ENGLISH P0ETRY

ENGLISH P0ETRY
FOR ADVANCE LEVEL

HARIRATUL JANNAH
2020-2021
FOR ADVANCE LEVEL

HARIRATUL JANNAH
2023-2024
 WHAT IS POETRY ?

1.Webster says a poem is a metrical composition; a

composition in verse written in certain measures,
whether in blank verse or in rhyme, and characterized
by imagination and poetic diction

2.Some poems are very formal, and others are more

playful. Some are published in beautiful books, and
others are written on sidewalks.

3. The thing that makes all poems alike is that each

expresses the writer’s imagination and feelings in a
creative way.

2
 WHAT IS A POEM ?

1. Think of the poems you’ve read in the

past. Can you remember one you’ve
enjoyed? Now think of the lyrics of your
favorite song. Now consider the
following questions:

2. What is the most memorable line of the

poem or song?

3. Are the lines grouped in any particular

way?
Do any of the lines rhyme?
4
Elements of Poetry

5
“
Poetry is a form of literary
expression that captures intense
experiences or creative perceptions
of the world in a musical language
Basically, if prose is like talking,
poetry is like singing

By looking at the set up of a

poem, you can see the difference
between prose and poetry.

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 THE ELEMENT OF POETRY

A poem consist of words. In

them, the poet tells us
something in a special form.
The poet expects us to pay
attention to what he /she says
and how they say it

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8
 T.S. Eliot
History Elements Styles 1. Edmund Spenser
Allegory & 2. Alexander Pope
Epic Poetry Metaphor
Rhyme & Meter Sonnet 3. W.B. Yeats
Elizabethan Haiku
Poetry Irony & Image 4. Emily Dickinson
Epic
Simile & Free Verse 5. William
Modern Symbol
Poetry Limerick Shakespeare
Alliteration & Monorhyme
Assonance 6.William Wordsworth
Quatrain
Tone & Word 7. William Blake
order
8. John Milton, etc
 Epic Poetry
Characteristics: usually found in
preliterate societies, this style of poetry
was typically passed down through oral
traditions, until someone eventually wrote
them down- this is why we can read them
today.
These poems usually take the form of a
long narrative, which means it is usually a
very long story told in the first person (“I
did this” instead of “he or she did that”).
These poems were written a long time
ago- The Odyssey, for example, is t
thought to have been written anywhere
between 8 and 7 B.C. 10
ELIZABETHAN POETRY
Most of our ideas about how poetry
should be written come from this era.
Elizabethan poetry was written in
through the17th and 19th centuries.This
poetry has a heavy emphasis on many
rules regarding rhythm, rhyme, meter.
Major themes of this poetry are:
discovery of the self, political
turbulence, and originality (later in the
era)

For examples of this poetry, please see:

Ben Johnson
William Shakespeare,
William Wordsworth
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 In modernism, we see poets
MODERN POETRY breaking the rules of gentlemanly
Elizabethan poetry, and forming
new definitions of what makes a
poem interesting. No longer did
poetry have to follow rules about
rhythm, rhyme, and meter. Poetry
from this era ranges from small
poems about an image (see E.E.
Cummings), to long, sprawling
epics written in several languages
(see T.S. Eliot). For more examples
of 20th and 21st century poetry, see
below:
Elizabeth Bishop
Langston Hughes 12
 T.S. Eliot
1888-1965
Was extremely studious- he studied in
Harvard AND the Sorbonne in Paris!
Pioneer of “high modernism” (a.k.a.
hard-to-understand poetry)
His poetry usually has a depressing tone.
Liked to use Italian, Greek, Russian,
French, and! German in his poems-
because he spoke nearly all of them

13
William Shakespeare

1564-1616
Regarded as the best
writer in the English
language
Master of the sonnet
Was a poet and
playwright- he wrote 37
plays and 134 sonnets.
The most-quoted
author in the English
language!

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William Wordsworth

15
 W.B.Yeats

1865-1939
He is an Irish cultural
nationalist
His poems are very
political and were written
during political turmoil in
Ireland

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Emily Dickinson

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HOW TO ANALYZE A POEM :

There are two general

approaches in analyzing and
appreciation poetry

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 a. intrinsic approach

1.Read the poem more 2.Keep a dictionary by you and

than once. A poem is not use it. It is futile to try to
like a newspaper, to be understand poetry without
hastily read a wall and troubling to learn the meanings
cast into the wastebasket. of the words which it is
It is to be hung on the wall composed.
of one’s mind.

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 Intrinsic approach
. 4.Identifythe poem 5.Determine imagery
3.Read so as to hear the
as good or bad, and such as ; eyes, skin,
sounds of the words in
then give the theme mind, heart, hands,
your mind. Poetry is
or the main idea. How ear, foot finger are
written to be heard; its
fully has purpose the the effect of diction
meanings are conveyed
role of element such primarily intended
through sound as well as
figurative language/ visual imagery which
through print. Every
denotative or bring by the poet into
word is therefore
connotative. his/her experience
important.
through the poem. 20
6.Identify the rhythm/ rime its happy
expression or not, then, analyzing the
sound effect each of the lines; i.e.,
ababcc as the regular effect of sound.
(Jannah, Hariratul. 2018. p.8-12)

21
 B. Extrinsic Approach
1. analyzed the relation of literature and art to the poet (history and story
of literature, in related to the rhyme, rhythm, musical (in drama), irony,
and cynical).
2. Literature and biography based on the social background and culture
equal or not.
3. Literature and psychology
4. Literature and society
5. Literature and ideas
6. Literature education
7. Literature economic
8. Literature and politics (eBook English Poetry.2018.p. 12-13)
22
“ ✓ 1. TO BEGIN: HOW TO
ANALYZES ( P.13)
✓ 2. LITERAL MEANING:
HOW YOU KNOW THE
WODRS (P.14-15)
✓ 4. TONE (P.15)
✓ 5. HOW IS THE STRUCTURE
(P.16) 23
 6. SOUND &
RHYTHM
(P.16- 18)

24
 Rhythm speech
It is the natural rise and fall of language.
Meter is the kind of rhythm we can tap our
foot to. In language that is metrical the
accents are so arranged as to occur at
apparently equal intervals of time, and it is
this interval we mark off with the tap of our
foot. The basic metrical unit, the foot, consists
normally of one accent syllable plus one or
two unaccented syllables, though
occasionally there may be no unaccented
syllables, and very rarely there may be there.

25
 Guidelines
Try to analyze from line one in one stanza of a poem ( bait in
Indonesia; where 1 stanza sometimes consists of 3-6 lines )of
the text of the poem you have read
1. Rhythm for high or low sounds the poem you heard, the
symbol is / h or Lw/
2. Rhythm for consonant or vowel sound you heard the
poem, the symbol is / Cs or Vs/
3. Rhythm for weak or strong sound of the word when
spelled by speaker/poets/ the symbol is /W or Str/. These
are all in topic of rhythm until metrical pattern you must
read first in eBook of English Poetry (2018.p.16)
4. Rhyme for word sound we head from the last word in
every single line the symbol is /a/. When the second line
26
 Meter

❑ is the rhythm established by a

poem, and it is usually dependent
not only on the number of syllables
in a line but also on the way those
syllables are accented. This rhythm
is often described as a pattern of
stressed and unstressed syllables.

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“ ✓
✓
✓
Notes : the symbol used when analyzing rhythm of a poem
Lw = low a, b, c, d, e ( vowel sound )
W= weak/ a/
✓ Str= strong /a/
✓ H= high b/
✓ Cs= consonant b
✓ Vs= vowel c
✓ L= long c
✓ S= short

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 ✓ Rhyme

“
✓ a, b, c, d, e ( vowel sound )
✓ Stressed syllables are labelled with an accent
mark: /
✓ Unstresse syllables are labelled with a dash: _
✓ Example in writing analysis of metrical/rhythm
such:
✓ Go/cs/lw/w/srt /1syl/a (rhyme a)
29
Identify musical devices those are:
a. Alliteration that is repetition of initial sound
such as:
fish – fowl, rime- reason (i-o), (ai- ie)
b. Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds such
as: slapdash, free and easy (e- e), (i- i) the
function
of alliteration and assonance are accent to the
sound of a certain word conveying
messages substantially.
c. Consonance is repetition of final consonant
sounds ; first- last (st- st),
short & sweet (rt- it), odds & ends ( ds- ds), a
stroke of luck ( ok- ck).(eBook. 2018.p.11-12.)

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The secondary unit of measurement, the
line, is measured by naming the number of
feet in it.

a. Iamb(ic) is the contradiction of

strong and weak sound.

b. Trochee (chaic) is one stress and one

unstressed syllable.

c. Anapest (tic) two syllable (short),

one long or 2 syllable unstressed and 1
syllable stressed.
31
 d. Dactyl is finger (3 syllable)
e.g ¯ υ υ
yes –ter – day

e. Monometer consist of one foot

f. Diameter consist of two feet
g. Trimeter consist of three
meter, etc.

32
The length of a line of poetry,
based on what type of rhythm
is used. It is the rhythmical
pattern in a poem.

33
 METRICAL PATTERN
Iamb  -- a foot
consisting of 2 syllables
where the accent lies on the
2nd syllable

Trochee -- a foot in

which 1 accented
Anapest  -- 3 syllable
syllable is followed by
foot made of 2 unstressed 1 unaccented foot
syllables followed by 1 stressed
syllable
Dactyl --  3 syllable
foot which is accented on the
1st syllable 34
 ❑ Naturally, there is a
✓ The most common
degree of variation from
line lengths are:
line to line, as a rigid
Monometer:
❑ one foot
The most common line lengths
are: adherence to the meter
tetrameter:
Monometer: one foot four feet
tetrameter: four feet results in unnatural or
heptameter: seven
heptameter: seven feet dimeter:
two feet pentameter: five feet monotonous language.
feet dimeter:
octameter: two feet
eight feet trimeter:
three feet hexameter: six feet. A skillful poet
pentameter: five feet
manipulates breaks in
octameter: eight feet
the prevailing rhythm of
trimeter: three feet
a poem for particular
hexameter: six feet.
effects. 35
❑ euphemism Use of an inoffensive expression in
place of an unpleasantone.
to be under the weather (ill); passed away (dead)
Remember me when I am gone away,/ Gone far
away into the silent land.
(C. Rossetti)

❑ •oxymoron Combination of incongruous words.

O heavy lightness! serious vanity!/ Mis-shapen
chaos of well-seeming forms!/ Feather of lead,
bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! (Romeo and
Juliet
(Jannah, Hariratul.2018.p. 32-33)

36
 7. LANGUAGE AND
IMAGERY
Look for the concrete pictures, or images,
the poet has drawn. Consider why these
particular things have been chosen.

Symbolism is also often used in a poem. A symbol

is an event or a physical object (a thing, a person, a
place) that represents something non-physical such as an
idea, a value, or an emotion. For example, a ring is
symbolic of unity and marriage; a budding tree in spring
might symbolize life and fertility; a leafless tree in the
winter could be a symbol for death. ( Hariratul,
37
J.2018.p.18-19)
 8. The SOUNDS OF WORDS
Musical devices

Words or portions of words can be clustered or

juxtaposed to achieve specific kinds of effects
when we hear them. The sounds that result can
strike us as clever and pleasing, even soothing.
Others we dislike and strive to avoid. (Jannah,
Hariratul.2018.p.20-25)
38
Alliteration: Repeated consonant sounds at
the beginning of words placed near each other,
usually on the same or adjacent lines. A
somewhat looser definition is that it is the use of
the same consonant in any part of adjacent
words.

Other word that Alliteration is repetition of initial

sound.

Example: fast and furious ( a- u)

Example: fish and fowl, rime- reason (i-o), (ai- ie)

39
Assonance: Repeated vowel
sounds in words placed near each
other, usually on the same or
adjacent lines.

These should be in sounds that are

accented, or stressed, rather than in
vowel sounds that are unaccented.

Example: He’s a bruisin’ loser (u-u)

Example: slapdash, free and easy
(e-e), (i-i) (eBook. EngPoetry.2018.p
20-21)

40
Consonance: Repeated consonant
sounds at the ending of words placed
near each other, usually on the same or
adjacent lines.

These should be in sounds that are

accented, or stressed, rather than in
vowel sounds that are unaccented.

This produces a pleasing kind of near-

rhyme.

Example: boats into the past

Example: cool soul (Idem.p.20-21) 41
Cacophony
A discordant series of harsh, unpleasant
sounds helps to convey disorder. This
is often furthered by the combined
effect of the meaning and the difficulty
of pronunciation.

Example: My stick fingers click with a

snicker
And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys;
Light-footed, my steel feelers flicker
And pluck from these keys melodies.
—“Player Piano,” John Updike 42
 Semantic figures
(meaning –related figures/ Figure of Speech)
(P.25-30)
• Antonomasia

Use of a proper name in place of an ordinary word; (b) Use of a

descriptive phrase in place of a proper name.

(a) a hoover, a xerox, a Croesus, ...

(b) The Bard, The Swan of Avon (= Shakespeare)

• periphrasis Use of a descriptive phrase (circumlocution) in place of a

simple 43
“ ✓ 9. Arranging The Words
✓ How to identify form of the
poems (Jannah, Hariratul.
2018.p.34-47)

44
Euphony: A series of musically
pleasant sounds, conveying a sense
of harmony and beauty to the
language.
Example: Than Oars divide the
Ocean, Too silver for a seam— Or
Butterflies, off Banks of Noon Leap,
plash less as they swim.
— “A Bird Came Down the Walk,”
Emily Dickinson (last stanza)

45
 Onomatopoeia:
Words that sound like their meanings. In
Hear the steady tick of the old hall clock, the
word tick sounds like the action of the clock,
If assonance or alliteration can be
onomatopoeic, as the sound ‘ck’ is repeated
in tick and clock, so much the better. At least
sounds should suit the tone – heavy sounds
for weightiness, light for the delicate. Tick is
a light word, but transpose the light T to its
heavier counterpart, D; and transpose the
light CK to its heavier counterpart G, and
tick becomes the much more solid and down
to earth dig.

Example: boom, buzz, crackle, gurgle, hiss,

pop, sizzle, snap, swoosh, whir, zip
(eBook.2018.p. 21) 46
✓ Repetition: The purposeful re-use of

“
words and phrases for an effect.
Sometimes, especially with longer
phrases that contain a different key
word each time, this is called
parallelism. It has been a central part of
poetry in many cultures. Many of the
Psalms use this device as one of their
unifying elements.
✓ Example: I was glad; so very, very glad. 47
 9. The meaning of Words
Most words convey several
meanings or shades of meaning at
the same time.

• Allegory
• Allusion
• Ambiguity
• Analogy
• Apostrophe
• Cliché 48
• Connotation
• Contrast
• Denotation
• Euphemism
• Hyperbole
• Irony
• Metaphor
• Meronomy
• Oxymoron
• Paradox
• Personification

49
Elements _of_Poetry_packet- www.npsd.k12.nj.us
eBook-ENGLISH POETRY FOR ADVANCE LEVEL- Hariratul Jannah-
Phoenix Publisher-Jogjakarta-2018
Norton’s Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry ,
3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slam_poetry
Reception -and the rape of the lock n richardson-
httpswww.britac.ac.ukpubsprocfiles91p147
STUDIES IN POETRY-ENG FOR CLASSICAL STUDIES-2006-
www.smarrpublishers.com
THE POETRY HANDBOOK-englishdepartments.com-the-poetry-
handbook
Theory of poetry-virtual lec 23-lib.vcomsats.edu
Theory of poetry by
Wordsworth- http://www.hawaii.edu~simmonsEnglish252wordsworth
Williamswarpoets http://warpoets.org.ukwp-contentupload 50
Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
✓ dramasasing2022@g
mail.com 51