DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Experiment 1.2

Student Name: Anmol Singhal UID: 21BCS9104

Branch: CSE Section/Group: 639-A
Semester: 5th Date:
Subject Name: IOT Lab Subject Code: 21CSP-344

Aim:

Identification of different sensors used in IoT applications.

Objective:

To identify different sensors used in IoT applications.

Theory:

Sensors are built to respond to particular sorts of physical circumstances and then provide a
signal that represents the magnitude of the condition being monitored. Light, heat, sound,
distance, pressure, or any more particular scenario, such as the presence or absence of a gas or
liquid, are examples of such situations.

Types of Sensors:

1. Temprature Sensors:

Temperature sensors monitor the temperature of the air or a physical item and convert it to an
electrical signal that may be calibrated to represent the observed temperature precisely. These
sensors might be used to track the temperature of a crucial piece of equipment to detect when it
is overheating or approaching failure.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

2. Pressure Sensors:

Pressure sensors detect air pressure, the pressure of a stored gas or liquid in a sealed system such
as a tank or pressure vessel, or the weight of an item by measuring the pressure or force per unit
area applied to the sensor.

3. Motion Sensors:

Motion sensors or detectors can sense the movement of a physical item by employing any one of
numerous technologies, including passive infrared (PIR), microwave detection, or ultrasonic,
which utilizes sound to detect things. These sensors may be utilized in security and intrusion
detection systems, as well as to automate the control of doors, sinks, air conditioning, and heating
systems, and other systems.

4. Level Sensors:

The level of a liquid relative to a normal value is converted into a signal using level sensors.
Gasoline gauges, for example, show the level of fuel in a vehicle’s tank and offer a continuous
level reading. There are also point-level sensors, which are a digital or go-no-go depiction of
the liquid level.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

5. Image Sensors:

Image sensors collect pictures that are then digitally stored and processed. License plate
readers, as well as facial recognition systems, are examples. Image sensors in automated
production lines may identify quality concerns such as how effectively a surface is coated after
leaving the spray booth.

6. Proximity Sensors:

Proximity sensors use a range of technological designs to detect the presence or absence of
items approaching the sensor. These strategies include:
Inductive technology that can be used to detect metal items
Capacitive technologies are those that work with things that have a different
dielectric constant than air.
Photoelectric technologies, which use a beam of light to illuminate and reflect back
from an item, or photovoltaic technologies, which use a beam of light to illuminate
and reflect back from an object.
Ultrasonic technologies detect an item approaching the sensor by sending out a
sound signal
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

7. Chemical Sensors:

Chemical sensors are designed to detect the presence of certain chemical compounds which may have
mistakenly escaped from their containers into places that are occupied by workers and are important in
managing industrial process conditions.

8. Gas Sesnors:

Gas sensors, like chemical sensors, are calibrated to detect the presence of
combustible, poisonous, or flammable gas in the sensor’s surroundings.
The following are some examples of particular gases that can be detected:
Acetone (e.g. Paints And Glues)
Toluene (e.g. Furniture)
Ethanol (e.g. Perfume, Cleaning Fluids)
Hydrogen Sulfide (e.g. Decaying Food)
Benzene (e.g. Cigarette Smoke)

9. Smoke Sensors:

Smoke sensors or detectors use optical sensors or ionization detection to detect the presence of
smoke conditions that might be a sign of a fire.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

10. Infrared Sensors:

Objects generate infrared radiation, which is detected by infrared sensor technology. These sorts of
sensors are used in non-contact thermometers to measure the temperature of an item without
having to place a probe or sensor on it directly. They’re useful for assessing electronics’ heat
signatures and monitoring blood flow or blood pressure in patients.

11. Motion Sensors:

While motion sensors detect movement, acceleration sensors, commonly known as

accelerometers, measure the rate at which an object’s velocity changes. A free-fall state, a quick
vibration creating a movement with speed variations, or rotating motion might all cause this shift.
Acceleration sensors use a variety of technologies, one of which is:
Hall-Effect Sensors – rely on magnetic field variations to detect changes.
Capacitive Sensors – which depend on monitoring changes in voltage from two
surfaces.
Piezoelectric Sensors – create a voltage that varies in response to pressure due to sensor
distortion.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

12. Gyro Sensor:

Using a 3-axis system, gyroscopes or gyroscopic sensors are used to monitor the rotation of an
object and estimate the rate of its movement, known as angular velocity. These sensors allow the
orientation of an item to be determined without having to see it.

13. Humidity Sensor:

Humidity sensors can detect the relative humidity of air or other gases, which is a measure of how
much water vapor is present. Controlling environmental conditions is crucial in the manufacturing
of materials, and humidity sensors allow for measurements and adjustments to be made to
minimize rising or falling levels. To maintain desired comfort levels, HVAC systems are a typical
application.

14. Optical Sensor:

Optical sensors respond to light that is reflected off of an object and generate a corresponding electrical
signal for use in detecting or measuring a condition. These sensors work by either sensing the
interruption of a beam of light or its reflection caused by the presence of the object. The types of optical
sensors include:
Through-Beam Sensors – which detect objects by the interruption of a light beam as the
object crosses the path between a transmitter and remote receiver.
Retro-Reflective Sensors – which combine transmitter and receiver into a single unit and
use a separate reflective surface to bounce the light back to the device.
Diffuse Reflection Sensors – which operate similarly to retro-reflective sensors except
that the object being detected serves as the reflective surface.