Lab Manual

INSTRUCTOR: M.TAHIR MAHMOOD

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTIVE DEVICES

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEHNOLOGY

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List of Experiments
Lab No. 01........................................................................................................................................3
To study different types of switchgear equipment used in electrical power system
Lab No. 02........................................................................................................................................6
To identify the component of different types of circuit breaker OBE Sheet
Lab No. 04......................................................................................................................................15
To determine the transformer ratio of voltage transformer and load influence on the
secondary, carry out the performance test
Lab No. 05......................................................................................................................................19
To study the operation of over current relay and plot the performance characteristics
Lab No. 06......................................................................................................................................22
To determine the transformation ratio of the current transformer
Lab No. 07......................................................................................................................................25
To study the time delay relay and connection
Lab No.08.......................................................................................................................................27
To study over voltage relay and their connection
Lab No. 09......................................................................................................................................29
To study the operation of directional over current relay
Lab No. 10......................................................................................................................................32
To study transformer differential protection
Lab No. 12......................................................................................................................................38
Primary and back up protection
Lab No. 13......................................................................................................................................41
To study star to star and delta to delta connection

Lab No. 01
To study different types of switchgear equipment used in electrical
power system

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Objective
 To familiarization with switchgear equipment.
Equipment

S.No Apparatus
1 SWITCHES
2 FUSES
3 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
4 Relays
5 control panels
6 current transformers
7 potential transformers

Theory
SWITCHES:
A switch is a device which is used to open or close an electrical circuit in a
convenient way. It can be used under full-load or no-load conditions but it cannot
interrupt the fault currents.
The switches may be classified into:
Air-break switch. It is an air switch and is designed to open a circuit under load.
Air-break switches are generally used outdoor for circuits of medium capacity.
Isolator or disconnecting switch. It is designed to open a circuit under no load. Its
main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not
intended to be opened while current is flowing in the line.

FUSES:
A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current
flows through it for sufficient time. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs
both detection and interruption functions.

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 Circuit Breakers:
A circuit breaker is a device which can open or close a circuit under all conditions
viz. no load, full load and fault conditions. It is so designed that it can be operated
manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under
fault conditions. The circuit breaker essentially consists of moving and fixed
contacts enclosed in strong metal tank and immersed in oil, known as transformer
oil.

Relays:
A relay is a device which detects the fault and supplies information to the breaker
for circuit interruption.

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CONCLUTIONS:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

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 Lab No: 02
To identify the component of different types of circuit breaker

Objective

 To study miniature circuit breaker

 Basic components miniature circuit breaker
 Component of circuit breaker
 Requirement of C.B

Equipment
1. MCB circuit breaker

Theory
Circuit Breaker:
A circuit breaker is equipment which can break of the circuit.
(i) Make or break a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal
conditions
(ii) Break a circuit automatically under abnormal conditions (fault) i.e. Overload
short circuit
(iii) Make a circuit either manually or by remote control under fault conditions.

Operating Principle:
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts, called
electrodes.
Under normal operating conditions, these contacts remain closed and will not open
automatically until and unless the system becomes faulty. Of course, the contacts
can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault
occurs on any part of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized
and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the
circuit.

Requirement of circuit breaker:

i. open or closed under shortest time
ii. operate at rated current
iii. operate automatically under abnormal condition(short circuit, over load)
iv. maintain the current flow

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MCB CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) automatically switches off the electrical circuit
during an abnormal condition of the network means in overload condition as well as
faulty condition. Nowadays we use an MCB in a low voltage electrical network
instead of a fuse. The fuse may not sense it but the miniature circuit breaker does it
in a more reliable way. MCB is much more sensitive to overcurrent than a fuse.

Main components of MCB:

A typical miniature circuit breaker is made up of four main components: the Frame,
the Operating Mechanism, the Trip Unit and the Contacts and some other important
component.
1. External Casing:
External Casing holds all the internal components firm and protects them from dust.
It is made of insulating materials such as plastic or ceramics.
2. Contacts:
A pair of contacts can be found inside an MCB. One of them is fixed and the other
is movable.
3. Knob:
MCBs can be turned ON and OFF using this knob.
4. Mechanical Latch:
A latch arrangement is made inside MCBs to hold the contacts under spring tension
at ON position.
5. Bimetallic strip:
The bimetallic strip offers delayed overload protection by sensing the prolonged
flow of current greater than its rated current.
6. Solenoid (magnetic coil):
Solenoid offers instantaneous protection against short circuit by releasing the
mechanical latch. Solenoid gets activated when the current through the coil exceeds
a particular value, normally more than 3 times of its rated current. This solenoid is
not activated by overloads.
7. Arc Chutes/Arc divider/extinguisher:
Arc chutes are used for splitting and quenching of arcs.

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Working & Operation of MCB
Under normal working conditions, MCB operates as a switch (manual one) to make
the circuit ON or OFF. Under overload or short circuit condition, it automatically
operates or trips so that current interruption takes place in the load circuit. The
visual indication of this trip can be observed by automatic movement of the
operating knob to OFF position. This automatic operation MCB can be obtained in
two ways as we have seen in MCB construction; those are magnetic tripping and
thermal tripping.

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Main component of circuit breaker
The following are some important components common to most of the circuit
breakers:
(i) Bushings (ii) Circuit breaker contacts
(iii) Instrument transformers (iv) Bus-bars and conductors
(i) Bushings. When a high voltage conductor passes through a metal sheet or frame
which is at earth potential, the necessary insulation is provided in the form of
bushing. The primary function of the bushing is to prevent electrical breakdown
between the enclosed conductor and the surrounding earthed metal work .Fig.
below (1) shows the use of bushing for a plain-break oil circuit breaker. The high
voltage conductor passes through the bushing made of some insulating material
(e.g., porcelain, steatite). Although there are several types of bushing (e.g.,
condenser type, oil filled etc.), they perform the same function of insulating the
conductor from earthed tank

The failure of the bushing can occur in two ways. Firstly, the breakdown may be
caused by puncture i.e., dielectric failure of the insulating material of the bushing.
Secondly, the breakdown may occur in the form of a flash-over between the
exposed conductor at either end of the bushing and the earthed metal.
(ii) Circuit breaker contacts. The circuit breaker contacts are required to carry
normal as well as short-circuit current. In carrying the normal current, it is desirable
that the temperature should not rise above the specified limits and that there should
be low voltage drop at the point of contact.
(iii) Instrument transformers. In a modern power system, the circuits operate at
very high voltages and carry current of thousands of amperes. The measuring
instruments and protective devices cannot work satisfactorily if mounted directly on
the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing instrument transformers
on the power lines.

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 The function of these instrument transformers is to transform voltages or currents
in the power lines to values which are convenient for the operation of measuring
instruments and relays

There are two types of instrument transformers.

(a) Current transformer (C.T.)
(b) Potential transformer (P.T.)
The primary of current transformer is connected in the power line. The secondary
winding provides for the instruments and relays a current which is a constant
fraction of the current in the line.
(iv)Bus-bars and conductors. The current carrying members in a circuit breaker
consist of fixed and moving contacts and the conductors connecting these to the points
external to the breaker. If the switchgear is of outdoor type, these connections are
connected directly to the overhead lines. In case of indoor switchgear, the incoming
conductors to the circuit breaker are connected to the bus bars.

Conclusion
 In an over current relay the actuating quantity is only current. There is only
one current operated element in the relay. Under fault condition. When the
relay current exceed from pick up current relay activate automatically and
operate the circuit breaker.

CONCLUTIONS:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date: ________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

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 Lab No. 04
To determine the transformer ratio of voltage transformer and load
influence on the secondary, carry out the performance test

Objective
 Turn ratio and transformation ratio of transformer of V.T
 Performance test of V.T
 Define line voltage ,phase voltage
 Uses of V.T

Equipment
S.No Name OF Equipment Quantity
01 voltage Transformer 01
02 Auto transformer(variable AC supply) 01
03 Volt meter 02
04 Loads 01

Theory
Voltage Transformer:
The Voltage Transformer can be thought of as an electrical component rather than an
electronic component. A transformer basically is very simple static (or stationary)
electro-magnetic passive electrical device that works on the principle of Faraday’s
law of induction by converting electrical energy from one value to another. A
transformer operates on the principals of “electromagnetic induction”, in the form
of Mutual Induction.
Voltage transformer also called potential transformer(PT). It is essentially a step
down transformer and steps down the voltage to a known ratio. The primary of this
transformer consists of a large number of turns of fine wire connected across the
line. The secondary winding consists of a few turns and provides for measuring
instruments and relays a voltage which is a known fraction of the line voltage.

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 Suppose a potential transformer rated at 66kV/110V is connected to a power line. If
line voltage is 66kV, then voltage across the secondary will be 110 V.
Notice that the two coil windings are not electrically connected but are only linked
magnetically. A single-phase transformer can operate to either increase or decrease
the voltage applied to the primary winding. When a transformer is used to
“increase” the voltage on its secondary winding with respect to the primary, it is
called a Step-up transformer. When it is used to “decrease” the voltage on the
secondary winding with respect to the primary it is called a Step-down transformer
Transformers Turns Ratio
The turns ratio is the ratio between primary turns or voltage to the secondary turns
or voltage of transformer. simply the division of the number of turns in the primary
winding by the number of turns in the secondary winding.
Np Vp Is
turn ratio N= = =
Ns Vs Ip

i.e A voltage transformer has 1500 turns of wire on its primary coil and 500 turns
of wire for its secondary coil. What will be the turns ratio (TR) of the transformer.
This ratio of 3:1 (3-to-1) simply means that there are three primary turns for every
one secondary turn.
Transformation ratio
The invers of turn ratio ,its define the ratio between secondary turns or voltage to
the primary turns or voltage of transformer.
Ns Vs Ip
.transformation ratio K= = =
Np Vp Is

Line voltage VL,

The voltage between any two line of the three-phase transformer is called the “line
voltage”, VL in delta connection VL = Vp and Ip =1/√3 × IL in STAR
connection VL = √3 × Vp and Ip = IL
Phase voltage VP
While the voltage between any line and the neutral point of a (star connected)
transformer is called the Phase voltage.
Advantages of voltage transformer

The following are the advantages of P.T

1. They reduce voltage signal for the purpose of measurement, control and protection.
2. P.T isolate the relay and instruments circuit from high input voltage.
3. Suitable for operation of relay and instrument connected to their secondary.

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 Experiment procedure
Make connection according to the circuit diagram shown below.
Set the supply voltage (0 – 30 v) and starting from 0v, increase the value of supply
voltage to obtain the values of secondary voltage.
Note the primary voltage and secondary voltage by connecting volt meter across the
primary and secondary respectively.
And find out ratio error using following formula
N ×Vs−Vp
p ercentage ratio error=
Vp

Observation Table
S.No Primary Secondary Turn ratio Transformation N × Vs−Vp
Ratio error¿ ×100
Voltage Vp voltage Vs N=Vp/Vs ratio k=Vs/Vp Vp
01

02

03

Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

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Marks Awarded: _________________

Lab No. 05
To study the operation of over current relay and plot the
performance characteristics

Objective

 To study over current relay

 Working operation of over current relay
 Pick up current of relay

Equipment

S.No Name OF Equipment Rating Quantity

01 Single phase Transformer 50 MVA 01
02 Power grid 10 MVA 01
03 Circuit Breaker 4.72A 03
04 Over current relay -- 01
05 Current Transformer(CT) 20:5 01
06 Load 3MVA 03

Theory

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A relay is a device which detects the fault and supplies information (signal) to the
circuit breaker for circuit interruption. In Fig below shows a typical relay circuit. It
can be divided into three parts viz.
(i) The primary winding of a current transformer (C.T.) which is connected in series
with the circuit to be protected. The primary winding often consists of the main
conductor itself.
(ii) The second circuit is the secondary winding of C.T. connected to the relay
operating coil.
(iii) The third circuit is the tripping circuit which consists of a source of supply, trip
coil of circuit breaker and the relay stationary contacts.
Under normal load conditions, the e.m.f. of the secondary winding of C.T. is small
and the current flowing in the relay operating coil is insufficient to close the relay
contacts. This keeps the trip coil of the circuit breaker unenergized.

Working : Over current relay are fed from current transformer whenever the current
through the relay exceeds the preset value the relay operate and activates the trip coil
of the circuit breaker ,isolating the faulty section from healthy section of electrical
system.
Application of over current protection
Overcurrent protection is used almost in all electrical equipment such as HT lines,
Transformer, Generators, Motors etc.
Pick-up current. It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts
to operate. So long as the current in the relay is less than the pick-up value, the relay
does not operate and the breaker controlled by it remains in the closed position.

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ETAP SIMULATION

CONCLUTIONS:

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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

Lab No. 06
To determine the transformation ratio of the current
transformer.
Objective
 To study the transformation Ratio of the CT transformer

Apparatus:
S.No Apparatus Quantity
01 Standard cable 01
02 Transformer turn ratio(TTR) meter 01
03 Current transformer 01
04 Multi meter 01

Theory:
Transformer Ratio: In general, the transformation ratio can be defined as the ration
of the voltage present at the secondary windings of the transformer to the voltage
present at the primary windings of the same transformer. In simple words, it can
also be said that the transformation ratio is the ratio of secondary voltage to the
primary voltage. As we all know that the voltage is represented by the symbol “V”.
The secondary voltage is represented by “VS”. Similarly, the primary voltage is

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represented by “VP”. Transformation ratio can be represented by the mathematical
expression as given below.
Transformation Ratio=secondary voltage / primary voltage

Transformer Ratio=Vs/Vp
Turns Ratio:As it is cleared from its name, the turn ratio can be defined as the ratio
between the number of turns of secondary winding to the number of turns in the
primary winding. The turns are usually represented in theoretical knowledge by
“N”. The turns in primary winding can be represented by “NP” whereas the turns in
the secondary winding can be represented by “NS”.
The expression to represent the turns ration can be given as:
Turns Ratio=secondary Turn/ primary Turns

Transformer Ratio=Ns/Np
Current Ratio:-The current ratio can be defined as the ratio of the current flowing
through the primary winding of a transformer to the current flowing through the
secondary winding of the same transformer. In simple words, we can say that the
ratio of the primary current to the secondary current is known as the current ratio. In
theoretical expression, current is normally represented by the symbol “I”. The
secondary current is represented by “IS” and the primary current is represented
by “IP”. The transformer ratio can be represented by the expression shown below.
Current Ratio= Primary Current/ secondary Current

Transformer Ratio=Ip/Is
Procedure:
The current transformer basically consists of an iron core upon which primary and
secondary windings are wound. The primary winding of the transformer is
connected in series with the load and carries the actual current flowing to the load,
while the secondary winding is connected to a measuring device or a relay. The
number of secondary turns is proportional to the current flowing through the
primary; i.e., the larger the magnitude of current flowing through the primary, more
the number of secondary turns.
The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as the current
transformation ratio of the CT. Usually the current transformation ratio of the CT is

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high. Normally the secondary ratings are of the order 5 A, 1 A, 0.1 A, whereas the
primary ratings vary from 10 A to 3000 A or more.

Diagram:

S.N Primary Secondary Current ratio N I S−I P

% Error = [ Ip
]×100
o Current Current Is K=Ip/Is
Ip

01

02

Observation Table:

CONCLUTIONS:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

Lab No. 07
To study the time delay relay and connection
Objective
 To study Time delay Relay.

Apparatuses
 Timer Relay.

Theory
Time delay relay:
The type of time delay relay used will depend on the system setup. On- and off-
delay timers represent the most typical time delay relay timers in use. Other types
include interval-on-operate, flasher, and repeat cycle timers.

On-delay timers:
Normally open, on-delay timers start timing when the input voltage (power) is
applied. The output is energized at the end of the delay. Input voltage has to be
removed to de-energize the output and reset the time delay relay.

Also referred to as delay-on-operate timers, they are often used for blower motors
to delay the operation for a specific time period after a gas, electric, or oil heater has
been turned on. On-delay timers are also used to stagger starting times for multiple
compressors or motors that are activated by the main switch. This avoids excessive

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surge current in the power line. Other applications include burglar and intrusion
alarms, open-door warnings, power supply sequencing, oven ignite or controls, and
fan controls.
Off-delaytimers:
Off-delay timers (also known as delay-on-release, delay-on-break, or delay-on-
energization timers) are ready to accept the trigger when the input voltage is
applied. An output is energized by applying the trigger, which must be removed for
the time delay to start. An output is de-energized at the end of the time delay period.
If the trigger is applied during the delay, it will reset.

Off-delay timers can be used in air-conditioning systems to hold the blower motor
in operation for a specific time period after the thermostat has turned the cooling
compressor off. They may also be used to operate electrical devices and motors for
a specified time, such as coin-operated dryers in commercial laundries. Other
applications include gas valve controls, telephone circuit control, and elevator
door control.

CONCLUTIONS:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

Lab No.08
To study over voltage relay and their connection
Objective

 Overvoltage Relay.

Equipment
S.No Equipment Quantity
1 Relay 1
2 circuit breaker 1
3 Connector wire --

Theory
Overvoltage Relay:
It uses a normally closed contact (N.C.). As long as the monitored voltage remains
below the maximum voltage the equipment can withstand (Pick-Up Setting), the
relay remains de-energized and the N.C. contact remains closed, keeping the load
energized.
If the operating voltage increases beyond the maximum rating of the equipment, the
relay energizes and the N.C. contact opens, turning off the load. When the voltage

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falls below the Drop-Out Setting (hysteresis), the relay de-energizes and the N.C.
contact re-closes, turning on the load.
Lab Performance connection

CONCLUTIONS:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

Lab No. 09
To study the operation of directional over current relay

Objective

 To study directional over current relay

 Working of directional over current relay
 Directional relay operate when current flow in reverse direction
 Uses

Equipment
S.No Apparatus Rating Quantity
01 Single phase Transformer 2MVA 02
02 Power grid 100MVAsc 01
03 Directional Over current relay SPAS 348C 02
04 Current Transformer(CT) 20:5 Ratio 02
05 Lamp 0.5MVA 03
06 Circuit Breaker 4.76 kv,1200A,2cycle 03
07 Bus Bar 4kv 06

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Theory
(i)The directional over current relay senses the direction of power flow by means of
phase angle between V and I. when this angle exceeds certain predetermined value
the directional relay operate.
(ii)When fault current can flow in both the directions through the relay, at its
location. Therefore, it is necessary to make the relay respond for a particular
defined direction, so that proper discrimination is possible. This can be achieved by
introduction of directional control elements.
(iii)These are basically power measuring devices in which the system voltage is
used as a reference for establishing the relative phase of the fault current.
Basically, an AC directional relay can recognize certain difference in phase angle
between two quantities, just as a D.C. directional relay recognize difference in
polarity

Working :
Directional Over Current Relay This is also a special type of over current relay with
a directional features. This directional over current relay employs the principle of
actuation of the relay, when the fault current flows into the relay in a particular
direction. If the power flow is in the opposite direction, the relay will not operate.
Normally, the conventional over current relay (non-direction) will act for fault
current in any direction. The directional over current relay recognizes the direction
in which fault occurs, relative to the location of the relay
ETAP Simulation of directional over current relay

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CONCLUTIONS:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

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 Lab No. 11
To study transformer differential protection
OBJECTIVE
 Transformer protection

Equipment
S.N Apparatus Rating Quantity
o
1 Grade 60MVAsec, 11KV 1
2 Transforms 2MV , 33KV 2
2MV , 11KV
3 Circuit breakers 1200 Amp 3
4 Current transformers 20:5 3
5 Over current relay - 1
6 Deferential relay - 1
7 Buses - 3
8 Lamp load 1 MVA 1

Theory
Differential protection scheme in a power transformer
This type of relay is applicable for unit protection. There are two number of CTs
with respect to primary and secondary. During the normal condition the both
primary and secondary currents are balanced.
Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The
differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current
of power transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary
currents the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit
breaker of the transformer.

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ETAP SAMULATION

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CONCLUTIONS:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

Lab No. 12
Primary and back up protection
Objective

 The backup relaying often provides primary protection when the primary
relays are out of service for repairs.

Equipment
S.No Name OF Equipment Rating Quantity

1 Grid 50 MVAsec,11kv 01
2 100MVA, 11kv to 500kv

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 Transformers 80MVA, 500kv to 132kv 04
50MVA, 132kv to 11kv
30MVA, 11kv to 400v
3 Circuit Breaker 1200A,2000,3000A 12
4 Lamp 3MVA 04

Theory:
Primary Protection

The main protection or primary protection is the first line protection which provides
quick-acting and selective clearing of a fault within the boundary of the circuit
section or element it protects. The main protection is provided in each section of an
electrical installation.
Backup Protection

The backup protection provides the back up to the main protection whenever it fails
in operation or its cut out for repairs. The backup protection is essential for the
proper working of the electrical system. The backup protection is the second line of
defense which isolates the faulty section of the system in case the main protection
fails to function properly. The failure of the primary protection occurs because of
the failure of the DC supply circuit, current or voltage supply to relay circuit, relay
protective circuit or because of the circuit breaker.
The backup protection may be provided either on the same circuit breaker which
would be normally opened by the main protection or in the different circuit breaker.
The backup protection is mainly used where the main protection of the adjacent
circuit is unable to back up the main protection of the given circuit. Sometimes for
simplification, the backup protection has a low sensitivity and operated over a
limited backup zone.

Circuit Diagram

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ETAP SIMULATION

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CONCLUTIONS:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Checked by: ___________________________ Date: ________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

Lab No. 13
To study star to star and delta to delta connection

Objective

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  To study star ,star connection of transformer
 To study delta ,delta connection of transformer
 Define line voltage ,phase voltage
 Uses

Equipment
S.No Apparatus Quantity
01 three phase Transformer 01
02 Single phase generators 03
03 Scope 02
04 Voltage and current measuring meter 02
05 Loads (100K,) 03

Theory
Three-phase transformer connections
The three phase transformer consists three transformers either separate or
combined with one core. The primary and secondary of the transformer can be
independently connected either in star or delta. There are four possible connections
for a 3-phase transformer bank.

1. Δ – Δ (Delta – Delta) Connection

2. Υ – Υ (Star – Star) Connection

The choice of connection of three phase transformer depends on the various factors
likes the availability of a neutral connection for grounding protection or load
connections, insulation to ground and voltage stress, availability of a path for the
flow of third harmonics, etc. The various types of connections are explained below.

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Line voltage VL,
The voltage between any two line of the three-phase transformer is called the “line
voltage”, VL, in delta connection VL = Vp and Ip =1/√3 × IL
in STAR connection VL = √3 × Vp and Ip = IL
Phase voltage VP
while the voltage between any line and the neutral point of a (star connected)
transformer is called the “phase voltage”, VP.
(1)DELTA - DELTA CONNECTION
Both winding primary and secondary of transformer are connected in delta in a
delta delta connected ( Dd ) group of transformers, the line voltage, VL is equal to
the supply voltage, VL = VS. But the current in each phase winding is given
as: 1/√3 × IL of the line current, where IL is the line current.

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 Advantages of delta–delta connection of transformer

The following are the advantages of the delta-delta configuration of transformers.

1. The delta-delta transformer is satisfactory for a balanced and unbalanced load.

2. If one transformer fails, the remaining two transformers will continue to supply the
three-phase power. This is called an open delta connection.
3. If third harmonics present, then it circulates in a closed path and therefore does not
appear in the output voltage wave.
4. This connection is generally used for large, low-voltage transformers. Number of
required phase/turns is relatively greater than that for star-star connection.
5. The ratio of line voltages on the primary and the secondary side is equal to the
transformation ratio of the transformers.

The only disadvantage of the delta-delta connection is that there is no neutral. This
connection is useful when neither primary nor secondary requires a neutral and the
voltage are low and moderate.

Observation Table
S.No Input Output Input Out Put Efficiency Voltage
Voltage voltage Power Power Regulation
01

02

03

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Delta-delta Connections simulation in MATLAB

(2)Transformer Star - Star Connections

In star-star connection Both winding primary and secondary of transformer are

connected in star
In Primary Winding Each Phase is120°electrical degrees out of phase with the other
two phases. In Secondary Winding Each Phase is also120°electrical degrees out of
phase with the other two phases. Each primary winding is magnetically linked to
one secondary winding through a common core leg. Sets of windings that are
magnetically linked are drawn parallel to each other in the vector diagram. In the Y-
Y connection, each primary and secondary winding is connected to a neutral point.
The neutral point may or may not be brought out to an external physical connection
and the neutral may or may not be grounded.

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Advantages of Star–star connection of transformer

Star-star connection is generally used for small, high-voltage transformers. Because

of star connection, number of required turns/phase is reduced (as phase voltage in
star connection is 1/√3 times of line voltage only). Thus, the amount of insulation
required is also reduced.
Handle Heavy Load: Due to star connection, phase current is same as line current.
Hence windings have to carry high currents. This makes cross section of the
windings high. Thus the windings are mechanically strong and windings can bear
heavy loads and short circuit current. also in star connection there have neutral
wire .
Observation Table
S.No Input Output Input Out Put Efficiency Voltage
Voltage voltage Power Power Regulation
01
02
03

Star-star Connections simulation in MATLAB

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CONCLUTIONS:
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Checked by: ___________________________ Date:________________

Marks Awarded: _________________

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