Unit of Competency: PERFORMING MENSURATION AND

CALCULATION
Module No. 2 Module Title: PERFORMING MENSURATION AND
CALCULATION
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

How to Use this Module ......................................................................... iii

Introduction........................................................................................... iv
Technical Terms ..................................................................................... v
Learning Outcome 1: Select measuring instruments ............................... 1
 Information Sheet 1.1.................................................................... 3
 Self-Check 1.1 ............................................................................... 9
Learning Outcome 2: Carry out measurement and Calculation ............. 13
 Information Sheet 2.1.................................................................. 14
 Self Check 2.1 ............................................................................. 26
 Information Sheet 2.2.................................................................. 28
 Job Sheet 2.1 .............................................................................. 35
 Performance Test 2.1 ................................................................... 40
o Observation Checklist ........................................................ 44
o Questioning Checklist ........................................................ 45
Learning Outcomes 3 Maintain Measuring Instruments........................ 46
 Information Sheet 3.1 .................................................................. 47
 Self Check 3.1 ............................................................................. 49
Assessment Plan ................................................................................... 51
Answer Key ........................................................................................... 52
Acknowledgment .................................................................................. 56

ii
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the Module “Performing Mensuration and Calculation”.

This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “Perform Mensuration and Calculation”

contains the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for Consumer
Electronic Servicing required to obtain the National Certificate (NC) level
II.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning
outcome there are Information Sheets and Activity Sheets. Do these
activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each
learning activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You have already some basic knowledge and skills covered in this
module because you have been working for some time; on already completed
training in this area.

If you can demonstrate competence to your teacher in a particular skill,

talk to your teacher so you don’t have to undergo the same training again. If
you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous
trainings show it to him/her. If the skills you acquired are consistent with
and relevant to this module, they become part of the evidence. You can
present these for RPL. If you are not sure about your competence skills,
discuss this with your teacher.
After completing this module, ask your teacher to assess your
competence. Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency
profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to complete at your
own pace.
In this module, you will find the activities for you to complete and
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning
outcome may have more than one learning activity.
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in
receiving and relaying information. This will be the source of information
that will enable you to acquire the knowledge and skills in Performing
Mensuration and Calculation independently at your own pace with minimum
supervision from your teacher.

iii
 ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND
Program/Course
SERVICING NC II
Unit of Competency PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Module Title PERFORMING MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

INTRODUCTION:

This module contains information and suggested learning activities in

Performing Mensuration and Calculation. It covers the knowledge, skills
and attitudes required to perform mensuration and calculation in
electronics.

This module consists of three (3) learning outcomes. Each learning

outcome contains learning activities supported by instructional sheets.
Before you perform the instructions, read the information sheets and
answer the self-check and activities provided to ascertain to yourself and
your teacher that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the
skill portion of the particular learning outcome.

Upon completing this module, report to your teacher for assessment to

check your achievement of knowledge and skills requirements of this
module. If you pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of
completion.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of the module you should be able to:

 LO1. Select measuring instruments.

 LO2. Carry out measurements and calculation.
 LO3. Maintain measuring instruments.

iv
 TECHNICAL TERMS

AC/DC Equipment that operates on either an AC or DC power source.

An Electric current that rises to a maximum in one direction,
Alternating
falls back to zero and then rises to a maximum in the opposite
Current
direction
Ampere Unit of electrical current.
Circuit System of conductors and devices in which current can exist.
Current Electrons in motion.
Is a two terminal device that conduct current more easily in
Diode
only one direction.
A type of current that the movement of electrons is one
Direct Current
direction.
EMF Electromotive Force
Kilo Prefix with a mathematical equivalent of one thousand times.
A semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into
Light-Emitting
electromagnetic radiation at a visible and near infrared
Diode
frequencies when its p-n junction is forward biased
Basic part electric circuit where power is dissipated in the form
Load Resistance
of heat.
Mega Prefix with mathematical equivalent of one million times.
Micro Prefix with a mathematical equivalent of one millionth part.
Milli- Prefix with a mathematical equivalent of one thousandth part.
Ohm Unit of electrical resistance.
The formula that shows the relationship of current, voltage and
Ohm’s Law
resistance.
The circuit in which the voltage across each branch is the
Parallel Circuit
same.
Power The rate of doing work, or the rate at which energy is used.
The property of a material that opposes the movement of
Resistance
electrons.
A circuit that has only one path for current through the
Series Circuit
components.
Transformer Inductor with two or more windings
Transistor An active semi conductor device having three electrodes.
Volt The unit of electrical pressure.
Voltage Electrical pressure that moves the electrons in wire.
The voltage across a component caused by the resistance and
Voltage Drop
the current through.
Watt The unit of electric power.

v
 ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND
Program/Course
SERVICING NC II
Unit of Competency PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Module PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Learning Outcome 1: Select measuring instruments.

Assessment Criteria:

1. The functions of its part are explained.

2. Measuring tools are selected in line with job requirements.
3. Measuring instruments are specified per job requirements.

Learning Activities

1. Read Information Sheet No. 1.1 on identifying the different

measuring tools and instruments.
2. Do Self-Check 1.1 to check your knowledge on the different
measuring tools and instruments.
3. Compare your answers with the Answer Key.
4. If you were not able to answer all the questions correctly, go over
again the Information Sheet.
5. If you have now perfected in answering Self-Check 1.1 you can
proceed to the next learning outcome.

Special Instruction

 You can ask the assistance of your teacher to show you and explain
further the topic you don’t understand.
 Try to answer the self-check without looking at the Information
Sheet.

1
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1
Identifying the different measuring tools and instrument

COMMONLY USED MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

The following are the most commonly used measuring instruments in
consumer electronic servicing.

Component Function of Component

A steel rule – an instrument used in

geometry, technical drawing and engineering/
building to measure distances and/or to rule
straight lines.

Push-Pull Rule – a step of steel marked off in

inches or Centimeters used in measuring

A protractor – a circular or semicircular tool

for measuring an angle or a circle. The units of
measurement utilized are usually degrees.

A sliding bevel – a simple hand tool made up

of a stainless steel blade, a plastic or wooden
handle and a locking mechanism. The blade
can be adjusted to any acute or obtuse angle
and locked in place, so that the angle can be
repeatedly marked on other pieces of stock.

Combination square - is a tool used for

multiple purposes in woodworking and
metalworking. The Square refers to the
primary use of the tool: measuring the
accuracy of a right angle (90°).
At its minimum, the tool is composed of
primarily two parts: a rule and a head.

2
 Try square is a woodworking or a metal
working tool used for marking and measuring
a piece of wood. The square refers to the tool's
primary use of measuring the accuracy of a
right angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to
check its straightness or correspondence to an
adjoining surface. A piece of wood that is
rectangular, flat, and has all edges (faces,
sides, and ends) 90 degrees is called four
square. A board is often milled four square in
preparation for using it in building furniture

Analog multimeters are sometimes referred

to as "volt-ohm-meters", abbreviated VOM is
an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several functions in one unit. They
are traditionally harder to use because you
must select the type and range of voltage you
are testing, find proper scale on the meter face,
and the estimate the voltage as the needle
swings into action.

Digital multimeters are usually referred to as

"digital-multi-meters", abbreviated DMM.
Displays the voltage in clear numerals and
with a greater precision than most analog
meters.

READING THE SCALE OF LINEAR MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

There are two systems of linear measurement used in electronic

drawings. They are the English and Metric. The English system uses
inches while the Metric system uses millimeter and centimeter.
In the English system, an inch is graduated in 16th, 8th, 4th, and
2nd. There are 16/16, 8/8, 4/4, 2/2 in 1 inches. There are 12 inches in
1 foot.
In the Metric system, the centimeter is graduated in millimeter.
There are 10 millimeters in 1 centimeter. There are 100 centimeters in 1
meter.

3
How to read the Linear Measurements in the English System

The first graduation is 1/16, second is 1/8, third is 3/16, next

graduation is ¼, followed by 5/16, 3/8, 7/16, 1/2, 9/16, 5/8, 11/16,
3/4, 13/16, 7/8, 15/16, and 1 inch. After 1 inch, the graduation is
written as 1 and 1/16, 1 and 5/8, and etc.

How to read the Linear Measurements in the Metric System

The first graduation is 1 millimeter or 1mm. For every graduation

the equivalent is 1 millimeter. After 1 centimeter or 1cm., it is written as
1.2 cm., 1.8cm., and etc. In terms of meter, 1 meter and 10 centimeters
is written as 1.10m.

READING THE SCALE OF VOM

Ohmmeter Ranges Minor divisions and their

x1 ohm equivalents
x10 ohms
x1k ohms Minor Equivalent
x10k ohms Divisions
x100k ohms 0-2 0.2
2-10 0.5
10-20 1
20-50 2
50-100 5
100-500 20

4
How to read the scale

The needle of the meter points at ten. If the range is set to x1 ohm,
multiply 10 by 1 which is equivalent to 10 ohms. The reading is 10, the
equivalent of one minor division from 10 - 20 is 1. So, 10x1 = 10 ohms.

AC Voltage Scale

RANGE MAJOR MINOR

DIVISION DIVISION
10 2 0.2
50 10 1
250 50 5
1000 200 20
ACV SCALE

Figure 2. ACVoltage Scale

How to read the measured voltage

After selecting the desired range which is 250 and connecting the
two test probes to the AC outlet, the pointer stops at point in the ACV
scale. Read it from left to right. For example it stopped at 43, multiply it
by the equivalent which is 5. The ACV measurement is 215 volts AC.

5
 Example:
43 x 5 = 215 volts

Where 43 is the point where the pointer stopped and 5 is the equivalent
of each minor division.

DC Voltage Scale

DCV SCALE

RANGE MAJOR MINOR

DIVISION DIVISION
0.1 0.02 0.002
0.25 0.05 0.005
2.5 0.5 0.05
10 2 0.2
50 10 1
250 50 5
1000 200 20

DCV Scale

How to read the measured voltage

After selecting the desired range and connecting the two test
probes to the designated test points, the pointer stops at a point in the
scale. If the pointer stopped at minor division 15 and the range used is
x50, multiply 15 by 1, so the reading is 15 volts DC.

Example:
15 x 1 = 15 volts

Where 15 is the minor division where the pointer stopped 1 is the

equivalent of one minor division if the range is 50V DC

6
DC mA Voltage Scale

DC mA SCALE

RANGE MAJOR MINOR

DIVISION DIVISION
50 uA 10 1
2.5 mA .5 .05
25 mA 5 0.5
0.25 A 0.05 .005

Figure 4. DC mA Scale

How to read the DC mA scale

After selecting the desired range and connecting the two test
probes to the designated test point, the pointer stops at a point in the
scale. If the pointer stopped at minor division 6 and the range used is
2.5, multiply 6 by .05 so the reading is .3 mA.

Example:
6 x .05 = 0.3 mA

Where: 6 is the minor division where the pointer stopped .05 is the
equivalent of one minor division using 2.5 range.

SPECIFYING THE MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

TOOLS TYPE LENGTH/ MANUFACTURER

DIAMETER
Wood 12” PHILIPPINES
RULER Plastic 24” CHINA
Steel 36” JAPAN & USA
PUSH-PULL Plastic 8 ft. CHINA
RULE Metal 6 ft. JAPAN & USA
Plastic 4” / 6” CHINA & PHIL.
PROTRACTOR
Steel 6” / 8” JAPAN & USA
SLIDING
T – BEVEL,
CHINA,JAPAN,
COMBINATION Steel 6”/8”/12”/14”
PHIL., USA
SQUARE & TRY
SQUARE

7
General Specification (VOM)

Items Specification
Taut-band structure is adopted in the meter
Drop shock proof section. The meter section is designed to
withstand shock.
The circuit protected by fuse even when
Circuit protection voltage of a to AC 230V is impressed on each
range for 5 seconds.
Internal battery R6 (IEC) or UM-3 1.5V x2
Internal fuse 0.5A/250V 5.2 mm diaX20mm
Standard calibration
temp. and humidity 23±2°C 45~75% RH
range
Operating temperature
0~40°C, 80% RH max., no condensation
and humidity range
3k V AC (1 min.) between input terminal and
Withstand voltage
case
Dimensions and weight 159.5X129X41.5mm/approx.320g
Accessories One copy of instruction manual, Hand strap
Measurement Range and
Function, full scale value and accuracy
Accuracy

8
Name: _________________________ Score: _________________
Qualification: ___________________ Date: _______________

General Direction: Write your answers on another sheet of paper. Do

not write anything on this module

I. Identify the following measuring tools and instruments.

1. 2. 5.

4. 5.

II. Indicate the scale value that corresponds to the given number.

a. Read the graduated scale of a ruler using the illustrated questions

below.

9
b. Read the marked minor divisions in the ohmmeter scale and compute
the resistance using the indicated range in each number.

The Ohmmeter Scale

1. x1 6. x10
2. x10 7. x1k
3. x1k 8. x10k
4. x10k 9. x10
5. x1 10. x1k

c. Read the marked minor division in the ACV scale and compute the
ACV reading using the indicated range in each number.

ACV Scale

1. 10V AC 6. 50V AC
2. 50V AC 7. 250V AC
3. 250V AC 8. 1000V AC
4. 1000V AC 9. 50V AC
5. 10V AC 10. 250V AC

10
d. Read the marked division in the DCV scale and compute the reading
using the indicated range.

DCV Scale

1. 0.1V DC 6. 250V DC
2. 0.25V DC 7. 1000V DC
3. 2.5V DC 8. 2.5V DC
4. 10V DC 9. 10V DC
5. 50V DC 10. 50V DC

e. Read the marked division in the DCV Scale and compute the reading
using the indicated range.

DC mA Scale

1. 50 uA 6. 2.5 mA
2. 2.5 mA 7. 25 mA
3. 25 mA 8. 0.25 A
4. 0.25 A 9. 25 mA
5. 50 uA 10. 2.5 mA

11
III. How do you specify a (VOM) Multi-tester?

Items Specification

12
Program/Course ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY AND
SERVICING NC II
Unit of Competency PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Module Title PERFORMING MENSURATION AND
CALCULATION

Learning Outcome 2: Carry out measurements and calculations.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Calculations needed to complete task are performed.

2. Calculations involving fractions, percentage and mixed numbers
are used to complete work space tasks.
3. Measurements are read within the limit of accuracy of the tools.
4. Accurate measurements are obtained for a job.

Learning Activities

1. Read Information Sheet No. 2.1 on measurement and calculation.

2. Do Self-Check No. 2.1 to check your knowledge on the different
measurements and calculations.
3. Compare your answers to the Answer Key.
4. If you were not able to answer all the questions, go over again the
Information Sheet No. 2.1.
5. If you have answered all the questions, read Information Sheet No.
2.2 on Mathematical Calculation.
6. Do Self-Check No. 2.2 to check your knowledge on the different
mathematical computations.
7. Compare your answers to the Answer Key.
8. If you were not able to answer all the questions, go over again the
Information Sheet 2.2.
9. If you have answered all the questions, perform Job Sheet 2.1 on
Calibration, Procedure and Technique for accurate measurements.
10. Do Performance Test to evaluate your skills on calibration,
procedure and technique for accurate measurements.
11. If you were not able to get some of the items in the Performance
Checklist, go over again the Job Sheet.
12. If you did get all the items in the Performance Checklist, you can
proceed to the next learning outcome.

Special Instruction

 You can ask the assistance of your teacher to show you and
explain further the topic you don’t understand.
 Try to answer the Self-Check without looking at the Information
Sheet.

13
 INFORMATION SHEET 2.1
MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION

A. COMMON MATHEMATICAL PREFIXES

COMMON MATHEMATICAL PREFIXES

PREFIX SYMBOL MATHEMATICAL EQUIVALENT
Exa E 1018 or (1 000 000 000 000 000 000)
Peta P 1015 or (1 000 000 000 000 000)
Tera T 1012 or (1 000 000 000 000)
Giga G 109 or (1 000 000 000)
Mega M 106 or (1 000 000)
Kilo K 103 or (1 000)
Hecto H 102 or (100)
Deka Da 101 or (10)
Deci d 10-1 or (0.1)
Centi c 10-2 or (0.01)
Milli m 10-3 or (0.001)
Micro u 10-6 or (0. 000 001)
Nano n 10-9 or (0. 000 000 001)
Pico P 1012 or (0. 000 000 000 001)
Femto F 1015 or (0. 000 000 000 000 001)
Atto A 1018 or (0. 000 000 000 000 000 001)

Example:
1. CONVERSION OF MULTIPLES INTO STANDARDS UNITS

1. 4 GHz (x 1, 000, 000, 000) = 4, 000, 000, 000 Hz

2. 10 Mega Ohms (X 1,000,000) = 10, 000, 000 
3. 27 KV (X 1,000) = 27, 000 V
4. 50 KW (X 1,000) = 50, 000 W
5. 0.5 KA (X 1,000) = 500 A

2. CONVERSION OF STANDARD UNIT INTO MULTIPLE UNITS

1. 3,300  (÷ 1,000) = 3.3 K

2. 10,000, 000 Hz (÷ 1,000,000) = 10MHz
3. 3,580, 000 Hz (÷ 1,000,000) = 3.58 MHz
4. 100,000, 000 W (÷ 1,000,000) = 100 MW
5. 12,000 V (÷ 1000) = 12 kV

3. CONVERSION OF SUB-MULTIPLES INTO STANDARD UNITS

1. 5,000 mV ( 1,000) = 5V
2. 400 A ( 1,000,000) = 0.004 A
3. 750 mW ( 1,000) = 0.0.75 W
4. 68, 000 F ( 1,000,000) = 0. 068 F
5. 40 mH ( 1,000) = 0.0004 H

14
4. CONVERSION OF STANDARD UNITS INTO SUB –MULTIPLES UNITS

1. 0.000050 V (X 1,000) = 0.050 mV

2. 0.0004 A (X 1,000,000) = 400 A
3. 0.00020 A (X 1,000) = 200 A
4. 0.12 H (X 1,000,000) = 120,000 H
5. 0.175 W (X 1000) = 175 mW

5. CONVERSION OF SUB-MULTIPLES UNITS TO ANOTHER SUB-

MULTIPLE UNITS

1. 0.18 mA (X 1000) = 180 A

2. 40.000 A ( 1000) = 40 mA
3. 10 Pf ( 1000,000) = 0.00001 f
4. 0.00047 f (X 1,000,000) = 470 Pf
5. 0.68 mH (X 1000) = 680 H

6. CONVERSION OF UNITS (ENGLISH TO METRIC AND VISE-VERSA)

Length Volume
1. 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers 1. 1 gallon = 3.79 liters
2. 1 yard = 0.914 meter 2. 1 quart = 0.946 liter
3. 1 foot = 0.305 meter 3. 1 liter = 0.264 gallon
4. 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 4. 1 liter = 1.06 quarts
5. 1 kilometer = .62 mile
6. 1 meter = 1.09 yard Weight
7. 1 meter = 3.28 feet 1. 1 pound = 0.454 kilogram
8. 1 centimeter = 0.394 in 2. 1 ounce = 28.35 grams
3. 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
4. 1 gram = 0.0353 ounce

B. OHMS LAW

Ohm’s law states that, for a steady current, the current in a circuit
is directly proportional to the total EMF acting in the circuit and inversely
proportional to the total resistance of the circuit.
If we vary the voltage, we will discover that the current changes in direct
proportion. This means that if we double the voltage, the current also
doubles. If we increase the voltage by 25%, the current increases by 25%.
If we decrease the voltage by 10%, the current decreases by 10%.
If we vary resistance, we will find that the current changes by
inverse proportion. This means that doubling the resistance causes the
current to decrease to half the original amount. Increasing (multiplying)
the resistance by any factor causes the current to be decreased (divided)
by that same factor.

Ohm’s law stated as:

Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to
resistance.

15
1. The mathematical formula that represents this statement is:

I (current) = V (Voltage) or I =V
R (Resistance) R

Example:
Suppose the resistance is known to be 12 ohms with an applied voltage
of 24 volts

Solution:
When solving a numerical problem, the proper procedure is to write the
symbolic formula first. Second, substitute the known values of the
variables on the right side of the equal sign. Last, perform the arithmetic
and write the result. Following this procedure with equation, we have
I= V
R
I = 24 V
12 
= 2A
Now let the voltage be adjusted to 36V. Find the new current.
Solutions:
V
I=
R
I = 36 V
12 
=3A

2. Rearranging OHM’S LAW

Any mathematical formula, or equation, can be rearranged to solve for a

different variable. It is mathematically correct to interchange the
positions of I and R, giving R = V
I
This equation enables us to calculate resistance, R, if voltage, V, and
current, I, are known

Example:
a. A certain heater has a current of 1.5 A when driven by a 120-V source.
Calculate its resistance.
Solution:
V
R=
I
R = 120 V
1.5 A
= 80 
b. Suppose that the heater is connected to a new voltage source, causing
the current to decrease to 1.375 A. Find the voltage of the new source.

Solution:
The heater is the same, so R still 80.

16
V=IR
V = (15 A)(10 ) = 150 V

3. The Ohm’s Law Triangle

If you have trouble remembering the

three forms of ohm’s law, use the
memory aid. If you’re solving for
V voltage V.I and R appear alongside
each other, reminding you to
multiply them. If you are solving for
current, cover the I.V appears above
I R, reminding you to divide voltage,
R V, by resistance, R. When solving for
R resistance, cover the R. the triangle
shows that V must be divided by I.

Example :
A certain lamp is lighted in a circuit. Measurements indicate that I
= 2 A and V = 250 V. Find the lamp’s resistance.
Solution:
Covering R in reminds us that V
R=
I
R = 250 V
2A
= 125 
C. CALCULATING POWER

1. The Power Formula Triangle

A method to calculate electric power from information about the three

fundamental variables – current, voltage, and resistance. Power is
calculated by multiplying voltage times current. 1 watt is 1 volt times 1
ampere. (1 W = 1 V x 1 A)
P = VI

Example:

a. A 24-V source establishes a current of 0.25 A through the lamp.

What is the circuit’s power?

Solution:
P = VI
= (24V)(0.25 A)
=6W

17
 b. A certain reading lamp has a rating of
P 150 W when driven by 120 V. how much
current does it carry?
V Solutions: I = P
I
V
= 150 W
120 V
= 1.25 A

c. Suppose the heater dissipated a power of 100 W and a current drain of

1 A. How much is the voltage applied across the heater?

Solution: R=P
I
= 100 W
1A

= 100 V

1. The Ohm’s Law And Power Formula

It is sometimes necessary to calculate power from knowledge of voltage

and resistance. A formula for doing that is derived by substituting Ohm’s
law into the power formula.

P = VI = V (V)
P = V²
R

Example:
a) A speaker is a load device that converts electrical energy into
sound energy and waste heat. The speaker has an internal
resistance of 8 . If a voltage of 15 V is applied, how much does the
speaker receive from the source?
Solution: P = V²
R
= (15 V)²
8
= 225 V
8
= 28.1 The equation is P = V² can be rearranged to solve for either of
the R other two variables, R or V.
R = V² V = PR
P
b) An electric circuit has a load resistance dissipated 45 W of power
across the source of voltage with a potential difference of 30 V.
calculate the resistance of the load in the circuit.
Solution: R = V²
P
= 30 V²

18
 45 W
= 900 V
45²
= 20 
c) A 24  load resistance dissipated 96 W of power. Calculate the
applied voltage across the load resistance.
V = PR
= 96 W x 24 
= 2304
= 48
d) For the 8  speaker, how much input voltage would be required to
increase the power to 40 W?
Solution: V = PR
= (40W) (8 )
= 320
= 17.9 V
There are also occasions when it’s necessary to calculate power from
knowledge of current resistance. Substituting V = IR into the power
formula
P = IV = I (IR) = I²R
P = I²R
e) A 16  loud speaker has an applied current of 1.5 A. Calculate the
power dissipated by the loud speaker.
P = I² x R
= 1.5² x 16 
= 2.25 x 16
= 36 W
f) A rheostat has a 1.5 A of current that passes through its terminal.
What adjusted value of resistance will cause power dissipation of
12 W?

P
R=
I²
= 12 W
(150)²
= 12 W
0.25 A
= 48 

g) An 8  loudspeaker is producing a power of 32 W. What is the

current drain?
I = P
R
= 32 W/8
= 4
=2A

19
D. FORMULA FOR AREA AND PERIMETER
A. PERIMETER AND CIRCUMFERENCE

 PERIMETER OF A TRIANGLE

a. Perimeter (as a measure) is the sum

a= c = 12 of the measures of the sides of a
8cm cm polygon
b. The formula for finding perimeter of
a triangle P = a + b + c
c. Perimeter is the sum of the
measures of the length of the three
sides.

b=
15cm
Example:
A triangular piece of a paper measures 8 cm, 12 cm, and 15 cm. What is
the perimeter in centimeters of the piece of paper?
P=a+b+c
= 8 + 15 + 12
= 35 cm

 PERIMETER OF A RECTANGLE

a. The perimeter of a rectangle can

be formulated by adding twice its
1.5m length and twice its width.
b. The formula for finding perimeter
of a rectangle P = 2L + 2W

Example: 2.8m
A rectangular tablecloth has a width 1.5 m and a length of 2.8 m. How
many meters of lace trimmings should be bought to make its borders?
P = 2L + 2W
= 2(2.8)+2(1.5) = 2(4.3)
= 8.6 m needed for the lace trimming

 PERIMETER OF A SQUARE

a. A square has for equal sides. Its

perimeter can be found simply by
45.5m multiplying one side by four (4).
b. The formula for finding the
perimeter of a square is P = 4S

20
Example:
A decorative mat is a square. One side is 45.5 cm. How long an edging is
needed to put borders on it?
P = 4(45.5)
= 182 cm

 CIRCUMFERENE OF A CIRCLE

a. The circumference of a circle is

expressed in terms of  (pi)
approximately equal to 3.1416. It
is equal to d  where d is the
diameter of the circle.
b. The formula for finding the
y circumference of a circle: C = d
x
or C = 2r.

Example:
Calculate the circumference of a five-peso coin which has a diameter of
2.6 cm.
C = d
= 3.14 x 2.6 cm
= 8.164 cm circumference of a five-peso coin

B. AREA
 AREA OF A RECTANGLE

a. The product of its length and its

width will give the area of a
rectangle.
61 b. The formula for finding the area
cm of a rectangle is A = L x W
105 cm
Example:
A glass top of an office table has a length of 105 cm and a width of 61
cm. What is its surface area?
A=LxW
= 105 x 61
= 6405 cm² the area of the glass top

 AREA OF A SQUARE

a. Since every square is a rectangle,

the formula A = L x W applies to
squares but in a square the
length and the width are equal.
b. The formula for finding the area
5.5 m of a square A = S²

21
 Example:
A room which measures 5.5 m on its side is to be finished with vinyl tiles.
How many square meters is to be covered with tiles?
A = S²
= 5.5 x 5.5 = (5.5)²
= 30.25 m² the area of the room

 AREA OF A PARALLELOGRAM

38 m D a. The area of a parallelogram

A F depends on its height and its
base.
b. The formula for finding the area
of a parallelogram. Area of
parallelogram = bxh
B E C

Example:
A rice field is in the form of a parallelogram. If its base is 38 m and its
height is 25 m, how many square meters can be planted with rice?
A=bxh
= 38 x 25
= 950 m² the area of the rice field

 AREA OF A TRIANGLE
A B
a. The formula for the area of a
h= triangle can be obtained from the
3.2m area of a rectangle.
b. Two triangles have equal areas
D C
and the area of each triangle is
b=6m one-half that of a triangle.
c. The formula for finding the area
of a triangle = ½ h(b)
Example:
The sides of a roof are triangular in shape. If each side has a base which
measures 6 m and an altitude which measures 3.2 m, what is its area?
Area of triangle = ½ (b x h)
A = ½ (6 x 3.2)
= ½ (19.2)
= 9.6 m² (the area of each triangular roof)

22
  AREA OF A TRAPEZOID
PQ
P 5 P 5
Q Q

8
8

8
O 10 R T R S OR
O T 5
The formula for finding the area of a trapezoid:
Area of a trapezoid = ½ h (b1 + b2).
Example:
Find the area of a trapezoid whose altitude is 8 cm and whose bases are
10 cm and 5 cm, respectively.
A= ½ h (b1 + b2)
= ½ (8)(10 + 5)
= 4(10 + 5)
= 60 cm² the area of the trapezoid

 AREA OF A CIRCLE

1. The area of a circle is measured in terms of its radius.

2. r² is approximately equal to the area of a circle with radius (r).
3. The formula for finding the area of a circle. Area of a circle = r²

height = r

base = Πr
Example:
Find an approximation for the area of the circle with a diameter of 6 cm.
A = r²
= (3)²
= 9
= 9(3.1416)
= 28.27 m² (the area of a circle)

23
II. SURFACE AREA OF SOLIDS

 SURFACE AREA OF A CUBE

a. To find the surface area of a cube, simply

multiply the square of the length of a side
by 6.
side b. The formula for finding the surface area of a
cube (SA) of a cube = 6s²
lateral
Example: Find the surface area of a cube, the
face
lateral faces, or outer surface of which are
bounded by a length of 5 cm.
SA = 6s²
= 6(5)² = 6(25)
= 150 cm²

 SURFACE AREA OF A RECTANGULAR PRISM

a. To find the surface area of a rectangular

base (b) prism, add the area of its flat surfaces.
b. The area of the top and bottom rectangles
(bases), the area of left and right side, and the
Lateral face
area of back and front rectangles (lateral
areas).
base (b)
c. The formula for finding the surface area of a
rectangular prism is SA = 2B + LA
Example: Find the surface area of a square pyramid with a side of the
base as 3 cm and the height of a triangle as 5 cm.
SA = B + 4 ( b x s/2)
= 3² + 4 (3.5/2) = = 9 + 2(15)
= 39 cm²

 SURFACE AREA OF A CYLINDER

a. Cylinder refers to a right circular cylinder, like a right

prism. Its altitude is perpendicular to the bases and
has an endpoint in each base.
b. To find the surface area of a right circular cylinder,
add the areas of the circular bases and the area of
the rectangular region which is the body of the
cylinder.
c. The formula for finding the surface area of a cylinder
is SA = 2r² + 2rh or SA = 2r (r + h)

2Πr b = Πr

24
  SURFACE AREA OF A CONE

a. A cone has a circular base and also

referred to as a right circular cone
because of its altitude is
perpendicular to the base.
Slant height b. To find the surface area of the right
circular cone, add the areas of the
base which is a circle and the curved
surface which resembles a
rectangular region.
radius c. The formula for finding the surface
area of a cone SA = r² + rs

S
h=s

2r
2r b = r
Example:
Find the surface area of a cone if the radius of its base is 3.5 cm and its
slant height is 7.25 cm. (use  = 3.14)
SA = r² = rs
= (3.14)(3.5)² + (3.14)(3.5)(7.25)
= (3.14)(12.25) + (10.99)(7.25)
= 38.465 + 79.6775
= 118.1425 cm²

 SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERE

a. A sphere is a solid where every point

radiu
of its surface is equally distant from
s its center. The distance is the length
of the radius of the sphere.
b. The formula for finding the surface
area of sphere is SA = 4r²

Example:
What is the surface area of a ball with radius equal to 6 cm? (use  =
3.14)
SA = 4r²
= 4(3.14)(6)²
= (12.56)(36)
= 452.16 cm²

25
 SELF – CHECK 2.1
Measurement and Calculation

General Directions: Write your answers on another sheet of paper. Do

now write anything on this module

I. Direction: Referring to the schematic diagram below, calculate the

voltage, current, resistance and power.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.
6.

7. 8.

9. 10.

11.
12.

26
13. 14.

15.

II. Directions: Convert the following common multiples and

submultiples of the practical units of electricity/electronics into the
standard units.

1. 47 uA →A 9. 4.75 K ohms → ohms

2. 27.85 uA →A 10. 1k ohms → ohms
3. 1,500 uA →A 11. 1yard → meter
4. 2, 576 uA →A 12. 1 inch → centimeter
5. 0.79 uA →A 13. 1 centimeter → inches
6. 1,861 mV →V 14. 1 meter → feet
7. 1.71 KW →W 15. 1 foot → 1 meter
8. 1.632 M ohms → ohms

III. Directions: Solve the following.

A. Perimeter and Circumference of each Plane Figures
1. a circle with r = 7.1 cm
2. a square with s = 2.8 cm
3. a triangle with sides 3.84 cm, 6.23 cm, 5.6 cm
4. a rectangle with L = 24.5 cm, W = 17.61 cm
5. a circle with d = 52 mm
B. Area of the Plane Figures
1. a parallelogram with h = 4.6 cm, b = 8.8 cm
2. a triangle with b = 5 m, h = 2.5 m
3. a circle with r = 0.16 m
4. a square with s = 325 mm
5. a rectangle with L = 0.92 m, W = 0.76 m
C. Surface Area of Solid
1. a cube with s= 2.2 cm
2. a triangular pyramid with b = 4 cm, h = 8.2 cm (altitude of the
base), s = 7 cm (slant height)
3. a cylinder with h = 15 cm, r = 3.2 cm
4. a rectangular prism with L = 12 cm, W = 7 cm, H = 6 cm
5. a square pyramid wit s = 4.2 cm, h = 7 cm (slant height)

27
 INFORMATION SHEET 2.2
MATHEMATICAL COMPUTATION

A. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

There are four basic operations in arithmetic: addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division. However, subtraction is the
inverse of addition, and division is the inverse of multiplication.
Therefore, the laws of arithmetic are defined only for addition and
multiplication. There are two types of laws that apply to addition and
multiplication.

Commutative Law
The first type of law is the commutative law. This law says that it
makes no difference in what order two numbers are added or multiplied.
For example,
3 + 7 = 7 + 3 = 10 and 3 x 5 = 5 x 3 = 15
For any two numbers a and b the commutative laws are, therefore,
a+b = b + a
axb = b x a
Observe, however, that subtraction and division are not commutative:
7 - 3 is not equal to 3 - 7
2 + 6 is not equal to 6 + 2

Associate Law
The second type of law is the associative law. This law states that if
three numbers are to be added or multiplied together, it makes no
difference if the operations start with the first and second numbers or
with the second and third. For example, in addition, if you want to add
6 + 3 + 2, you can do it in two ways. Using parentheses to indicate which
operation is to be done first, the two ways are as follows:
( 6 + 3 ) + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11
6 + ( 3 + 2 ) = 6 + 5 = 11
Note that operations in parentheses are always done first. In
multiplication, if you want to multiply 8 x 4 x 2, you can also do it in
two ways:
(8 x 4) x 2 = 32 x 2 = 64
8 x (4 x 2) = 8 x 8 = 64
For any two numbers a and b the associative laws are, therefore,
(a + b) = c = a + (b + c )
(a x b) x c = a x (b x c )
Observe that subtraction and division are also not associative. The
subtraction sign and the division sign apply only to the number that
immediately follows the sign moving from left to right. For example,
6 - 3 - 2 means (6 - 3) - 2 = 3 - 2 = 1
8 ÷ 4 ÷ 2 means ( 8 ÷ 4 ) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1

When the commutative and associative laws are applied together, it

follows that three or more numbers can be added or multiplied in any

28
order. For example, 2, 3, and 4 can be added (or multiplied) in any one of
six different ways with the same result:
(2 + 3) + 4 = (3 + 2) + 4 = (4 + 2) + 3
= (2 + 4) + 3 = ( 3 + 4) + 2 = (4 + 3) + 2 = 9

Distributive law
Another important law of arithmetic which combines multiplication
and addition is the distributive law. This law says that multiplication
distributes over addition. For any three numbers a, b, and c,
a x (b + c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
For example ,
2 x (2 + 4) = (3 x 2) + (3 x 4)
which correctly states that
2 x 6 = 6 + 12 = 18
The distributive law is important in algebra.
The order of operations in arithmetic is, moving from left to right.
1. Perform operations in parentheses.
2. Do multiplication or division.
3. Do addition or subtraction.

EXAMPLE:
Calculate the following:
3 x 19 - 36 + 6 ÷ 2
Solution: Apply the order of operations and perform multiplication and
division first as shown by parentheses :
(4 x 19) - 36 + (6 ÷ 2) = 76 - 36 + 3

Then subtract and add :

( 76 - 36) + 3 = 40 + 3 = 43
Notice that you must move from left to right and subtract the 36
first before adding the 3. The subtraction sign applies only to the 36. If
you add the 3 first, it will become subtracted from the 76 and the answer
will not be correct.
76 - ( 36 + 3) = 76 - 39 = 37

B. FRACTIONS

Calculations with fractions, decimals and percentages are very

important in technical work. Mistakes are often made because the
concepts are not understood well enough. The calculator can prevent
some of these mistakes, but it is not a substitute for clear understanding.
Study this section and the next one thoroughly. The more problems you
do correctly, the better you will grasp the concepts.

Reducing fractions
The fraction line means division, but since 8 does not divide evenly
into 6 the fraction cannot be simplified to a whole number. However, it
can be reduced to lowest terms by dividing out common factors (divisors)
in the numerator and the denominator.
6/8 = 2/2 x 3/4 = 3/4

29
 To reduce a fraction into lowest terms, it is not necessary to show
the factors before dividing. You can just divide the numerator and
denominator of the preceding fraction by 2 to get the result.
The following examples with fractions are designed to be done
without the calculator to reinforce your skills in arithmetic.

EXAMPLE: Simplify (reduce to lowest terms):

28/42
Solution: The common factors of 28 and 42 are 2 and 7 (or 14). You can
divide the numerator and denominator by 2 and then 7 (or 14):
28/42 = 14/21 = 2/3

You can also first factor the numerator and the denominator into their
smallest factors and then divide out the common factors:
28/42 = 2/2 x 2/3 x 7/7 = 2/3

The smallest factors of a number are numbers that have no other factors
except one and the number itself. These smallest factors are called prime
numbers. For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and so forth are prime numbers.
It is important to emphasize again that you can only divide out
factors in the numerator and denominator of a fraction.. If numbers are
separated by a + or - sign , then they are not factors. Factors are always
separated by a multiplication signs. For example, in the fraction
5 + 1
5 x 7
4 is not a factor in the numerator but is a factor in the denominator.

Multiplying and dividing fractions

To multiply fractions you multiply the numerators and the denominators
A/B x C/D = A x C / B x D

You then reduce the result to lowest terms. However, you can divide out
common factors first that are in the numerator and denominator of either
fraction and then multiply. This simplifies the multiplication. Study the
next two examples, which show this procedure.

Multiply the following fractions:

3/16 x 2/9
Solution: divide out common factors in any numerator and denominator
and then multiply:
1 1
3/16 x 2/9 = 1/24
8 3
EXAMPLE: Multiply the following:
4 x 3/14 x 5/9

Solution: Before multiplying, express the whole number 4 as a fraction

with a denominator of 1. Then proceed in the same way you would for
two fractions by dividing out all common factors that occur in any
numerator and denominator.
4/1 x 3/14 x 5/9 = 10/ 21

30
Note that in this example a whole number is just a fraction with a
denominator of 1. Therefore, when you multiply a whole number by a
fraction, you can just multiply the numerator by the whole number. For
example,
4 x 3/14 = 4x3/14 = 12/14 = 6/7

To divide fractions, invert the divisor (the fraction after the division
sign), and change the operation to multiplication.

EXAMPLE: Divide the following fractions :

5/12 ÷ 15/16
Solution : Invert the fraction after the division sign, and change to
multiplication . Then divide out common factors and multiply.
1 4
5/12 ÷ 15/16 = 5/12 x 16/15 = 5/12 x 16/15 = 4/9
3 3

Study the next example, which combines multiplication and division of

fractions. Calculate the following.
5/4 x 8/15 ÷ 2

Solution: Invert the 2 to 1/2 and change the division to multiplication.

Then divide out common factors and multiply :
1 2
5/4 x 8/15 x 1/2 = 2/6 = 1/3
1 3

Adding fractions
Adding fractions is not as straightforward as multiplying fractions.
Calculators can add fractions as decimals, and some can add them as
fractions. However, it is necessary for you to understand how to add
fractions so that you can estimate results, recognize an incorrect answer,
and troubleshoot for the error. More important, to add fractions in
algebra requires first understanding the process in arithmetic.
Fractions can be added or subtracted only if their denominators
are the same. When the denominators are the same, you add the
fractions by adding the numerators over the common denominator.
1/8 + 5/8 1 5 / 8 = 6/8 = ¾
Observe that you always reduce the result if possible.
The rule for adding fractions with the same denominator is then
A/D + B/D = A+ B /D

When the denominators of fractions that are to be added are

different, it is first necessary to change the fractions of so the
denominators are the same. A fraction can be changed to an equivalent
fraction by dividing out common factors or by multiplying the
numerator and denominator by the same factor. For example, the
following fractions are all equivalent.
3/10 = 6/20 = 9/30 = 30/100 and so forth.

31
Note that a fraction is a ratio of two whole numbers. The fraction 3/10 is
a ratio of 3 parts to 10 parts. The equivalent fraction 6/20, 9/30, etc. are
all equal to the same ratio.
The process of adding two fractions whose denominators are
different is done as follows. Suppose you wanted to add the fractions.
2/3 + 5/6

Since the denominators are not the same, you must first change
one or both, fractions to equivalent fractions with a common
denominator. You look for the lowest common denominator (LCD), which
is the smallest number that contains each denominator as a divisor.
Since 3 divides into 6 exactly, the LCD equals 6.
Change the fraction to an equivalent fraction by multiplying the
numerator and denominator by 2.
2(2)/3(2) + 5/6 = 4/6 + 5/6

Note that parentheses are used here instead of an x sign for

multiplication. Parentheses or a dot (.) are used in algebra so as not to
confuse the letter x with multiplication.
Now you can combine the numerators over the LCD and reduce the
result.
4/6 + 5/6 = 4 + 5/6 = 9/6 = 3/2

C. DECIMALS

Our number system is called the decimal system because it

is based on the number ten. Dec means ten in Latin. For example, in
expanded form, the number 5643 represents
5643 = 5000 + 600 + 40 + 3 = 5(1000) + 6(100) + 4(10) + 3(1)

From right to left, each digit represents a multiple of 1, 10, 100 ,

1000 and so forth. When a number is written with a decimal point, such
as 56.43, the decimal digits 4 and 3 represents multiples of fractions
whose numerators are 1 and denominators are 10, 100, 1000, etc. as
follows:
56.43 = 5(10) + 6(1) + 4 (1/10) = 3(1/100) = 50 + 6 + 4/10 + 3/100

Decimals, then, are fractions with denominators of 10, 100, 1000, etc.
The number of decimal places equals the number of zeros in the
denominator as follows:
0.5 = 5/10

0.21 = 21/100

0.076 = 76/ 1000

4.6 = 4 + 6/10 = 46/10

To add or subtract decimals, line up the decimal points and the columns.
Then add or subtract in the same way as whole numbers.

32
 The following examples show how to add and subtract decimals.
Calculate the following:
+ 5.05 - 10.4
Solution: Line up the decimal points and the columns. Add the first two
numbers, bringing down the decimal point.
7.74
+ 5.05
12.79
Then subtract as follows:
12.79
- 10.40
2.39

Note that a zero is added at the end of 10.4 to aid in the

calculation, but it does not change the value of the decimal.
To multiply the decimals, multiply the same way as with the whole
numbers. Then add the decimal places in all the numbers to determine
the total number of decimal places in the answer. Study the following
examples, which show how to multiply decimals.
Multiply: 0.1 x 0.04
Solution: The number 0.1 has one decimal place, and 0.04 has two
decimal places. Therefore, there are three decimal places in the answer.
0.1 x 0.04 = 0.004

Percentages
A percentage (or percent) is a convenient way of writing a fraction
whose denominator is 100. The numerator is written with the percent
sign (%) which represents the denominator of 100. For example,
20% = 20/100 = 0.20

150% = 150/100 = 1.50

8 ¼ = 8.25 /100 = 0.0825

Therefore:
RULE : To change percent to a decimal, move the decimal point two
places to the left. To change from a decimal point to a percent, move the
decimal point two places to the right.

EXAMPLE 1.1 Express each fraction as a percent and a decimal:

1/4
3/8
Solution: First express ¼ as a percent first change the denominator
to 100 by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 25. Then move
the decimal point two places to the left to change to a decimal.
1(25)/4(25) = 25/100 = 25% = 0.25

Next, to express 3/8 as a percent, the denominator cannot be

easily be changed to 100. First change the fraction to a decimal with two
decimal places as follows. Add a decimal point and three zeroes to the

33
numerator and divide 8 into 3.000. This will give you a decimal with
three decimal places.
3/8 = 3.000/8 = 0.375
Now move the decimal point to the right two places to express as a
percent.
0.375 = 37.5%

EXAMPLE 1.2 Express each decimal as a percent and a fraction:

0.80
0.015
Solution: First to express 0.80 as a percent , move the decimal
point two places to the right . Then write the fraction by putting the
percent number over a denominator of 100 and reduce the fraction :
0.80 = 80% = 80/100 = 4/5

Second, to express 0.015 as a percent, move the decimal point two places
to the right. Then write the fraction with a denominator of 100.
0.15 = 1.5% = 1.5/100
A fraction is not in simplest form if it contains a decimal in the
numerator or denominator. Eliminate the decimal in the numerator by
multiplying the numerator and denominator by 10; then reduce the
fraction.
1.5(10)/100(10) = 15/1000 = 3/200

EXAMPLE 1.3 Express each percentage as a decimal and a fraction.

7.5%
110%
Solution: To express 7.5% as a decimal, move the decimal point two
places to the left.
7.5% = 0.075
Write the fraction by putting the percent number 7.5 0ver 100. However,
the fraction is not in simplest form until the decimal is eliminated.
Multiply the numerator and denominator by 10; then reduce the fraction.
7.5% = 7.5/100 = 7.5(10)/100(10) = 75/1000 = 3/40
To express 110% as a decimal, move the decimal point two places
to the left. Change the percent to a fraction with a denominator of 100
and reduce.
110% = 1.10 = 110/100 = 11/10

Note that 100% = and a percent greater than 100 represents a number
greater than one.

34
 JOB SHEET 2.1
CALIBRATION, PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUES
FOR ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS

A. CALIBRATING THE VOLT- OHM -MILLIAMMETER

1. Examine the front panel of the VOM assigned to you. Locate the
function switch. This will be a multifunction switch with several
positions for measuring VOLTS, OHMS, & AMPS.
2. Jacks are located on the front panel for insertion of the test lead into
the jack marked “ Common” , or maybe just “-”.
3. Insert the red test lead into the jack marked “VOLTS/OHMS” or
simply “+”. These leads will be used for connecting to circuitry and/or
components.
4. Examine the meter face. There should be several scales with numbers
on them. (Note: There is usually one scale for resistance, located at
the top of the meter face, and several scales for AC and DC voltages
located below the resistance scale.
5. There may also be a front panel switch for selecting polarity and type
of voltage measurement. This will be labeled “ – DC,” “+DC”, and “AC”
. If your VOM has this type of switch, place it in the “ + DC” position.
6. On the meter face, there will be a screwdriver adjustment for zeroing
the meter movement. Locate this adjustment, and adjust the meter
movement to zero on left side of meter.
7. Place meter function switch on lowest OHMS position (usually Rx1).
Touch both test leads together, and observe movement of needle. It
should move to right side of scale. Adjust for zero on right side using
the “Zero Ohms” adjust on meter.
8. When finished, move the function switch to the highest voltage
setting. This will preserve the batteries in the meter as well as protect
against accidental damage to the meter if the next technician forgets
to change the function switch setting.

B. USING THE DIGITAL MULTIMETER

1. Examine the front panel of the digital multimeter assigned to you.

Locate the function switch or switches. This is the switch that
selects whether VOLTS, OHMS, or AMPS are to be read on the meter
face.
(Note: Many DMMs have several other functions, such as transistor
or diode testing, capacitor testing, frequency counting, etc. We will
concern ourselves with VOLTS< OHMS and AMPS in this section).
2. Familiarize the selections available in VOLTS, OHMS and AMPS.
3. Insert the black test lead into the jack labeled “COMMON -” on the
front panel. Some meters simply call this jack “-” or “Common”.
4. Insert the red test lead into the “VOLTS/OHMS” jack to lowest
resistance setting. Some meters simply call this test jack “+”.
5. Rotate the function switch to lowest resistance reading.
6. Connect test leads together and observed reading on the meter face.

35
C. MEASURING RESISTANCE WITH THE VOLT – OHM –
MILLIAMMETER

1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
front panel jack labeled “Common”. On some meters this jack is
simply labeled “-”.
2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”. On some meters this jack is labeled “Volts/Ohms”.
3. Observe the position of the meter pointer. The pointer should be
exactly aligned with the “Infinity” symbol on the left side of the
meter face. (Note: this will correspond to the 0 reading on any of
the voltage scales.) The “Infinity” symbol looks like a number eight
laying on its side.
4. If the pointer is not aligned properly, adjust the mechanical zero
with s small screw driver. Be careful not to force the adjustment
beyond its limits, or to be rough in performing the adjustment. The
meter movement could be damaged.
5. Place the function switch on the lowest resistance scale. On most
VOMs this will be RX1. This simply means R times 1, or, in other
words the numbers on the resistance scale are to be read directly.
On most meters the Ohms scale will be the top scale. Zero is to the
extreme right on this scale, and infinity is to the extreme left.
6. Connect the red lead to the black lead.
7. Observe the reading on the VOM meter face. It should be near zero,
on the RIGHT side of the meter face. If the reading of zero Ohms
using the “Ohms Adjust” or “Zero Ohms Adjust” on the front panel
of the meter.
8. Place the meter lead across the leads of the 47 ohm resistor in your
standard parts kit.
9. Repeat step 8 for the 10 ohm resistor.
10. Repeat step 8 for the 150 ohm resistor.
11. Place the meter in a higher scale that will allow you to read a 1
Ohm resistor
12. Repeat steps 6 and 7 to zero the meter on the new scale.
13. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for the 1 kilo ohm, 4.7 kilo ohm, and 10 kilo
ohm resistors.
14. Repeat this procedure for the 22 kilo ohm, 47 kilo ohm, 150 kilo
ohm, 2.2 mega ohm, and 4.7 mega ohm resistors, changing scale
as a appropriate to obtain the best readings (Note: The best
accuracy on the VOM resistance scales will be in the lowest half of
the meter face – the right side of the meter face.

D. MEASURING RESISTANCE USING DIGITAL MULTIMETER

1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
panel jack, labeled “Common”.

36
 2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”.
3. Place the function switch on the lowest resistance scale.
4. Connect the red lead to the black lead.
5. Observe the reading on the DMM meter face. It should be near
zero. If it is not, check your set up. Some DMMs include a “Zero
Adjust” on the front panel. Most do not, choosing instead to set the
meter for zero internally. If no problem is found (dead battery,
blown fuse, defective meter lead, etc.) notify the instructor. Most
DMM will read a few tenths of an ohm of resistance. This simply
represents the resistance of the test leads, and should be
considered “zero” for your meter.
6. Place the meter leads across the leads of the 47 ohm resistor in
your standards parts kit. Refer to the resistor color code to aid in
identifying each resistor.
7. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the 10 ohm resistor.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the 150 ohm resistor.
9. Place the meter on a higher scale that will allow you to read a 1 kilo
ohm resistor.
10. Repeat step 5 to zero the meter on the new scale.
11. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the 1 kilo ohm, 4.7 kilo ohm, and 10m
kilo ohm resistor.
12. Repeat this procedure for the 22 kilo ohm, 47 kilo ohm, 150 kilo
ohm, 2.2 mega ohm and 4.7 mega ohm resistors, changing scales
as appropriate to obtain the best readings.

E. MEASURING DC CURRENT WITH VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMETER

1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
front panel jack, labeled “Common”.
2. Insert the banana plug and of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”.
3. Observe the position of the meter pointer. The pointer should be
exactly aligned with the 0 on the left side of the meter face. If the
meter has a mirrored meter face, align the needle (pointer) with its
image in the mirror for best accuracy.
4. If the pointer is not aligned properly, adjust the mechanical zero
with a small screw driver. Be careful not to damage the meter face
cover or the small plastic screw. Do not force the adjustment
beyond its limit.
5. Calculate the value of current that will flow in the circuit depicted
and schematic one and record it. Place the function switch on a
high enough scale to measure calculated current.
6. Connect the circuit showed in the schematic 1. Connect the red
lead to the bottom end of the 100 ohm resistor in schematic 1. and
the black lead to “-“ end of the battery.
7. Observe the reading on the VOM meter face. Record the reading.
8. Repeat steps 5, 6 and 7 for schematic 2.
9. Repeat procedure for schematic 3

37
F. MEASURING DC CURRENT WITH DIGITAL MULTIMETER

1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
front panel jack, labeled “Common”.
2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “AMPS” or “mA”.
3. Calculate the value of current that will flow in the circuit depicted
in schematic 1. Place the function switch on a high enough scale to
measure calculated current.
4. Connect the circuit shown in schematic 1. Connect the read lead to
the bottom end of the 100 ohm resistor in schematic 1, and the
black lead to “-“ end of the battery.
5. Observe the reading on the DMM meter face.
6. Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 for schematic 2.

G. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS WITH THE VOM

1. Insert the banana plug in of the black test into the meter’s from
panel jack, labeled “Common”. On some meters this jack maybe
labeled “-”.
2. Insert the banana plug in of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”. On some meters this jack maybe labeled
“Volts/Ohms”.
3. Observe the position of the meter pointer. The pointer should be
exactly aligned with the 0 on the left side of the meter face.
4. If the pointer is not aligned properly, adjust the mechanical zero
with a small screw driver. Be certain to use care with this
adjustment, since this is rather an easily damaged part.
5. Place the function switch on a high enough scale to measure 1.5
volts. This varies from meter to meter, and will depend on the make
and model of your meter.
6. Connect the red lead to “+” and of the D battery, and the black lead
to “-” and of the battery.
7. Observe the reading of the VOM meter face. Record the reading.
8. Repeat the procedure for the C cell, and record the results in the
blanks indicated.
9. Place the function switch on a high enough scale to allow a reading
of at least 9 volts.
10. Repeat the procedure for the transistor radio battery, and record
the results in the blanks indicated.

H. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS WITH A DIGITAL MULTIMETER

1. Insert the black test lead of the digital multimeter into the
“common -” test jack.
2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”.
3. Place the function switch on a high enough scale to measure 1.5
volts.

38
4. Connect the red lead to “+” end of the D battery, and black lead “-”
end of the battery. Reversing the test leads will result in a “-”
reading on the meter.
5. Observe the reading on the DMM meter face.
6. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the C cell.
7. Place the function switch on a scale that will allow reading of at
least 9 volts, if the presence scale will not handle 9 volts.
8. Measure the voltage across the terminals of the 9 volt battery.

39
 PERFORMANCE TEST 2.1

PROCEDURE:
Given a ruler and protractor, measure the length, width, height
and distance of a hole from edge to center and the opening of angle as
indicated in the drawing below. Use both the English and Metric system.
Write your answers on another sheet of paper.

A. Reading Linear Measurements

B. Measuring the Resistance of Resistors

PROCEDURE: Given 5 assorted carbon resistors and a multi-tester,

measure the resistance of each resistor.

Steps:
1. Set the pointer of the tester to infinity using zero connector.
2. Turn the selector knob to the desired range in the ohmmeter
for easy and accurate reading
3. Short the two test prods and adjust the pointer to zero ohm
using the zero ohm adjuster.
4. Connect one test prod to one terminal lead of the resistor
5. Connect the other test prod to one terminal of the resistor.
Note: Connection in step 5 must be touched by bare hands.
The body resistance is always included in the measurement
especially in high resistance resistor.
6. Read the measurement in the ohmmeter scale and multiply it
with the equivalent of the minor division. After computing,
record the reading in a separate sheet of paper

First Resistor
Second Resistor
Third Resistor
Fourth Resistor
Fifth Resistor

40
C. Measuring AC Voltage

PROCEDURE: Given an AC voltmeter and power transformer, with

multiple output, measure the AC voltage at the different test points using
the diagram below as a guide. Record the measurement on another sheet
of paper.

1. Set the pointer of the tester to infinity using the zero connector.
Note: this is only done if the pointer of the tester is not at infinity.
2. Turn the selector knob to the desired range in the ACV for easy and
accurate reading. Note: The desired range must be always higher
than the voltage to be measured to avoid damage in the tester. This
means that if the voltage to be measured is about 6 volts, the range
must be 10 V AC.
3. Connect the two test prods of the tester to the designated test
points. Note: Do not hold the metal part of the test prods to avoid
electrocution or shock.
4. Read the measurement in the ACV scale and multiply it by the
equivalent of the minor division. Record the measurement on
another sheet of paper.

D. Measuring DC Voltage

PROCEDURE: Given a DC voltmeter and an AC-DC converter, measure

the DC voltage at the designated test points. Record the measurements
on another sheet of paper.

1. Check if the pointer is set at infinity. If not, set it to infinity by

using zero corrector.
2. Turn the selector knob to the desired range. Note: The desired
range must be always higher than the expected voltage.
3. Connect the negative test prod (black) to the negative (ground) of
the circuit and the positive test prod (red) to the designated test
points as labeled in the circuit.

41
 4. Read the measurement in the DCV scale. Disconnect the test
prods. Multiply the reading in the minor division by the equivalent
of the minor division
5. Record the measurements on another sheet of paper.

E. Measuring DC mA Current

PROCEDURE:
Given a DC mA (multi-tester) and a simple electronic circuit,
measure the DC mA at the designated test points using the attached
schematic diagram as a guide. Record the reading on another sheet of
paper.

1. Check if the pointer is set at infinity. If not, set it to infinity by

using zero corrector.
2. Turn the selector knob to the desired range in the DC mA.
3. To measure the collector current of the circuit, connect the
negative test prods to point A and the positive test prods to point B
4. Read the measurement in the DCV scale. Disconnect the test
prods.
5. Multiply the reading by the equivalent of the minor division.
6. Record the measurement in the attached record sheet.
7. To measure the total current in the circuit, connect the negative
test prod to point C and the positive test prod to point D.
8. Read the measurement in the DCV scale. Disconnect the test
prods. Multiply the reading in the minor division by the equivalent
of the minor division.
9. Record the measurement on another sheet of paper.

42
43
 OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOR PERFORMANCE TEST 2.1

Student’s name:
Teacher’s name:
Name of School:
Competency standards
Unit of competency:
Instructions for the Teachers:
1. Observe the Student (insert description of activity being observed)
2. Describe the assessment activity and the date on which it was undertaken
3. Place a tick in the box to show that the Student completed each aspect of
the activity to the standard expected in the enterprise
4. Complete the feedback sections of the form
Date of observation
Description of assessment activity
Location of assessment activity
The student can Tick
measure length, width, height of an ACDC converter case
measure the opening of angles
measure diameter of hole and the distance from center to the edge
observe proper use of linear measuring tools and instruments
select the appropriate range of the ohmmeter when measuring
resistance
make resistance measurements with analog/digital ohmmeter
read accurately the resistance values of the given resistors
observe the safety precaution when measuring resistance
select the appropriate range of the Ac voltmeter when measuring AC
voltage
make AC voltage measurements with analog/digital AC voltmeter
read accurately the AC voltage values
select the appropriate range of the DC voltmeter when measuring DC
voltage
make DC voltage measurements with analog/digital DC voltmeter
read accurately the DC voltage values
observe the concept of polarity with reference to DC voltage
measurement
select the appropriate range of a DC milliammeter when measuring DC
current
make DC current measurements with analog/digital DC milliammeter
read accurately the DC current values in milliampere/microampere
observe the concept of polarity with reference to DC current
measurements
follow safety tips when measuring DC current
Did the student’s overall performance meet the standard? Yes No
Feedback to Student:
Teacher’s signature: Date:

44
QUESTIONING CHECKLIST FOR PERFORMANCE TEST 2.1

Student’s name:
Teacher’s name:
Name of School
Competency
standards
Unit of competency:
Instructions for the Teachers:
1. Observe the Student (insert description of activity being observed)
2. Describe the assessment activity and the date on which it was
undertaken
3. Place a tick in the box to show that the Student completed each aspect
of the activity to the standard expected in the enterprise
4. Ask the Student a selection of the questions from the attached list to
confirm his/her underpinning knowledge
5. Place a tick in the box to show that the Student answered the
questions correctly.
6. Complete the feedback sections of the form
Date of observation
Description of assessment
activity
Location of assessment activity
Do you … Tick
 adjust the zero ohm control before measuring resistance?
 take safety precaution and measures when measuring
resistance?
 not touch the conductive part of the test probes when the
ohmmeter is set to RX1K or RX10K?
 adjust the zero corrector before measuring voltage and
current with an analog VOM?
 avoid physical contact to the conductive parts of the test
probes when measuring AC line voltage?
 take precaution when measuring voltage?
 find it possible to cut any of the lines in the circuit when
measuring current?
 take precautions and measures when measuring DC current?
 connect a DC milliammeter into the circuit?
Did the Student’s overall performance meet the Yes No
standard?
Feedback to Student:

Teacher signature: Date:

45
Program/Course CONSUMER ELECTRONIC MECHANIC NCII
Unit of Competency PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Module PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Learning Outcome 3: Maintain measuring instruments.

Assessment Criteria:

1. Measuring instruments are handled according to procedures.

2. Measuring instruments are cleaned before and after using.
3. Proper storage of instruments are undertaken according to
manufacturer’s specifications and standard operating procedures.

Learning Activities

1. Read Information Sheet 3.1 on proper handling, cleaning and

storing measuring instruments.
2. Do Self-Check 3.1 to check your knowledge on proper handling,
cleaning and storing measuring instruments.
3. Compare your answers to the Answer Key.
4. If you were not able to answer all the questions correctly, go over
again the Information Sheet.
5. If you have answered all the questions, you can proceed to the next
module.

Special Instructions

 You can ask the assistance of your teacher to show you and
explain further the topic you don’t understand.
 Try to answer the Self-Check without looking at the Information
Sheet.

46
 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

PROPER HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT

To ensure that the meter is used safely, follow all safety and operating
instructions.
1. Never use meter on the electric circuit that exceeds 3k VA.
2. Pay special attention when measuring the voltage of AC30 Vrms
(42.5V peak) or DC60V or more to avoid injury.
3. Never apply an input signals exceeding the maximum rating input
value.
4. Never use meter for measuring the line connected with equipment
(i.e. motors) that generates induced or surge voltage since it may
exceed the maximum allowable voltage.
5. Never use meter if the meter or test leads are damaged o broken.
6. Never use uncased meter
7. Be sure to use a fuse of the special rating or type. Never use a
substitute of the fuse or never make a short circuit of the fuse.
8. Always keep your fingers behind the finger guards on the probe
when making measurements.
9. Be sure to disconnect the test pins from the circuit when changing
the function or range.
10. Before starting the measurements, make sure that the function and
range are properly set in accordance with the measurement.
11. Never use meter with wet hands or in a damp environment.
12. Never use test leads other than the specified test leads.
13. Never open tester case except when replacing batteries or fuses. Do
not attempt any alteration of original specifications.
14. To ensure safety and maintain accuracy, calibrate and check the
meter at least once a year.
15. Indoor use.
16. It is a good idea to set the ammeter to the highest scale, until it can
be verified that the current is small enough to be safely read on a
lower scale; then reduce range to obtain reading.
17. Although the voltages you will be measuring are very low voltage,
you are building habits to be used later with high voltage circuitry.
Do not allow your fingers to come in contact with the metal probes
on the meter.
18. Even though the output of the DC power supply is below 50 volts,
you are developing safety habits that you will use with higher, more
dangerous voltages. Exercise caution in taking voltage
measurements, to prevent from becoming part of the circuit.
19. Even though the voltage across the resistors is very low, observe all
safety precautions for higher voltage circuits. Remember that you
are developing habits with low voltage circuits that you will use with
higher voltage circuits.
20. Be absolutely certain before energizing the power supply, that the
ammeter is connected in series with the circuit to be tested.
Ammeters should never be connected in parallel with a component.
To do so will cause the component to be short circuited through the

47
 ammeter, and may damage the meter or circuit, or the power supply.
If you have any doubt, check with your instructor.
21. The ohmmeter is never used in a circuit with power applied. To do so
can damage the meter.
22. Remember that the ohmmeter should never be used in a circuit that
has power applied to it. Always turn of the power supply and
disconnect the leads from the circuit before measuring the
resistance in the circuit.
23. Always discharge a capacitor before handling it or before
troubleshooting the circuit it is installed in.
24. A transformer is an inductive device. As with all such devices, high
transient voltages can be generated by the transformer when it is
turned off. This is sometimes referred to as “kick-back”. Meters
should be set to high ranges or removed before powering the down
the circuit.
25. Be cautious of transient (kick-back) voltages generated by this
circuit while turning off. Meters should never be removed or set to
high ranges while so doing.
26. Be cautious of transient (kick-back) voltages that may be generated
by the coil when empowering down the circuit. Meters should be set
to high ranges before turning off this circuit.
27. Capacitors are capable of storing voltages for long periods of time
after being removed from the source. Make certain capacitors are
discharged before handling.

REPLACING THE FUSE

If an overload above lighting voltage (about 100V) is applied to DCA, and

 ranges, the fuse is blown to protect the circuit.
1. Loosen the screws fixing the rear case and remove it.
2. Pull out the fuse out of holder on the circuit board and replace it.
3. Put back the rear case where it was and tighten the screws.
4. Check and see whether or not indications of respective ranges are
normal (check other parts for any failures).

CLEANING PRECAUTIONS

1. The measuring instrument cover is treated with antistatic coating. Do

not wipe it hard or clean it with volatile solvent. Use a soft brush to
remove dust.
2. Clean the measuring instrument before and after using.

PROPER STORAGE

1. Avoid giving the tester any exercise shock or vibration by loading it on

the motorbike and the like.
2. Keep off dust and moisture from the tester.
3. Do not leave the tester for a long time in places of a high temperature
(higher than 55°C) a high humidity (higher than 80%), and dew
condensation.

48
 SELF-CHECK 3.1

General Directions: Write your answer on another sheet of paper.

I. Directions: Write true if the statement is correct and false if the

statement is wrong.

1. Do not reverse the leads (polarity) on the analog meter because you
may bend the pointer and cause it to be inaccurate.
2. Be careful to observe polarity when measuring DC.
3. Be certain the function switch is properly set (i.e. DC, AC, volts,
amperes, milliamperes, resistance).
4. When measuring an unknown voltage, always start at the highest
range available on the meter. Lower the range until the meter reading
is approximately in the center of the scale.
5. Always connect voltmeters in parallel with the potential difference
being measured.
6. Multimeters should be stored in the highest DC range when not in use.
This is a safety precaution to protect the meter. If someone tries to
measure voltage while the range switch is set too low or on a
resistance range, the meter will be damaged.
7. Use the proper function, range and polarity to protect the meter.
8. Never connect an ammeter into a circuit when the power switch is on.
9. Always be certain that the ammeter is inserted in series.
10. Be certain that the range is high enough for the current being
measured. If the current to be measured is unknown, start at the
highest range and work down until the meter reads approximately in
the center of the range.
11. Observe proper polarity when measuring DC, especially when using
an analog meter.
12. Turn the power off when measuring resistance.
13. Reset the range switch to the highest voltage range when you have
finished making resistance measurements.
14. Never measure resistance with the power on.
15. The measuring instrument cover is treated with antistatic coating. Do
not wipe it hard or clean it with volatile solvent. Use a soft brush to
remove dust.
16. Clean the measuring instrument before and after using.
17. Avoid giving the tester any exercise shock or vibration by loading it on
the motorbike and the like.
18. Keep off dust and moisture from the tester.
19. Do not leave the tester for a long time in places of high temperature
(higher than 55°C) high humidity (higher than 80%), and dew
condensation.
20. Replace the same voltage and current ratings of fuse, when replacing
.burned-out or defective fuse of measuring instrument.

49
II. Directions: Select the answer that best completes the statement or
answers the question. Write your answers on another sheet of paper.

1. In order to measure current an ammeter must be connected :

a. across a switch c. across a source or a load.
b. directly into a circuit d. None of the above
2. To measure voltage a voltmeter must be connected:
a. across a source or load c. directly into a circuit
b. across a switch d. None of the above
3. Before installing an ammeter into a circuit it is necessary to first:
a. check to see if the ammeter can withstand the current.
b. de-energize the circuit
c. refer to the schematic to see where the ammeter is to be installed.
d. all of the above
4. Proper way of cleaning measuring instrument should be
a. Once a month c. After using
b. Before using d. Before and after
5. The best way to clean measuring instrument is to
a. Use a soft brush to remove dust
b. Use dampen cloth with plain water
c. Use dampen cloth with cleaning solvent
d. Use dampen cloth with volatile solvent or cleaning solution
6. The proper way of storing measuring instrument is to
a. Keep off dust and moisture from the measuring instrument
b. Place the measuring instrument to an area near the strong
magnetic fields
c. Store the measuring instrument to an area susceptible to
corrosion and dirt
d. Place the measuring instrument to an area with extreme heat or
temperature
7. The best way to store measuring instrument is to:
a. avoid giving it any excessive shock or vibration by loading it on the
motorbike and the like.
b. place it in an area with strong magnetic fields.
c. store it in an area with corrosion and dirt
d. store it in an area with extreme heat or temperature.
8. Safety measure in storing measuring instrument:
a. Do not leave it for a long time in places of high temperature.
b. Place it in an area near the strong magnetic fields.
c. Store it in an area susceptible to corrosion and dirt.
d. Place it in an area with extreme heat or temperature.
9. When measuring unknown AC voltage, set the meter to:
a. rx10k c. 1000V DC
b. 1000V AC d. highest DC milliammeter range.
10. When measuring unknown DC voltage, set the meter to the highest:
a. ohmmeter range. c. DC range.
b. AC range. d. AC/DC milliammeter range .

50