Effect of rω and ζ on the Deformation response factor, Rd

𝑢
𝑢
𝑅 =

𝑅 ≈ 𝑘/𝑚𝜔
Rd ≈ 1
Rd =1/(2ζ) 1 2 3
Frequency ratio = ω/ω
 Effect of rω and ζ on the Phase angle

φ=166.5o ζ= 0.1

Above graph shows that Phase lag increases by increasing damping

. .

Thus steady state deformation lag corresponding dynamic force by 0.463/T seconds,
where T= Forcing period
 Resonant Frequencies
A resonant frequency is defined as the forcing frequency at which the largest response
amplitude occurs.
Figure on next slide shows that the peaks in the frequency-response curves for
displacement, velocity, and acceleration occur at slightly different frequencies.
These resonant frequencies can be determined by setting to zero the first derivative of Rd ,
1
Rv, and Ra with respect to rω ; for 𝜁 < 2 they are:

For an undamped system the three resonant frequencies are identical and equal to the
natural frequency ωn of the system
33
 Rd

Rv

Ra

Rd ,Rv and Ra for a damped system excited by harmonic force. 34

 Effect of rω on the Deformation response factor, Rd
Watch the video Video 3 to study the influence of rω on f = 4 Hz f = 6.35 Hz f = 11.35 Hz
variation in dynamic displacements of a lightly damped
elastic system. Assume 5% damping for sack of explanation
Model fn -Hz rω Rd rω Rd rω Rd
Tall 4.00 Resonance 10 1.59 0.65 2.84 0.14*
Medium 6.35 Resonance
Resonance
Short 11.35

Comments:
𝑢

1. Tall model Resonant frequency,fr = 4 Hz. When exciting

𝑢

frequency is 4 Hz, for tall model rω = 1.0 Rd =1/(2ζ)=

𝑅 =

1/0.1=10 ⇒ uo=10(ust)o
2. When exciting frequency is 6.35 Hz, for tall model rω =
1.59 Rd = 0.65 ⇒ uo=0.65 (ust)o
0.65 3. When exciting frequency is 11.35 Hz, for tall model, r ω
0.14 2.84 =2.84 and Rd = 0.14 ⇒ uo=0.14 (ust)o , Dynamic
1.59 displacement is 14% of static deformation and hardly
visible.
* An approximate interpretation of point 3 could be that
structures with low natural frequency (tall buildings) will
experience less uo and fso when subjected to earthquake with
high frequency waves (near epicenter)
 Problem 4.2
A rotating machine (m = 100 kg) is mounted at the mid point of a 5m long, simply supported steel
beam with a square x-section. It was observed that resonance occur when machine run at a speed of
300 rpm. At this stage machine exert an unbalanced vertical harmonic force of amplitude 100 N and
causes steady-state displacement of 20 mm in beam.
Calculate damping ratio and determine whether the beam will be safe in bending at resonance or not.
Assume permissible stress in bending is 125 Mpa. Take E= 207 Gpa.
Consider damping effect and ignore self weight of beam in calculations
100 kg
Solution
m =100 kg , po = 100 N, (up)o= 20 mm = 0.02 m
ω = 300 rev/min = 300 *2π rad/ 60 s = 10π rad/s
l= 5m, E= 207 GPa
 Problem 4.2: Solution (Contd…..)
Disp. resonant frequency = 𝜔 1 − 2𝜁

Since structural systems have low damping ratio, ζ , therefore Disp. resonant frequency ≈ 𝜔 1 − 2𝜁 ≈ 𝜔

Similarly for a damped system, after very few cycles (see Figures on slide 23), uo= (up)o = 0.02m
𝜔= 𝜔 = 𝑘/𝑚 ⟹ 10𝜋 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 = 98776 𝑁/𝑚
100
𝑢 𝑢 1 0.02 1 1
=𝑝 = ⇒ = =
𝑢 1−𝑟 + 2𝜁𝑟 100 [1 − 1] + [4𝜁 ] 2𝜁
𝑘 𝑘

100*9.81+ 1976 = 2957 N

Mmax= pl/4= 2957*5/4= 3696 N.m

2.5 m 2.5 m
Problem 4.2: Solution (Contd…..)

∗ ∗

.
=

Beam will be safe in bending at resonance

 Number of cycles required by a harmonic force to produce
peak Dynamic displacement, uo
Full resonance just not develop at the instant when forcing frequency becomes equal to
resonant frequency. In fact, it takes a number of vibration cycles for full resonance to
develop
Following relation between peak displacement at full resonance, uo, and peak displacement
at resonance after j vibration cycles, uj , exist for underdamped systems

The relation is plotted on next slide for ζ = 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10.

39
 Number of cycles required by a harmonic force to produce
peak Dynamic displacement, uo
It can be observed that lower the damping ratio, larger are the number of cycles required to
reach a certain percentage of uo .

 The number of cycles required to reach full

resonance, uo , is 50, 20 and 9 for ζ = 0.02,
0.05 and 0.10, respectively.
 While number of cycles for 95% of uo is 24,
10 and 5 for ζ = 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10,
respectively.
 Problem 4.3
The speed of rotating machine in problem 4.2 is so adjusted that it exceeds resonant frequency after
completing 5 revolutions.
Determine the amplitude of dynamic displacement and static force for design.

Solution

100*9.81+ 1092 = 2073 N

∗ . ∗

2.5 m 2.5 m

Mmax
 Exercise 4.1
1. When the person stands in the centre of the floor system shown, he
causes a Deflection of 0.2 in. of floor under his feet. He walks (or runs
quickly) in the same area , how many steps per second would cause the
floor to vibrate with the greatest vertical amplitude
Ans: 7 steps per second

2. A video camera, of mass 2.0 kg, is mounted on the top of a bank building for surveillance. The
video camera is fixed at one end of a tubular aluminum rod whose other end is fixed to the building
as shown in Figure. The wind-induced force acting on the video camera, is found to be harmonic
with p(t) = 25 sin 75t N.
 Exercise 4.1

3. A machine mounted on an isolated foundation is subjected to a harmonic force. The amplitude

of displacement is found to be 20 mm at resonance and 10 mm at a frequency 0.75 times the
resonant frequency. Find the damping ratio of the isolation system.
Ans: 11.8 %

4. The steel frame shown in figure is subjected to a horizontal harmonic

force at the mass level, p(t)=2000 Sin 5.3t lb. Assuming 5% of critical
damping, determine amplitude of the dynamic displacement and
corresponding equivalent static force.
Take E= 29,000 ksi and I= 69.2 in4 . Assume that flexural stiffness of girder
is too high as compared to connected column
Ans: 2.05 in, 4223 lb
Vibration Isolation

44
 Vibration Isolation
High vibration levels can cause machinery failure, as well as objectionable noise levels.
A common source of objectionable noise in buildings is the vibration of machines that are
mounted on floors or walls. e.g., Rotating machines (such as a pump, AC compressor,
blower, engine, etc) mounted on a roof, or on a floor above the ground floor. A related
problem is the isolation of vibration-sensitive machines from the normally occurring
disturbances in a building (car or bus traffic, slamming doors, foot traffic, elevators…).
Vibration isolation is a commonly used technique for reducing or suppressing unwanted
vibrations in structures and machines. With this technique, the device or system of interest is
isolated from the source of vibration through insertion of a resilient member or isolator.