas can
use this system to ensure that their milk reaches processing facilities in optimal
condition, regardless of limited infrastructure.
2. Milk Transporters: Individuals or businesses engaged in transporting milk from

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remote farms to processing plants can implement this system to maintain the quality
and safety of milk during transit.
3. Cooperatives: Dairy cooperatives in rural communities can adopt this system to
collectively manage milk transportation, ensuring quality standards are met and
benefiting multiple farmers.
4. Local Processors: Processing facilities located in rural areas can use this system to
maintain the quality of milk collected from nearby farms before processing it into
various dairy products.
5. Micro-Entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurs looking to establish small-scale milk
collection and transportation services can utilize this system to provide a reliable and
quality-focused service to local farmers.
6. Cold Chain Management: This system can be integrated into broader cold chain
management systems, ensuring that milk transportation is seamlessly integrated into the
overall supply chain, maintaining the integrity of perishable products.
7. Quality Assurance Programs: Dairy producers and processors aiming to meet
quality assurance and certification standards can rely on this system to consistently
deliver milk within the specified temperature parameters.
In essence, the Smart Cooling System for Milk Transportation in Rural Areas
holds significant potential to revolutionize the way milk is transported in remote and
underserved regions. By addressing challenges related to temperature control and
quality preservation, it contributes to the sustainable growth of dairy industries,
empowers local economies, and enhances the livelihoods of farmers and stakeholders
involved in the milk supply chain.

6.4 Future Scope

The future scope for a smart cooling system for milk transportation in rural areas
is promising. Here are some potential developments:
1. Renewable Energy Integration: Implementing renewable energy sources like solar
power for cooling systems can reduce operating costs and make them more sustainable
in remote areas.
2. IoT and Data Analytics: Enhancing the system with IoT sensors and data analytics

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can help monitor temperature, milk quality, and vehicle conditions in real-time,
improving efficiency and milk quality.
3. Mobile App Integration: Developing a mobile app for farmers and dairy workers
to track milk transportation and receive alerts in case of temperature deviations or
issues.
4. Efficient Cooling Technologies: Research into more energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly cooling technologies can reduce power consumption and
environmental impact.
5. Cold Chain Logistics: Expanding the system to create a complete cold chain logistics
network for rural areas, ensuring milk quality from farm to market.
6. Remote Monitoring: Implementing remote monitoring and control capabilities to
address maintenance and operational issues promptly.
7. Government Initiatives: Partnering with government initiatives to support the
development and adoption of smart cooling systems in rural dairy sectors.
8. Training and Education: Providing training and education to farmers on the
importance of milk quality and the use of smart cooling systems.
9.1Cost-Effective Solutions: Focusing on cost-effective solutions to make these
systems affordable and accessible to small-scale farmers.
10.Scalability: Designing systems that can scale as the dairy industry in rural areas
grows, accommodating increasing milk production and transportation needs.
Investment in research, technology, and infrastructure is essential to harness the
full potential of smart cooling systems for milk transportation in rural areas, benefiting
both farmers and consumers.

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REFERENCES:

1. Banzi, M. (2011). "Getting Started with Arduino." O'Reilly Media.

2. Velmurugan, M. S., Rajesh, P. V., & Hariharan, G. (2017). "Design and
Implementation of Milk Quality Monitoring System using IoT." International Journal
of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 117(15), 383-392.
3. Akinyemi, L. A., Chinenyeze, S. B., & Jolayemi, E. T. (2017). "A Review of Internet
of Things (IoT) Applications in Agriculture." In Proceedings of the 2017 International
Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM) (pp. 1-6).
IEEE.
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ECE Dept, CMRTC