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Lecture 2-B - 230929 - 145704

The document discusses elements of geometric design, with a focus on sight distance. It defines stopping sight distance as the distance required for a driver to see and stop for an object, and passing sight distance as the distance required to complete a passing maneuver safely. Formulas are provided to calculate minimum stopping and passing sight distances based on factors like vehicle speed, reaction time, grade, and coefficient of friction. Examples demonstrate applying the formulas.

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Ahmad AAwf Abdulrahman Darawan
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24 views17 pages

Lecture 2-B - 230929 - 145704

The document discusses elements of geometric design, with a focus on sight distance. It defines stopping sight distance as the distance required for a driver to see and stop for an object, and passing sight distance as the distance required to complete a passing maneuver safely. Formulas are provided to calculate minimum stopping and passing sight distances based on factors like vehicle speed, reaction time, grade, and coefficient of friction. Examples demonstrate applying the formulas.

Uploaded by

Ahmad AAwf Abdulrahman Darawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometric Design

Sight Distance
Elements of Geometric Design

“Design of visible elements of highway”


⚫ Cross section elements
⚫ Sight distance:
• Stopping (non-passing) sight distance
• Passing sight distance
⚫ Horizontal alignment
⚫ Vertical alignment
⚫ Intersections

59
Elements of Geometric Design

⚫ Cross section elements

60
Elements of Geometric Design

⚫ Sight distance:
It is the length of the roadway that a driver can see
ahead at any particular time, in order to stop or pass.

• Stopping (non-passing) sight distance


• Passing sight distance

61
Elements of Sight Distance

⚫ Driver
– Alertness
– Recognition of hazard
– Action available to driver, stop or change direction
⚫ Vehicle
– Type
– Friction between the tyre and the road
– Eye height
– Speed
⚫ Road environment
– Geometry, grade and curvature
– Road surface, sealed or unsealed, smooth or rough
– Road lighting at night
62 – Placement of road furniture, planting
Stopping Sight Distance, SSD

Stopping Sight Distance, SSD:


It is the minimum sight distance required for a driver travel at near
the design speed to stop a vehicle after seeing a stationary object
in the vehicle’s path without hitting that object.
At all times, must provide sufficient sight distance to allow a
driver to see an object, react and stop.

– SSD controls the selection of:


• horizontal curves (HC) radius,
• lengths of vertical curves (VC), and
• intersection design elements.
63
Stopping Sight Distance, SSD

SSD = distance travelled during reaction time RT (d1) + distance travelled


while decelerating to a stop (d2)
64
Stopping Sight Distance, SSD

⚫ SSD = perception and reaction distance (d1) + braking distance (d2)


⚫ SSD = d1 + d2

d1 = V * t
Where: V= speed, km/h (kph)
t = perception time (0.5 to 1.5 sec) + reaction time (1sec)
= 1.5 to 2.5 sec

d1 = (1000/3600) V * t

d1 = in meters (m)
65
Stopping Sight Distance, SSD

• d2
work done by friction = kinetic energy

2
(w*f) * d2 = m V , w=mg
2
V2
d2 =
254 f
Where: V= design speed, kph
w = weight of vehicle
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
f = coefficient of friction between tyres and pavement surface
Stopping Sight Distance, SSD

⚫ On level surface
2
V*t + V
SSD = 254 f
3.6

⚫ On inclined surface
V* t V2
SSD = +
3.6 254 (f ∓ g)

where: g = grade in %, in direction of travel


Uphill ( +ve), downhill ( -ve)

67
Stopping Sight Distance, SSD

Example 1: Find the safe SSD on highway section using the


following data: design speed = 100 kph, t = 2.5 sec and f = 0.28.
Sol.:
100 * 2.5 (100) 2
SSD = +
3.6 254 *0.28
SSD = 210 m

68
Stopping Sight Distance, SSD

Example 2: Find the minimum stopping sight distance for a


vehicle travelling at a speed of 70 km/hr on a highway having a
slope of – 5% and coefficient of friction between tyres and
pavement surface is 0.35.
Sol.: V 2
V* t +
SSD = 254 (f
3.6 ∓ g)

70 *1.5 (70)2
SSD = +
3.6 254 (0.35 − 0.05)
SSD = 93.5 m
69
Passing Sight Distance, PSD

It is the minimum sight distance required on a 2-lane 2-way


highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing
maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle and
without cutting off the passed vehicle.

Certain assumptions are made:


1- The passing vehicle is travelling at the same speed as the impeder
(the vehicle being passed)
2- The impeder is travelling at a uniform speed
3- The average passing speed is about 16 km/hr more than the speed
70 of the impeder vehicle.
Passing Sight Distance, PSD

71
Passing Sight Distance, PSD

The minimum passing sight distance is the total of four


components:
• d1: distance traversed during perception and reaction time and during the
initial acceleration to the point where the passing vehicle just enters the left
lane.
• d2: distance traveled while the passing vehicle occupies the left lane.
• d3: distance between the passing vehicle and the opposing vehicle at the
end of the passing maneuver. The clearance length between the opposing
and passing vehicle at the end of the passing maneuvers was found to range
between 30m to 75m.
• d4: distance moved by the opposing vehicle during two-thirds of the time
the passing vehicle occupies the left lane (usually taken 2/3 d2 which is the
72 dangerous part of d2).
Passing Sight Distance, PSD

PSD = d1 + d2 +d3 +d4


• d1= 0.278 t1 (V- m + t1*a/2)
Where: t1: time for initial maneuver (sec)
a: average acceleration (km/hr/sec)
V: average speed of the passing vehicle (km/hr)
m: difference in speed of passing and impeder vehicle (usually
taken as 16km/hr)
• d2= 0.278 V t2
Where: t2: time when passing vehicle is travelling in left lane (sec)
V: average speed of the passing vehicle (km/hr)
• d3= ranged from 30 to 75 m
73 • d4= 2/3 d2
Passing Sight Distance, PSD

Example: Find the minimum passing sight distance at a section


of highway assuming the following data: v= 70 km/hr, m=16
km/hr, a=2.3 kph/sec, t1 =4 sec, t2 =10 sec
Solution:
d1= 0.278 t1 (v- m+ a. t1/2) = 0.278* 4(70- 16 +2.3*4/2) = 66m
d2= 0.278 v t2= 0.28*70*10 = 196m
d3= assumed to be 55m for this speed
d4= 2/3 d2= 2*196/3= 131m

Total passing sight distance is: PSD = d1 + d2 +d3 +d4 = 448m

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