Diffun Campus: "Molding Minds, Shaping Future"

Module 1 Introduction to Globalization
Competencies QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

1. Describe the contemporary world.
2. Craft one’s own working definition of globalization based on the
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 different
Quirino meanings of globalization
3. Differentiate the meaning of globalization, globality and globalism
COLLEGEfrom OF TEACHER
one anotherEDUCATION
4. Be familiarized with the dimensions and characteristics of
globalization
Discussion Giddens (1990) points out that globalization is the intensification of
worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that
local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles and away. In
a conference in 2000, Giddens explained, “globalization is not a single set
of processes and does not lead into a single direction. It produces
solidarities in some places and destroys them in others. It has quite
different consequences on one side of the world from the other. In other
words, it is a wholly contradictory process. It is not just about
fragmentation. I see it more as a shake-out of institutions in which new
forms of unity go along with new forms of unity go along with new forms of
fragmentation.”
Wallerstein (1998) believes that globalization is a reflection of the triumph

of a capitalist world economy bonded by a global division of labour.
Khor (1995) in discussing the world politics expressed that globalization

has long been experienced by the Third World called colonization.
Mcgrew (1990) globalization is composed of multiple sameness

and interconnectedness that go beyond nation states where individuals and
organizations in one part of the world is affected by the activities, affairs,
and convictions on another part of the globe.
Holm and George (1998) described globalization as the intensification of

economic, social and cultural relations across borders. Similarly, it is the
processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single
world society, global society (Albrow, 1990).
Simply, Kanter (1995) said that it is a condition where the world is

becoming a global shopping mall in which ideas and products are
available everywhere at the same time.
One of the most popular definitions of globalization is provided by Steger

(2009) which defined globalization as a set of social processes that
appear to transform our present social condition of weakening
nationality into one globality. It is about the unprecedented compression of
time and space as a result of political, economic and cultural
change, as well as powerful technological innovations.
Manfred further differentiated globalization, globality and globalism. While

globalization is a process, globality signifies a future social condition
characterized by thick economic, political and cultural interconnections
and global flows that make currently existing political borders and
economic barriers irrelevant. On the other hand, globalism means
globalization as an ideology reflecting shared ideas, norms, values
accepted as truth. He adds that there are three kinds of globalism namely:
Market globalism advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-

market world. This ideology is held by many powerful individuals,
who claim it transmits democracy and benefits everyone. However,
it also reinforces inequality, and can be politically motivated.
Justice globalism envisages a global civil society with fairer

relationships and environmental safeguards. They disagree with
market globalists who view neoliberalism as the only way.
VISION Religious globalism strives for a global religious MISSIONcommunity with

superiority
The leading center for academic and technological over secular
excellence structure
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Enrichment
Province and SouthernDirection: We discussed the differentProvince
Cagayan Valley. definitions of globalization.
and Southern Cagayan Valley. In this
Activities activity, you are to see the actual application of globalization on the
different aspects of life such as politics, music, sports, film, etc. Place your
“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”
output on any clean sheet of paper (maybe handwritten or encoded) using
the format below: Page | 1
QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Module 2 The Global Economy

Competencies 1. Define economic globalization
2. Reflect on the various theories and perspectives explaining the
practice of international trade
3. Collect information about a foreign product being sold in the
Philippines
Discussion Economic Globalization
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) regards “economic globalization’ as
a historical process representing the result of human innovation
and technological progress. It is characterized by the increasing
integration of economies around the world through the movement of goods,
services, and capital across borders. These changes are the products
of people, organizations, institutions, and technologies. As with all other
processes of globalization, there is a qualitative and subjective element to
this definition
According to the United Nations (as cited by Shangquan, 2000), economic

globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as
a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of
technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual
integration of market frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the
economic development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium.
International Trade
The conclusion of World War ll signaled the beginning of trade
facilitation around the globe. Economies set rules and guidelines for
international trade which led to the formation of General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These trade rules were developed
through series of rounds or meetings of member ‘economies
International Trade (IT) is the process and system when goods,

commodities, services cross national economy, and boundaries in
exchange for money or goods of another country
(Balaam and Veseth, 2008). Global trade has grown dramatically since the
post-cold war era as a result of increasing demand of goods and services of
countries. This global norm is a reflection of growing practice of
internationalizing and globalizing local products and services.
Trade Theories
There are two types of trade theories explaining international trade.
1. Descriptive Theory. It deals with the natural order and movement
of trade. It describes the pattern of trade under the idea of
laissez faire, a French term which means "leave alone". It refers
to the notion that individuals are the best economic agents to solve
the problems through invisible hand rather than the government
‘policies. Descriptive theory addresses the questions of which
product to trade, how much product to offer and produce, and
which country to trade in the absence of government restrictions.
2. Prescriptive Theory. This prescribes whether government, an
important economic institution, should interfere and restrict
with the movement of goods and services. This theory views
government to have participation in deciding which countries
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The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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to alter the amount, composition and direction of goods. The

pressing question describing descriptive theory is“Should the
government control trade?”
THREE PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Economic Liberals
David Ricardo and Adam Smith were known critics of late-eighteenth
century on the abuses of mercantilism in England. Their liberal ideas and
contribution in understanding global trade are still relevant until today.
For Ricardo, his influential work Law of Comparative Advantage explains
that free trade efficiency is attainable if two countries can produce
more goods and trade products separately. The advantage of this
theory in international trade is deriving from the principle of
specialization and division of labor (Nau, 2009). Countries have different
resources and talents; they are better in performing in that economic
activity than other economic activities
Mercantilism
An economic theory emerged from about 1500-1800. This period was
the emerging eras of nations-states and the formation of more central
governments. This system flourished due to the following reasons:
1. Higher export than import.
2. Export less high valued product and import less high valued
product
3. The benefits of colonial powers.
Structuralists
The earliest wave of mercantilism was described as classical imperialism.
The drive of European countries to explore and colonize
underdeveloped countries originated from the aggressive mercantilist
behavior of European economies. This idea was extended to the practice of
modern capitalist-imperialist approach by countries and economies
that have the immense resource through the use of hard power over
developing and less developed countries.
Enrichment ESSAY TYPE. Answer the question with the best that you can. Write in ½
Activities sheet of paper
1. Choose a specific foreign product/brand that is being sold in the
Philippines.
2. List down the main ingredients or raw materials in manufacturing the
chosen product. Identify the corresponding country from which each
ingredient or raw material came from.
3. Identify the countries involved in the manufacturing of the chosen
product. Indicate the corresponding service the country does for the
product (e.g., Costa Rica planting of coffee beans).
4. Aside from the Philippines, list other countries where the product is
being sold. Cite the kinds of technology that made the creation of the
product possible. Consider communications and transportation
References Balaam, D and Vesseth, M. (2008), Introduction to International Political
Economy, 4thed. PearsonPrentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.
De Ocampo, F., Ramos, B., Llomora, R.,Macaraeg, A., David, M.A. (2018),
Introduction to ContemporaryWorld. St. Andrew Publishing House.
Claudio, L., Abinales, P. (2018), The Contemporary World. C & E
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Publishing, Inc.,
Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic Globalization:Trends, risks and risk
prevention.CPD background paper no.1. United Nations Development
Policy and Analysis Division.
Nau, H. (2009). Perspectives on International Relations: Power,
Institutions, and Ideas. 2ndedition.Washington DC: CQ Press Sage
Publishing. 2009
Module 3 Market Integration

Competencies 1. Discuss the role of International Financial Institutions;
2. Relate the importance of International Financial Institutions to the
creation of a global economy;
3. Write an essay on how International Financial Institutions influence
global economic activity
Discussion International Financial Institutions
An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution
that has been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and
hence are subjects of international law. Its owners or shareholders are
generally national governments, although other international institutions
and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders.
The Bretton Woods System

The major economies in the world had suffered because of World
War I, the Great Depression in the 1930, and World War II.
Because of the fear of the recurrence of lack of cooperati0n among
nation-states, political instability, and economic turmoil (especially after
the Second World War), reduction of barriers to trade and free flow of
money among nations became the focus to restructure the world
economy and ensure global financial stability (Ritzer, 2015). These
consist the background for the establishment of the Bretton Woods
system.
In general, the Bretton Woods system has five key elements. First
element is the expression of currency in terms of gold or gold value to
establish a par value (Boughton, 2007). Another element is that “the
official monetary authority in each country (a central bank or its
equivalent) would agree to exchange its own currency for those of
other countries at the established exchange rates, plus or minus a one-
percent margin" (Boughton, 2007, pp. 106-107).
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World
Trade Organization (WTO)
According to Feet (2003), global trade and finance was greatly
affected by the Bretton Woods system. One of the systems born out of
Bretton Woods was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
that was established in 1947 [Goldstein et al., 2007). GATT was a forum
for the meeting of representatives from 23 member countries. It focused on
trade goods through multinational trade agreements conducted in many
rounds of negotiation. However, “it was out of the Uruguay Round
(1986-1993) that an agreement was reached to create the World
Trade Organization (WTO)” (Ritzer, 2015).
The WTO headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland with 152 member

states as of 2008 (Trachtman, 2007). Unlike GATT, WTO is an
independent multilateral organization that became responsible for trade in
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services, non-tarriff-related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of

trade liberalization, an example cited by Ritzer (2015) was that of
the “differences between nations in relation to regulations on items as
manufactured goods or food. A given nation can be taken to task for such
regulations if they are deemed to be an unfair restraint on the trade in
such items”
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

IMF and the World Bank were founded after the World War II. Their
establishment was mainly because of peace advocacy after the war. These
institutions aimed to help the economic stability of the world. Both of
them are basically banks, but instead of being started by individuals like
regular banks, they were started by countries. Most of the world’s
countries were members of the two institutions. But, of course, the richest
countries were those who handled most of the financing and ultimately,
those who had the greatest influence. IMF and the World Bank
were designed to complement each other. The IMF’s main goal was to help
countries which were in trouble at that time and who could not obtain
money by any means. Perhaps, their economy collapsed or their
currency was threatened. IMF, in this case, served as a lender or a last
resort
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the

European Union (EU)The most encompassing club of the richest countries
in the world is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) with 35 member states as of 2016, with Latvia as its
latest member. It is highly influential, despite the group having little
formal power. This emanates from the member countries’ resources and
economic power.
In 1960, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(OPEC) was originally comprised of Saudi Arabia, lraq, Kuwait, Iran,
and Venezuela. They are still part of the major exporters of oil in
the world today. OPEC was formed because member countries
wanted to increase the price of oil, which in the past had a relatively low
price and had failed in keeping up with inflation. Today, the United Arab
Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Qatar, Nigeria, and Indonesia are also included as
members.
The European Union (EU) is made up of 28 member states. Most

members in the Eurozone adopted the euro as basic currency but some
Western European nations like the Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark
did not. Critics argue that the euro increased the prices in
Eurozones and resulted in depressed economic growth rates, like in
Greece, Spain, and Portugal. The policies of the European Central Bank
are considered to be a significant contributor in these situations
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a trade pact
between the United States, Mexico, and Canada created on January 1,
1994 when Mexico joined the two other nations. It was first created in
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1989 with only Canada and the United States as trading partners. NAFTA
helps in developing and expanding world trade by broadening international
cooperation. It also aims to increase Cooperation for improving
working conditions in North America by reducing barriers to trade as it
expands the markets of the three countries.
Enrichment Go for a virtual Tour!
Activities Go to the web and accomplish these tasks:
a. Choose an international economic organization (Asian

Development Bank, European Investment Bank, etc.) or an
international company (Honda, McDonalds, Kimberly Clark, etc.);
b. Research the origin and history of the institution you have chosen;
c. Identify the major country-leaders of this institution, and
d. Then write an essay on how International Financial Institutions

influence global economic activity. Mention the Philippines’role in
the interconnected global economic activities
References Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store, Inc.
Boughton, J. (2007) Bretton Woods System. In Scholte, J.A & Robertson,
R. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Globalization.New York: MTM Publishing
Publishing, Inc.,Goldstein, J.L., Rivers, D.& Tomz, M. (2007). Institutions
in international relations: Understanding the effects of the GATT andthe
WTO. International Organization.
Ritzer, G. (2015). Globalization: The essentials. MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Trachtman, J.P (2007). Encyclopedia of globalization.New York: MTM
Publishing
Module 4 The Global Interstate System

Competencie 1. Explain the effects of globalization on governments;
s 2. Identify the institutions that govern international relations;
3. Write a position paper on the Philippines’ territorial and economic
relations with China.
Discussion The Interstate System
The origins of the present-day concept of Sovereignty can be traced back
to the Treaty of Westphalia, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648
to end the thirty years’ war between the major continental powers of
Europe. The Westphalian system provided stability for the nations of
Europe, until it faced its major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte.
The latter believedin spreading the principles of the French
Revolution-liberty, equality and fraternity to the rest of Europe.
Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the
eventual collapse of the Concert of Europe after World War I, present-day
international system has traces of this history
Effects of Globalization to Governments

One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the government. It is a
group of people who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a
state. Each state has its own right to self-determination and that
other country should not intervene in the affairs of that state unless there
are extraordinary reasons to do so. Globalization has, in a way reshaped
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the role and functions of nation-states as governing bodies in their

particular territories
First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation-states.

Either they conform to the neo-liberal ideas and free-market
principles of deregulation, privatization, and free trade or run the risk of
being left behind in terms of development. Of course, nation-states, in this
contemporary age, are forced to submit themselves to the demands of
globally accepted free-market principles.
Second is the establishment of economic and political integrations. One

good example is the European Union (EU) and the North America Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). EU has a single currency and monetary
system, parliament with legislative powers, with common citizens’ rights
to live, work, vote and run for office. The statehood of the members is not
dissolved, what has changed is only how the nation-states function, in
terms of economy and politics, as part of a whole.
The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international

laws and principles. This is observable in the establishment of the UN
that operates as a forum for nation-states to air their differences and try to
resolve them.
The fourth effect is the rise of transnational activism(TNA). Such

happens when activist groups of nation-states connect with their
counterparts in other states. For example, an advocacy-based
organization in the Philippines may connect itself with and get support
from other human rights groups in Europe to pressure the Philippine
government to realign its stance and actions in upholding human rights.
Institutions that Govern International Relations

There are several international organizations that governments of
countries around the world and individuals participate in. In order to
facilitate connections among nation-states, intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs) were established. Their aim is to foster strong
economic, political, cultural, educational, and technical intergovernmental
relationships. There are also nongovernmental organizations promoting
social and economic growth. Let us look at them one by one
Peace Treaties and Military Alliances:

The UN and NATO Global politics entails relationship of countries
and different governments and non-governmental organizations,
The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political organizations
in the world where nation-states meet and deliberate. However, it remains
as an independent actor in global politics. Generally, it functions in
four areas: military issues, economic issues, environmental issues, and
human protection. It is made up of close to 200 countries from around the
world, 193 member states to be exact. (United Nations, 2011)
Global Economic Associations: The WTO and NAFTA

The next group is an economic association-WTO which was created
with the goal of increasing free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and
sell goods from one another without placing takes on imports or tariffs.
In addition, tariffs are used to protect businesses and companies
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inside their country. Another famous economic organization is NAFTA.

This is an economic treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico
in which the three countries trade freely without taxing each other.
NAFTA is not without critics either. Some American autoworkers
protested against NAFTA as several car companies moved their
factories to Mexico in search for cheaper labor. NAFTA, like WTO,
represents the challenge in America of keeping manufacturing factories
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Established in 1967, now has 10 member states. Its aims are to accelerate
economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the
region; promote regional progression; advance peace and sustainability;
promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual assistance on
matters of common interest in the economic, technical, cultural,
administrative and scientific fields
European Union (EU)

An IGO with 28-state members was established in 1993. Its goals are to
promote peace, its values, and well-being of its citizens; offer freedom,
security and justice without internal borders; uphold sustainable
development; combat social exclusion and discrimination; promote
scientific and technological progress; enhance economic; social and
territorial cohesion among member countries; respect cultural and linguistic
diversity; and establish an economic and monetary union.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Another example of an international organization that was developed out
of war is the Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries). NGOs are not
tied to any country. This allows them to operate freely throughout the
world. They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and medical
supplies for those whose homes or towns have been destroyed by disaster
or war. They also monitor the treatment of prisoner of wars and go to
conflicts to make sure that no war crimes are taking place. In fact, the Red
Cross began as an organization to help those who were wounded during
wars
Enrichment Identification. Identify the different state that belongs to the different
Activity Global Organizations:
1. UN
2. ASEAN
3. EU
References Aldama, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store, Inc.
Brazalote, T., Leonardo, R. (2018) The Contemporary World.C & E
Publishing, Inc., ©2019
Publishing, Inc. Goldstein, J.L., RiversUnited Nations. (2011). Basic
facts about the United Nations. New York, USA:
United Nations Department of Public Information. Retrieved
fromhttp://munkiconference.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/4/2/15422056/b
asic-facts-about-the-un.pdfon May 13, 2020
Module 5 Contemporary Global Governance

Competencie 1.Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations (UN);
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s 2. Describe the challenges of global governance in the 21stcentury;

3. Explain the relevance of the nation-state in the midst of globalization; and
4. Create a poster that depicts the participation of the Philippines in the
global community
Discussion The six organs of the United Nations (UN)
1. General Assembly is the central deliberative and the only organ where
all member-states have equal representation in discussion and
consideration, and policymaking
2. Security Council is the organ which has the commitment to preserve
peace and security.
3. Economic and Social Council is the main organ for cooperation, policy
reviews, policy dialogue, and advice on social, economic and
environmental issues.
4. Trusteeship Council is the organ tasked to administer international
oversight for 11 trust territories and to make sure that adequate
procedures are taken for independence and self-government.
5. International Court of Justice is UN’s prime judicial organ
6. Secretariat is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as
assigned by the other organs.
Aside from maintaining international peace and security and protecting

human rights, UN also carries the functions of delivering humanitarian aid,
promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. The
organization utilizes good offices, diplomacy, and mediation. It does
peacekeeping processes in countries with domestic conflicts and peace-
building tasks in countries freed from conflict, lessening the risk of reversing
into conflict and setting the ground work for sustainable peace and
development.
In order to protect human rights, UN scrutinizes situations and issues
reported to them and oversee the exercise of international human rights
agreements. In delivering humanitarian aid, UN is responsible for
coordinating responses to emergencies and supports rapid humanitarian
response for people affected by natural disasters and armed conflict.
The Millennium Development Goals was set to promote sustainable

development. In 2015, this was changed into the Sustainable
Development Goals(SDGs). These goals are the blueprint to achieve a
better and more sustainable future for all. This collection of 17 global goals
covers social and economic issues including poverty, hunger, health,
education, global warming, gender equality, water sanitation, energy
urbanization, environment and social justice
Weiss and Thakur (2014), in their article titles, The United Nations
Meets the Twenty-first Century: Confronting the Challenges of Global
Governance, identify challenges confronting UN based on knowledge, norms,
policy, institutions and compliance:
1. In terms of knowledge, UN is underappreciated regarding how its

convening capacity and mobilizing power are utilized to help funnel and
consolidate knowledge from outside and ensure its discussion and
dissemination among governments.
2. The contrasting moral structures of social behavior in different member-
states complicate the formulation of a normative standard that can be
applicable to all.
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3. In formulating propositions, problems occur when only the member-

states are heard. UN belittles the helping hand of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and the global public opinion. Sometimes,
recommendations are not executed.
4. Institutions can also be places where ideas are cornered and left
behind. The modality and processes for enforcing compliance with
international norms and laws are not present. In fact, some UN staff
members violate, cheat, and challenge them
Despite the establishment of global norms and international laws that

nation-states should follow, the nation-states are still relevant for there
will be no intergovernmental organization without them. Also,
international and multinational agreements are designed by the states
and propelled by the initiatives that they undertake. To conclude,
contemporary global governance defines political scope of globalization.
Cooperation among nation-states is the only way to reform and advance the
roles and functions of interstate relationships despite real challenges being
faced by United Nations
Enrichment Identification. Read each statement carefully. Identify what is being asked.
Activities Write your answer in your answer sheet.
_______1. This organ of the United Nations has the commitment to preserve
peace and security.
_______2. Is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by
the other organs.
_______3. It is the UN’s prime judicial organ
_______4. This is the central deliberative and the only organ where all
member-states have equal representation in discussion and consideration,
and policymaking
_______5. It is the organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11
trust territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for
independence and self-government.
References Brazalote, T., Leonardo, R.(2018) The Contemporary WorldOutcome
Based Module. C & E Publishing, Inc.,2019
Weiss, T., Thakur, R. (2014) The United Nations Meets the Twenty-First
Century: Confronting the Challenges of Global Governance.The SAGE
Handbook of Globalization
Module 6 The Global Divides: The North and the south

Competencie 1. Examine the term Global North and Global South
s 2. Identify examples of countries which are categorized as Global
North and Global South
3. Distinguish the characteristics of the Global North and Global
South
4. React to the world order as divided into South and North
Discussion Prior to the division of world as Global North and Global South, it was
divided into three world country (Gorman, 2003):
1. The “First World” are countries which are aligned with the
United States adhering to capitalism as their economic and political
system.
2. The “Second World” are countries aligned with the now-defunct
Soviet Union adhering to the principles of communism
3. The “Third World” of non-aligned (and generally poor) nations.
People use the term “third world” to refer to poor nations in general,
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but many people are not certain of its origin
With the end of the cold war, the term second world was not used
anymore.
Cold War is the term used to describe the rivalry between the United
States and theSoviet Union and their respective allies after World War II.
The Cold war centered on major political and economic propaganda and
not necessarily on recourse to weapons. It was George Owell, an English
writer who first used this term in 1945 to refer to what he predicted would
be a nuclear stalemate between “two or three monstrous super-states,
each possessed of a weapon by which millions of people can be
wiped out in a few seconds.” (Britannica Encyclopedia)
The Global North are developed European, North American,

Australian societies. It also includes South Africa and Israel (Odeh, 2010).
Among the characteristics of countries belonging to the global north are:
1. established democracy
2. wealth
3. technological advancement
4. political stability
5. Aging population
6. zero population growth
7. dominance of world trade and politics
On the contrary, the global South are societies with agrarian

economies like Africa, India, China, Latin America and others which do
not have stable economy and politics compared to the global North. These
countries experience turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny
(Odeh, 2010).
The Global north is most often associated with first world countries
where powerful countries like the Group of Eight (G8) –Germany,
Canada, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia, Japan and the United
States of America is located. On the other hand, third world countries
are now termed as the Global South.
The Brandt line as shown below was proposed by Willy Brandt in
1980. It is an imaginary line dividing the world into two regions based on
their GDP per capita.
The map shows that generally rich countries are found in the northern
hemisphere and poor countries are in the southern hemisphere with the
exception of Australia and New Zealand. Nevertheless, this global
partition has become blurry and less useful since the economies of
many countries have changed overtime
Enrichment Enumeration.
activities 1. List 10 countries which belong to the Global North and Global
South
2. Make a Collage showing the differences between rich and poor
countries.
References Cold War: International Politics
Gorman,Tom (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics. USA:Alpha
Books
Odeh, L.E. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Global North and Global
South Economies.
Royal Geographical Society. A 60 Second Guide to the Global North/South
Divide
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Module 7 Understanding the Global Stratification

Competencies 1. Differentiate the meaning of global stratification and global
inequality
2. Analyze the main arguments of the theories of global stratification.
3. Apply the theories of global stratification to the Philippine situation
4. Take a stand on the causes of social inequality in the Philippines
Discussion Countries around the world are hierarchically arranged based on their
resources, status and power. These arrangement of nations on a
global scale is called Global Stratification. Conversely, global inequality
is the unequal distribution of resources, status and power. It is the
result of stratification. There are several viewpoints why global
stratification exists. Among the theories explaining global stratification are
(1) Modernization Theory, (2) Dependency Theory and (3) World System
Theory.
Modernization theory
The development of wealthy nations is attributed to the “correct” beliefs,
values, and practices of its people. These cultural traits include a
willingness to work hard, to abandon tradition in favor of new ways of
thinking and doing things, and to adopt a future orientation rather than
one focused on maintaining present conditions (Barkens, 2011). Such
thought has been introduced by McClelland (1961) who believed
that the value attached to and the motivation for achievement are
important in understanding why societies have achieved development.
For him child rearing practices and early socialization of individuals
have impact on the cultural traits of a society. Barkens (2011) further
explained that the theory has similarities with the culture of poverty
theory which states that countries have remained poor because they have
failed to develop attitudes, values beliefs which are essential to
economic success since the beginning of industrialization in the
19thcentury to present times.
Dependency Theory
Dependency theory explains underdevelopment of poor nations in relation
to their dependency on rich countries. Prebish(as cited by Ferrero,
2008) is an Argentine economist who observed that economic growth in
the developed countries did not result ingrowth in the poorer country but
led to serious economic problems of poor nations.The conditions of poor
nations are attributed to the colonization of developed and rich
countries which exploited the resources of these countries and used
them for cheap labor. These “colonizers” after exploiting the resources
will sell their products to their “colonized” countries. Further, rich and
powerful countries compel their colonized nations to borrow enormous
debt from them which are still being paid up to present times. The
exploitation of wealthy nations hindered poor countries to develop on their
own
World System Theory

From the point of view of the world system theory, countries are divided
into either core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries based on their
position and relationship in
the global economy. The core countries like the United States, Japan,
Australia, Germany characterized by high level of industrialization
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DIFFUN CAMPUS
and capitalism. On the other hand, semiperipheral countries are less

developed compared to the core countries. Taiwan, South Korea,
India, some countries in South America are examples. Haiti, Cape
Verde and Honduras are countries with very little industrialization.
They are examples of peripheral nationswhich are dependent on core
countries for capital.
Enrichment Fill in the Blank.

Activities Complete the following statement:
1.The United States is rich because___________________________
2.Japan is a developed country because________________________
3.The Philippines is poor because_____________________________
4.Hunger exists in Somalia, Africa because______________________
5.Australia is a wealthy country because________________________
6.Singapore is more developed than Thailand because_____________
7.Many Filipinos wants to migrate in Canada because______________
8.Luxembourg is the richest country in Europe because______________
9.Bangladesh is challenged by poverty because___________________
10.Haiti has a very low GDP because ____________________________
Reflection
Watch the video, “Would you eat recycled landfill meat?” -BBC News:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7gDBVmgIRA&t=72s to have a
glimpse on the situation of poverty in the Philippines. Make ashort
reaction/reflection paper about the video clip and discuss your thoughts
on how can the country mitigate poverty
References Barkan, Steven E., "Sociology, Understanding and Changing the Social
World" (2011).Faculty and Staff Monograph Publications
Ferraro, Vincent, "Dependency Theory: An Introduction," in The
Development Economics Reader, ed. Giorgio Secondi (London: Routledge,
2008), pp. 58-64
McClelland, David C. (1961). The Achieving Society. University of
California: Van Nostrond
Module 8 Asian Regionalism
Competencie 1. differentiate between regionalization and globalization:
s 2. identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian
regions; and
3. analyze how different Asian states confront the
challenges of globalization, regionalization, and COVID-19
Discussion Direction: Find the key ideas and details in the following excerpts
Governments, associations, societies, and groups form regional

organizations and/or networks as a way of coping with the challenges of
globalization. Globalization has made people aware of the world in
general, but it has also made Filipinos more cognizant of specific areas
such as Southeast Asia. How, for instance, did the Philippines come to
identify itself with the Southeast Asian region? Why is it part of a regional
grouping known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
While regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon,

the term actually encompasses a broader area. It can be examined
in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and
health. Regionalism is also a process, and must be treated as an
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DIFFUN CAMPUS
“emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.” It means that regions are

not natural or given; rather, they are constructed and defined by
policymakers, economic actors, and even social movements
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner state that economic and

political definitions of regions vary, but there are certain basic features
that everyone can agree on. First, regions are “a group of countries
located in the same geographically specified area” or are “an
amalgamation of two regions [or] a combination of more than two regions”
organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.” Second,
the words regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged,
as the former refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows”
while the latter is “a political process characterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among countries.”
Countries form regional associations for several reasons. One is for

military defense. Countries also form regional organizations to pool
their resources, get better returns for their exports, as well expand
their leverage against trading partners. Moreover, there are countries that
form regional blocks to protect their independence from the
pressures of superpower politics. Finally, economic crisis compels
countries to come together.
Official regional associations now cover vast swaths of the world. The
population of the countries that joined the Asia Pacific Economic Council
(APEC) alone comprised 37 percent of the world’s population in 2007.
These countries are also part of the “smaller” organizations that include
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Caribbean
and Pacific Group of States, and the Union of South American Nations.
Even “isolationist” North Korea is part of the Regional Forum, which
discusses security issues in the region. (Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio
N. Abinales)
Globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to

integration. Their difference lies on the scope. Globalization is
worldwide while regionalization focuses on a specific geographical
region. As a response to world homogenization and division, regionalism
that comes in various forms of regional alternatives to globalization
spawned within and among regions in Asia. Asian integration did
not happen based on one historical event for there were different
factors that led to this alliance.
Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental

communities. New to cooperation and collaboration goals, it has the 50-
year-old ASEAN group and the failed East Asia Economic Group (EAEG).
The ASEAN community is comprised of three pillars –political security
community, economic community, and socio-cultural community.
ASEAN has also partnered with three EAST Asian countries –China,
Japan, and South Korea. It is called the ASEAN + 3. Its goal is to address
the 1997 Asian financial crisis and help each other cope with the crisis.
In this context, ASEAN has concretized regionalism in the Asian region
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DIFFUN CAMPUS
There are some aspects that led to a greater Asian integration. First,
integration has been market-driven. Within Asia, there are a variety
of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations, and
infrastructures that are put in place for countries to engage in exchange.
Second, formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB)
were established. Conceived in the 1960a, ADB promotes social and
economic development in Asia. Third, economic grants and overseas
development assistance are made available by better Asian economies.
For example, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
aims to work on human security and quality growth. Fourth,
production networks have expanded. Economies are mainly on
comparative advantage through the regional division of labor. Fifth,
cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the
ASEAN + 3 Financial Ministers’ Process that established two
economic structures –the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond
Markets Initiative. The process aims to strengthen policy dialogue,
coordination, and collaboration on common financial, monetary, and
fiscal issues. (Tumoroh C. Brazalote, Ryan M. Leonardo, and Bernardino
C. Ofalia)
Enrichment Essay. Answer the question with the best that you can
Activities
1. Identify the strengths of the Philippines that may contribute
to a sustainable ASEAN integration in meeting the COVID-19
challenge.
2. Differentiate regionalization from globalization.
References Tumoroh C. Brazalote, Ryan M. Leonardo, and Bernardino C. Ofalia.
2019. The Contemporary World Outcome-Based Module.
Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. 2018. The Contemporary
World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City Philippines.

Diffun Campus
Andres Bonifacio, Diffun, Quirino
Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education
Module in
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DIFFUN CAMPUS
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

GE 3
AY 2023-2024
Prepared by:
Anabelle B. Cabbab
VISION MISSION

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Module 1 Introduction to Globalization

Competencies QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

Wallerstein (1998) believes that globalization is a reflection of the triumph

Khor (1995) in discussing the world politics expressed that globalization

Mcgrew (1990) globalization is composed of multiple sameness

Holm and George (1998) described globalization as the intensification of

Simply, Kanter (1995) said that it is a condition where the world is

One of the most popular definitions of globalization is provided by Steger

Manfred further differentiated globalization, globality and globalism. While

Market globalism advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-

Justice globalism envisages a global civil society with fairer

VISION Religious globalism strives for a global religious MISSIONcommunity with

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Module 2 The Global Economy

According to the United Nations (as cited by Shangquan, 2000), economic

International Trade (IT) is the process and system when goods,

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

to alter the amount, composition and direction of goods. The

THREE PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Module 3 Market Integration

The Bretton Woods System

The WTO headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland with 152 member

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

services, non-tarriff-related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the

In 1960, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

The European Union (EU) is made up of 28 member states. Most

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

a. Choose an international economic organization (Asian

c. Identify the major country-leaders of this institution, and

d. Then write an essay on how International Financial Institutions

Module 4 The Global Interstate System

Effects of Globalization to Governments

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

the role and functions of nation-states as governing bodies in their

First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation-states.

Second is the establishment of economic and political integrations. One

The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international

The fourth effect is the rise of transnational activism(TNA). Such

Institutions that Govern International Relations

Peace Treaties and Military Alliances:

Global Economic Associations: The WTO and NAFTA

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

inside their country. Another famous economic organization is NAFTA.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

European Union (EU)

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Module 5 Contemporary Global Governance

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”