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 A foundation is the lowest artificially prepared part of a

structure below the surface of surrounding ground which
provides the base for the super structure proper and transmit
all the dead, superimposed and wind lodes from a building to
the soil.
 It prevents the differential settlement by evenly loading the
substrata.
 Foundations are also increases stability of structure by taking
the structure deep in to the ground.
 Foundations are generally built of
1. Bricks
2. Stones
3. Concrete
4. Steel and Timber.

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 The general inspection of site of work serves as a good for  The selection of material and type of foundation
determine the type of foundation, to be adopted for the depends upon the type of structure and the nature of
proposed work and in addition, it helps in getting the data underlying soil.
w.r.to the following items.  Before deciding of foundation size we must ensure that
 Behavior of ground due to variations in depth of water  The bearing pressure at the base does not exceed
table the allowable soil pressure.
 Nature of soil by visual examination  The settlement of the foundation is within
reasonable limits.
 Movement of ground due to any reason etc.
 Deferential settlement is so limited as not to cause
 Disposal of storm water at site any damage to the structure.

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Depending upon their nature and depth, foundations have

been categorized as follows
I. Open foundations or shallow foundations
II. Deep foundations
I. OPEN FOUNDATIONS OR SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS:
 Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished
ground surface. Generally where the depth of foundation (Df) is
less than the width of footing (Wf) or less than 5m.
 This is most common type of foundation and can be laid using
open excavation by allowing natural slopes on all sides.
 This type of foundation normally convenient above the water
table.

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 The base of the structure is enlarged or spread to provide individual

support.
 Since the spread foundations are constructed in open excavations,
therefore they are termed as open foundations.  These footings can be either simple or stepped.
 This type of foundation is provided for structure of moderate height
built on sufficiently firm dry ground.  The base course of these footings can be concrete or
entirely of one material simple footings are used for light
The various types of spread footings are: structures.
1. Wall footing
 They have only one projection beyond the width of the
2. Isolated footing
wall.
3. Combined footing
4. Inverted arch footing  The base width of the concrete base course should be equal
5. Continuous footing to twice the width of wall.
6. Cantilever footing  The depth of concrete bed is at least twice the projection of
7. Grillage footing wall
8. Raft or Mat foundation

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WALL FOUNDATION

WALL
WALL

II FOOTING
concrete
I FOOTING

Lean concrete
SIMPLE
FOUNDATION
STEPPED
FOUNDATION

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 These are used to support in divided columns. They can be of

stepped type or have projections in the concrete base.
 In case of heavy loaded columns steel reinforcement is
provided in both directions in concrete with 15cm offsets as
shown in the figure

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 A combined footing supports two or more columns in a row.

 A Combined footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal
constructed with reinforced concrete.
 The location of centre of gravity of column loads and centroid
of the footing should coincide.
 Combined footings are essential whenever
1. The projection of columns are not possible on one side
due to limited available space.
2. When the spacing of two consecutive columns are close
for isolated footing.

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 This type of construction is used on soft soils to reduce the

depth of foundation loads above an opening are transmitted
from supporting walls through inverted arches to the soil.
 In this type the end columns must be stable enough to resist
the outward pressure caused by arch actions.

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 In this type of footing a single continuous R.C slab is produced

as foundation of two or three or more columns in a row.
 This type of footing is suitable at locations liable to earthquake
activities.
 This also prevents differential settlement in the structure.
 In order to have better stability a deeper beam is constructed in
between the columns

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 Strap footing consists of two or more individual

footings connected by a beam called strap or cantilever
footing or pump handle foundation.
 This type of foundation may be used where the
distance between the columns is so great that
combined trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow
with high bending moments strap or cantilever footing.

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 This type of footing is used to transmit heavy loads

from steel columns to foundation soils having low
bearing power.
 This type of foundation avoids deep excavation and
provides necessary area at the base to reduce the
intensity of pressure of the foundation soil is not stiff
and there is a plenty of water with spring, the sides are
protected by sharing

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 Raft foundation is not suitable

 A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire area  For steeply sloping sites where the excavation would be
beneath a structure and supports all the columns. excessive.
 It is used where  To framed buildings with heavy concentrated loads where
raft thickness and reinforcement would be excessive.
 The allowable soil pressure is low
 The structure loads are heavy  Raft may be divided into three groups, based on their design and
construction
 The use of spread footings would cover more than one half
of the area 1. Solid slab system: is a generally solid reinforced concrete
 The soil mass contains compressible lenses with uniform thickness.
 The soil is sufficiently erratic so that the differential 2. Beam slab system: consists of up-stand or down-stand
settlement would be difficult to control usually when the beams that take the loads of the walls or columns and
hard soil is not available within 1.5 to 2.5m. spread them.
 The raft is composed of reinforced. Concrete beam with 3. Cellular system: consists of top and bottom slab separated
relatively thin slab underneath. by and reinforced with vertical cross ribs in both directions.

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• The pile foundation is a construction supported

 These foundations carry loads from a structure on pile.
through weak compressible soil or fills onto the
stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at • A pile is an element of construction composed of
depth. timber, concrete or steel or combination of them
 These foundations are in general used as • Pile foundation may be define as a column
basements, buoyancy rafts, Caissons:, cylinders, support type of foundation which may be cast
shaft and piles. insitu or precast .
TYPES OF DEEP FONDATIONS
• The lode of the structure is transmitted by the
• Pile pile to the hard stratum bellow or it is resisted by
• Pier the friction developed on the side of piles
• Caissons (Well-foundation)
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Pile foundations are used in the following situations:

The load of the super structure is heavy and its
 Classification Based On The Function
distribution is uneven
 Classification Based On The Material And Composition
• The top soil has poor bearing capacity
• The subsoil water level is high Classification Based On The Function:

• There is large fluctuations in subsoil water level  End Bearing Pile

 Friction Pile
• Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the
 Companied End Bearing and Friction Pile
foundation
 Compaction Pile
• The structure is situated on the sea shore or river  Uplift Pile
bed  Batter Pile
 Sheet Pile
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Classification Based On The Material And Composition

 These pile penetrate through the soft soil and
 Cement Concrete Pile their bottoms or tips rest on a hard stratum.
 Pre-cast Concrete Pile  The soft ground through which the piles pass
also gives some lateral support and this
 Cast In Situ Concrete Pile
increases the load carrying capacity of the
 Under Ream Pile Foundation bearing piles. These piles act as columns.
 Pier Foundation
 Steel Pile
 Well Foundation Or Caissons
 Timber Pile

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 When loose soil extends to a great depth, pile are driven up

to such a depth that friction resistance developed at the side
of the piles equal the load coming on the piles.  Transfer the superimposed load both through
 The total friction resistance of piles is obtained by multiplying side friction as well as end bearing pile
frictional resistance of soil with the area of pile in contact
with the soil
 By increasing the diameter of the pile
 By driving the pile to a grater depth
 By making the surface of the pile rough
 By placing the pile closely
 By grouping the pile

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Tension piles, also known as uplift piles or

anchor piles, are a type of pile
 They are used to compact loose granular soils in foundation that is used to resist uplift
order to increase their bearing capacity. forces that might otherwise cause it to
be extracted from the ground. Uplift
 These piles themselves do not carry any load. forces can develop as a result of
hydrostatic pressure, seismic activity or
overturning moments.)

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Batter piles: (Provided at an inclination their stability is Sheet piles.(To reduce seepage or to provide lateral
more against overturning). stability).
Batter piles are commonly used to support offshore
structures, towers, and bridges since this kind of
structures are subjected to overturning moment due to
wind, waves, and ship impact. In order to transfer the
over turning moment to a compression and tension
forces, a combination of vertical and batter piles are used

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CLASSIFICATION W.R.T MATERIAL OF

CONSTRUCTION:

1) Timber piles: (Trunk of a Wooden tree, the

oldest pile)
2) Concrete pile
3) Steel pile
4) Composite pile: (Certain portion by one
material and certain portion by other
material)

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CLASSIFICATION W.R.T MATERIAL

 Timber piles are prepared from trunks of

trees.
 They may be circular or square they are 30 to
50 cm in diameter with a length not
exceeding 20 times its top width
 At the bottom a cast-iron shoe is provided
and at the top a steel plate is fixed.

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TYPE OF STEEL PILE

 H-PILE
 Box pile
 Tube pile

THE ADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE

• These piles can easily withstand the stresses due to driving
• These piles can be easily lengthened by welding and can also be cut off easily
• These piles can resist lateral force in a better way
• The bearing capacity of these piles is comparatively high
• These piles can take up impact stresses and can resist lateral force

THE DISADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE

• The only disadvantage of steel pile is their corrosion 49 50

CLASSIFICATION W.R.T MODE OF CONSTRUCTION:

 These piles are manufactured in factory. they
1. Pre-cast (Driven Piles ) may be tapered or parallel sided.
2. Cast in-situ Piles (Bored Piles)
 They may be square octagonal or round in
shape
• Under sized Bore.(It is feasible because of less noise ,
under sized hole is dug and full size pile is driven, (NABWI  The precast concrete piles are generally used
MOSQUE PILES). for a maximum design load of about 80 tones
• By driving the piles, the soil is displaced so type is
a) High volume displaced piles (vol. almost equal to vol.of  They may be reinforced to withstand handling
pile). stresses
b) No volume displaced piles.
 The concrete in the pile should be controlled
c) Low volume displaced piles. concrete to have the desired strength.

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 In this type a bore is dug into the ground by

inserting a casing. This bore is then filled
with cement concrete after placing
reinforcement
 They may be either cased cast in-situ
concrete pile or uncased cast in-situ concrete
pile depending upon weather the casing is
kept in position or is withdrawn afterwards
 See The Video

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PILE INSTALLATION METHODS

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PILE INSTALLATION METHODS

• The installation process and method of installations are equally important

factors as of the design process of pile foundations. In this section we will
discuss the two main types of pile installation methods;
• installation by pile hammer and
• boring by mechanical auger.
• In order to avoid damages to the piles, during design,
installation Methods and installation equipment should be PILE INSTALLATION METHODS
carefully selected.
• If installation is to be carried out using pile-hammer, then the
following factors should be taken in to consideration:
• the size and the weight of the pile
• the driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve the design Reading Assignment
penetration
• the available space and head room on the site
• the availability of cranes and
• the noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality

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PILE INSTALLATION METHODS

Pile driving methods (displacement piles)
• The installation process and method of installations are equally important
factors as of the design process of pile foundations. In this section we will
discuss the two main types of pile installation methods;
• installation by pile hammer and
• boring by mechanical auger. • Methods of pile driving can be categorized as
• In order to avoid damages to the piles, during design,
installation Methods and installation equipment should be follows:
carefully selected. • Dropping weight
• If installation is to be carried out using pile-hammer, then the
following factors should be taken in to consideration: • Explosion
• the size and the weight of the pile
• the driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve the design • Vibration
penetration
• the available space and head room on the site • Jacking (restricted to micro-pilling)
•
•
the availability of cranes and
the noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality
• Jetting

Drop hammers
• A hammer with approximately the weight of the pile
is raised a suitable height in a guide and released to
strike the pile head. This is a simple form of hammer
used in conjunction with light frames and test piling,
where it may be uneconomical to bring a steam boiler
or compressor on to a site to drive very limited
number of piles.
• There are two main types of drop hammers:
• Single-acting steam or compressed-air hammers
• Double-acting pile hammers

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Pile driving using hammer

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 1. Foundation broadly classified as Shallow and

Deep. What is the difference between the two?
 2. Mention at list three types of shallow foundation
and explain the situation that used for?
 3. What is the deference between Pile and Pire
foundation?
 4. What is the use of wall? And explain the
different types of brick bond.
 5. What is chimney?
 6. Explain the use and the types of Roof and roof
covering.
 7. Explain the type of Stair depending on the
shape.
 8. What is damp proofing?
 9. Define Paint and the type of paint
 10. What is Pointing?
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