SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

PHYSICS (312)
Time: 3 hrs Maximum Marks: 80
Note:
i. This question paper consists of 43 questions in all.
ii. All questions are compulsory.
iii. Marks are given against each question.
iv. Use log tables if required.
v. Section A consists of
a. Q.No. 1 to 16 – Multiple Choice type questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each. Select
and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given in each of these
questions. An internal choice has been provided in some of these questions. You have to
attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
b. Q.No. 17 to 28 – Objective type questions carrying 02 marks each (with 2 sub-parts of 1
mark each). Attempt these questions as per the instructions given for each of the questions
18 – 28.
vi. Section B consists of
a. Q.No. 29 to 37 – Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each to be answered in the
range of 30 to 50 words.
b. Q.No. 38 to 41 – Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each to be answered in
the range of 50 to 80 words.
c. Q.No. 42 to 43 – Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each to be answered in
the range of 80 to 120 words.

SECTION A
S.NO. Questions Marks
Q.No. 1 to 16 are the objective questions of 1 mark each:
An internal choice has been provided in some of these questions. You
have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
1. (i) The net force on a kite held stationary in the sky is- 1
A. 1N
B. Increasing
C. 0 N
D. Decreasing
OR
(ii) In terms of fundamental unit 1 N can be expressed as-
A. 1 N = 1 kg ms-2
B. 1 N = 1 kg m-3
C. 1 N = 1 kg-1ms-2
D. 1 N = kgms2

1
2. (i) The mass of a body is 2 kg, its weight is- 1
A. 19.6 N
B. 9.8 N
C. 10 N
D. 5 N
OR
(ii) A body of mass 200 g falls through air with an acceleration of 6 ms -2.
The air drag on the body is

A. 1200 N
B. 1.2 N
C. 1.96 N
D. 0.76 N
3. (i) A passenger in a moving bus is thrown forward when the bus is 1
suddenly stopped. This is explained
A. by Newton’s first law
B. by Newton’s second law
C. by Newton’s third law
D. by the principle of conservation of mass
OR
(ii) The need of banking of road is
A. To provide additional gravitational force for higher velocity
B. To provide additional centrifugal force for higher velocity
C. To provide additional centripetal force for higher velocity
D. To provide additional electrostatic force for higher velocity
4 (i) The phenomenon of Capillarity is due to 1
A. Cohesion.
B. Adhesion.
C. Cohesion and Adhesion both
D. neither Cohesion ,nor Adhesion
OR
(ii) For a non viscous, incompressible fluid in steady flow where the
area of cross section of pipe is halved the velocity of flow is-
A. Quadrupled
B. Tripled
C. Doubled
D. Unchanged
5 The excess of pressure inside two soap bubbles of diameters in the 1
ratio 4 : 1 is
(A) 1 : 4
(B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 2
(D) 4 : 1

2
6 Thermodynamics means 1
A. study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy
B. study of the conversion of chemical energy to other forms of energy
C. study of the relationship between mechanical energy to other forms
of energy
D. study of the conversion of mechanical energy to other forms of
energy
7 (i) Out of the following the law of a thermodynamics law actually is- 1
A. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
B. Faraday’s Law of thermodynamics
C. Ideal Gas Law of thermodynamics
D. Boyle’s Law of thermodynamics
OR
(ii) Out of the following a type of thermodynamic system is-
A. Open system
B. Closed system
C. Thermally isolated system
D. All of the mentioned
8 Transverse progressive waves are characterised by 1
(A) compressions and rarefactions
(B) crests and troughs
(C) compressions and troughs
(D) crests and rarefactions
9 When a wave passes from one medium to another, there is change of 1
(A) frequency and velocity
(B) wavelength and velocity
(C) frequency and wavelength
(D) frequency, wavelength and velocity
10 (i) Number of beats produced by two waves of y1 = a sin 1000 πt, 1
y2 = a sin 1004 πt is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 4
(d) 8
OR
(ii) A source of sound of frequency 150 Hz is moving in a direction
towards an observer with a velocity 110 ms -1. If the velocity of sound is
330 ms – 1 , the frequency of sound heard by the person is
(A) 225 Hz
(B) 200 Hz
(C) 150 Hz
(D) 100 Hz

3
11 The displacement y of a particle in a medium can be expressed as y = 1
10-6 sin(100t + 20x + π/4) where t is in second and x in meter . The
propagation constant of the wave is
(A) 100 s–1
(B) 10-6 m
(C) 20 m–1
(D) π/4 rad
12 Which of the following colour of white light deviates the most when 1
passes through a prism?
(A) Red
(B) Violet
(C) Yellow
(D) Green
13 (i) For total internal reflection, correct statement is- 1
(A) Light travels from rarer to denser medium.
(B) Light travels from denser to rarer medium.
(C) Light travels in air only.
(D) Light travels in water only.
OR
(ii) The cause of the blue color of the ocean is
A) reflection
B) scattering of light by water molecules
C) total internal reflection
D) refraction
14 The refracting angle of a prism is 30′ and its refractive index is 1.6. 1
Calculate the deviation caused by the prism.
A. 28′
B. 8′
C. 30′
D. 18′
15 In an experiment of scattering of alpha particle showed for the first time 1
that the atom has,
(A)Electron
(B)Proton
(C)Neutron
(D)Nucleus

4
16 According to Bohr’s postulates, an electrons revolve around the nucleus 1
in ______________orbits.
(A) Dynamic
(B) Stationary
(C) Lower
(D) First
OR
Which spectral series of hydrogen lie in UV region?
(A) Paschen
(B) Lyman
(C) Brackett
(D) Balmer
Q.No. 17 to 28 are the objective questions of 2 marks each:
Some of these questions have 4 sub-parts. You have to do any 2 sub-parts out
of 4 sub-parts in such questions.
17. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. 1X2
Friction between any two surfaces in contact is the force that opposes
the relative motion between them. The force of limiting friction (F)
between any two surfaces in contact is directly proportional to the
normal reaction (R) between them i .e . , F ∝ R or F= 𝜇𝑅 , where 𝜇 is
coefficient of limiting friction , then 𝜇 = tan𝜃.
Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv):
(i) The maximum force of static friction between a pair of surfaces is
independent of
(a) mass of the body (b) coefficient of friction
(c) area of contact (d) acceleration due to gravity
(ii) Unit of coefficient of limiting friction:
(a) N (b) Nm (c) N/m (d) unitless
(iii) Arrange in ascending order ; µr, µk, and µms (i.e. coefficient of rolling
friction, coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of maximum static
friction respectively.)
(a)µk ˂µr ˂µms
(b)µr ˂µk ˂µms
(c)µms ˂µr ˂µ
(d)none of these
(iv) The value of static friction acting on the body at rest which is under the
influence of applied external force of 5 N is
(a) 0 N (b) 5 N (c) 10 N (d) 2.5 N
18. Complete the sentence using following words: (Attempt any two parts 1X2
from following questions (i to iv))
[more, force, linear momentum, inertia, isolated, less]
(i) Total linear momentum of _________ system is conserved.
(ii) The rate of change of momentum is higher when force is ___________.

5
 The fielder lowers his hands to catch a ball, just to minimize the
(iii)
____________.
Recoil of the gun is based on law of conservation of ______________.
(iv)
19. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. (i to ii) 1X2
Bernoulli’s Theorem has many applications among which one is a spray
gun which is shown in the figure where a piston pushes air out of a
nozzle. A thin tube of uniform cross section is connected to the nozzle.
The other end of the tube is in a small liquid container. As the piston
pushes air through the nozzle, the liquid from the container rises into the
nozzle and is sprayed out. For the spray gun shown, the radii of the
piston and the nozzle are 20 mm and 1 mm respectively. The upper end
of the container is open to the atmosphere.

(i) According to Bernoulli’s Theorem: 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑣 + ℎ𝑑𝑔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑑 𝑎𝑠 [𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡],
Then for unit volume of an ideal luid in a streamline low:
A, B and C respectively are corresponds to
(a) potential energy, kinetic energy and pressure energy
(b) potential energy, pressure energy and kinetic energy
(c) pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy
(d) kinetic energy, pressure energy and potential energy
(ii) If the piston is pushed at a speed of 5 mms-1 , the air comes out of the
nozzle with a speed of
(a) 0.1 ms-1 (b) 1 ms-1 (c) 2 ms-1 (d) 8 ms-1
20 Fill in the blanks: (Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to 1X2
iv))
(i) When the observer moves away from the stationary source, the
apparent frequency is ________________ than the actual frequency of
the source.
(ii) The frequency of the sound appear to be ________________ than the
actual frequency when the source towards the stationary observer.
(iii) The Waves set up in the string fixed at both the ends are____________
waves
(iv) ___________effect is observed for light waves as well as sound waves.
21. Match column –I statement with the right option of column - II 1X2
Column –I Column - II
P.
(i) S.I. unit of electric flux is
(ii) S.I. unit of electric field is Q.
R.

6
22. Fill in the blanks: (Attempt any two parts from following questions) 1X2
(i) Kirchhoff’s first law for electric network is based on
(ii) Kirchhoff’s second law for electric network is based on
(iii) EMFs of two cells can be compared by using
(iv) Meter bridge works on the principle of _____________________.
23. Write TRUE for correct statement and FALSE for incorrect 1X2
statements:
(i) In refrigerator the source of heat is the environment and sink of heat is
the inner chamber of heat. ___________________
(ii) If door of a working refrigerator is kept open for a long time in a closed
room, the room will become cool.__________________
24. Match column –I statement with the right option of column - II 1X2
Column –I Column - II
P. Volume
(i) The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on Q. Temperature
(ii) A gas performs minimum work when it expands R. Isothermally
S. Isochorically
25. Fill in the blanks: (Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to 1X2
iv))
(i) A ray of light undergoes twice on passing through a prism
(ii) __________ is the most scattered colour.
(iii) The deviation through a prism is minimum when angle of incidence
is equal to angle of___________ .
(iv) According to Rayleigh’s law of scattering, The intensity of scattered
light is inversely proportional to the _____________ power of its
wavelength:
26. Match column –I statement with the right option of column - II 1X2
Column –I Column - II
P. Yellow
(i) Most deviated colour Q. Red
(ii) Least deviated colour R. Orange
S. Violet
27. Write TRUE for correct statement and FALSE for incorrect 1X2
statements: (Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv))
(i)  -particles have highest ionizing power. ____
(ii)
Solar energy is mainly caused due to burning of Hydrogen in the
oxygen. ______
(iii)
Paschen series of hydrogen atom lie in UV region. _____

7
 (iv)
The radius R of a nucleus is proportional to cube root of its mass
number. _______
28. Match column –I statement with the right option of column - II 1X2
Column –I Column - II
(i) SI unit of coefficient of P. Nsm–2
viscosity is Q. poise
(ii) CGS unit of coefficient of R. Nm–2
viscosity is

SECTION B
Q. Question Marks
No.
29. Describe in brief the formation of depletion region in a p-n junction diode with 2
a suitable diagram.
30. Draw a diagram to show experimental arrangement for observing the 2
photoelectric effect.
OR
Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with anode potential
for two different frequencies, v1 >v2, of incident radiation having the same
intensity. In which case will the stopping potential be higher?
31. What is nuclear fusion? Write an equation of nuclear fusion to support your 2
answer
32. Draw a restoring force of displacement graph for a helical spring. Write an 2
expression for the energy stored in the spring at maximum displacement.
33. Show that 1 KWh energy is equal to 3.6  106 J. 2
34. Show that magnetic energy required to build up the current I in a coil of self 2
inductance L is given by – ½ LI2.
OR
Find out the expression for the magnetic field due to a long solenoid carrying a
current I and having n number of turns per unit length.
35. Two capacitor of capacitance C1 and C2 are connected in series with dc voltage 2
V. Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of the combination of
the capacitor.
OR
Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
36. Explain why diffraction is a very common phenomenon in case of sound, but 2
not that common in case of light.
OR
Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference pattern?
37. The angle of maximum polarisation for a certain medium is 60 0. Calculate the 2
refractive index of the medium.

8
38. Draw the circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier using p-n junction diode. 3
Explain its working and show the output input waveforms.
39. A raindrop of mass 1 g falling from a height of 1 km hits the ground with a 3
speed of 50 ms-1 calculate
I. The loss of P.E. of the drop
II. The gain in K.E. of the drop
OR
A body of mass 0.5 kg travels in a straight line with velocity v = ax 3/2 where a =
5m-1/2s-1. What is the work done during its displacement from x = 0 to x = 2 m.
40. Derive the expression for the electric potential at any point along the axial line 3
of an electric dipole.
OR
Derive the expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole
moment 𝑝⃗ placed in a uniform electric field 𝐸⃗.
41. State and explain Brewster’s law with the help of a diagram. The value of 3
Brewster angle for a transparent medium is different for light of different
colours. Give reason
42. (a) Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the V-I characteristics of a p-n 5
junction diode in (i) forward and (ii) reverse bias. Briefly explain how the
typical V- I characteristics of a diode are obtained and draw these
characteristics.
(b) Explain the I V characteristics of Light emitting diode.
OR
What are energy bands in solids? How are they formed? How do we classify
solids as conductor semiconductors and insulators on the basis of energy bands?
43. (a) State Lenz’s law. “The Lenz’s law is a consequence of the principle of 5
conservation of energy.” Justify this statement.
(b) Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial
solenoids but having different radii and different number of turns.
OR
Using phasor diagram for a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source of
voltage E = Em cos ωt,derive the relation for the current flowing in the circuit
and the expression for resonance frequency.
Draw a plot showing the variation of the peak current (im) with frequency of the
a.c. source used.

9
 Physics
Marking Scheme
SECTION – A
(Q.No. 1 to 16) MCQs of 1 marks each
S.no Correct Explanation Marks
option
1. (i) C (i) Since the kite is at rest.net force acting on it zero 1
OR OR
(ii) A (ii) N is the unit of force
=ma
=kg m s-2
2. (i) A (i) W = mg 1
=2×9.8 = 19.6 N
OR OR
(ii) D (ii) Mg –Fa = ma
Mg –Fa =0.20×6 =1.2
Fa= Mg -1.2
=1.96 -1.2 = 0.76 N
3. (i) A 1
OR
(ii) C
4 (i) C (i) Cohesion and adhesion body decide the angle of contact and 1
also the magnitude and direction of the rising force
OR OR
(ii) C (ii) Equation of continuity
Av = constant
5 A Excess Pressure ∝ 1
6 A The branch of physical science is concerned with the relationship 1
between heat, and other forms of energy like mechanical,
electrical, chemical energy, etc.
7 (i) A (i) Thermodynamics is primarily based on a set of four rules that 1
are universally applicable when applied to systems that fall within
their respective limitations. They are as follows:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
Third law of thermodynamics
OR OR
(ii) D (ii) Open system, Closed system, Thermally isolated system all are
types of thermodynamic system.
8 B 1
9 B Frequency of the wave depends upon source, hence do not change 1
with change in medium.

10
10 (i) C Beat frequency = |1 - 2| = | 1000 – 1004 | = 4 1
OR OR
(ii) A =  = (150)= 225 Hz
11 C 1
12 B 1
13 (i) B 1
OR
(ii) B
14 D 1 1
𝛿 = (𝜇 − 1)𝐴 = (1.6 − 1) = 0.3 = 18′
2
15 D 1
16 (i) B 1
OR
(ii) B
(Q.No. 17 to 28) Objective questions of (1X2=2 marks) each
17 Attempt any two parts 1X2
(i) (c)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (b)
18 Attempt any two parts 1X2
(i) isolated
(ii) large
(iii) force
(iv) linear momentum
19 (i) (c) 1X2
(ii) (c)
(ii. Explanation: According to equation of continuity:𝐴 𝑣 = 𝐴 𝑣
𝜋𝑟 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 𝑣
(20)2×5 = (1)2×𝑣
2000 mm/s = 𝑣
𝑣 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 )
20 Attempt any two parts 1X2
(i) Less than
(ii) increase
(iii) transversal/stationary
(iv) Doppler
21 (i) – R, (ii) – P 1X2
22 Attempt any two parts 1X2
(i) Law of conservation of charge
(ii) Law of conservation of energy
(iii) potentiometer
(iv) Wheatstone bridge

11
 23 (i) FALSE 1X2
(ii) FALSE
24 (i) - Q, (ii) – S 1X2
25 Attempt any two parts 1X2
(i) refraction
(ii) violet
(iii) emergence
(iv) 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ
26 (i) - S, (ii) – Q 1X2
27 Attempt any two parts 1X2
(i) FALSE
(ii) FALSE
(iii) FALSE
(iv) TRUE
28 (i) – P, (ii) – Q. 1X2

SECTION – B
S. Marks
NO. Explanation
29 There
here is greater concentration of electrons in the nn-region of the semiconductor 1
crystal and of holes in the p--region.
region. Because of this, electrons tend to diffuse to the
p-region and holes to the n-region
region and recombine. Each recombination eliminates a
hole and a free electron. This results in creation of positively and negatively charged
ions near the junction in n and p regions, respectively which a narrow region near the
junction is depleted in mobile charge carriers. It is about 0.5 μm thick and is called
the depletion region.

1
2

30

2 2

12
 OR

As the frequency of the incident light increases, the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons also increases,, therefore stopping potential will be more when radiation of
greater frequency (v1) is incident on the metal surface.
31 The process in which two nuclei of lighter elements (such as hydrogen) fuse to form 1 2
a heavier nucleus (such as helium), and a neutron is emitted, is called nuclear fusion.
A large amount of energy is released in this process.
𝐻 + 𝐻 → 𝐻𝑒 + 𝑛 + 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1
32

Energy stored = Work done = Area of shaded part = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ×height

= × 𝑥 × 𝑘𝑥
= × 𝑘𝑥 1
33 1kWh = 1kW ×1h ½
= 1000 W × 3600 s ½
= 3.6 × 106 Ws ½
= 3.6 × 106 J ½ 2
34 Energy stored in an inductor:
Consider a source of emf connected to an inductor L. As the current starts growing,
the opposing induced emf is given by
e=−L ½
½
work done = dW=∣e∣idt= L dt =Lidi ½
2
W=∫Lidi= Li
½
Energy stored in magnetic energy = Li2
2

13
 OR
Expression for the magnetic field due to a long solenoid:

Let us take a rectangular loop abcd as shown in Fig and let i be the current flowing
through solenoid.
Along the path ab, the magnetic field is uniform. Hence, for this path 𝐵⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 𝑑 ⃗ = Bl.
Along the paths cd, as the magnetic field is weak it may be taken as zero. Hence, for
this path 𝐵⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 0. The two short sides bc and da also do not contribute anything to
𝐵⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ as B is either zero (outside the solenoid), or perpendicular to 𝑑𝑙⃗ (inside the
solenoid).
If n be the number of turns per unit length along the length of the solenoid, then the
number of turns enclosed by the rectangular loop of length l is nl. If each turn of the
solenoid carries a current i, then the total current threading the loop is n li.
Hence,, from Ampere’s circuital law,
∑𝐵⃗ . 𝑑𝑙⃗ =μo(n l i)
or Bl = μo(n l i)
B = μoni
35 1

V1 =
V2 =
V = v 1 + v2
= + ………….(1) ½ 2
If the equivalent capacitance is C,
V= ……………..(2)
From equation (1) and (2):
1 1 1 ½
= +
𝐶 𝑐 𝑐
OR OR
Expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
Let ‘A’ be the plate area and‘d’ be the separation between the plates of a parallel ½
plate capacitors. Suppose that these plates acquire +q and –q
q charge when the

14
 capacitor is fully charged. These charges set up a uniform
electric field 𝐸⃗ between the plates.
If σ is surface
ace charge density on either plate, the magnitude
of electric field between the plates is given by
𝜎 𝑞𝐴
𝐸= = ½
𝜀 𝜀
and the potential difference between the plates is given by
V = Ed = 𝑑 ½
Hence, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
C= =
½
36 Wavelength of sound waves varies from 15m to 15mm respectively. The size of
obstacles (almost) becomes comparable to wavelength of sound, so diffraction of 1 2
sound wave takes place easily. But the wavelength of visible light varies from 0.4 to
0.7 micron which is very small. So, the size of most of the slits or obstacles are not
comparable withith wavelength of visible light, due to this diffraction of light cannot
take place. So, the diffraction is a very common phenomenon in case of sound, but
not that common in case of light. 1
OR OR
For observing interference of light, the sources of light must bbee coherent. When the 1
light waves are coming from two incoherent sources, the points on the screen where
two crests or two trough superpose at one instant to produce brightness may receive,
at the other instant, the crest of the wave from one source and tro
trough
ugh from the other 1
and produce darkness. Thus, the whole screen will appear uniformly illuminated if
the sources are not coherent.
37 Ip = 600 ½
n = tan ip ½
= tan 60 ½
=√3 ½ 2
38 Full Wave Rectifier 1
Working: For full wave rectifier we use two junction diodes.
Suppose during first half cycle of input ac signal the terminal S1 is positive relative
to S and S2 is negative relative to S, then diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2
is reverse biased.. Therefore current flows in diode D1 and not in diode D2. The
direction of current due to diode D 1 in load resistance RL is directed from A to B.
In next half cycle,, the terminal S1 is negative relative to S and S2 is positive relative
to S. Then diode D1 is reverse biased and diode D2 is forward biased.. Therefore
current flows in diode D2 and there is no current in diode D1. The direction of
current due to diode D2 in load resistance is again from A to B.. Thus for input a.c.
signal the output current is a continuous series of unidirectional pulses.

15
 (Circuit of Full Wave rectifier)

1
3

39 Given m=1g=10−3kg
m=1g=10-3kg 3
h=1km=1000m
g=10ms−2
v=50ms−1 1
(1) Loss in Potential Energy of drop
=mgh=(10-3kg)(10ms−2)(1000m)
=10J 1
(2) Gain in Kinetic Energy of drop
=1/2mv2=1/2×(10−3kg)(50ms−1)2
=1.25J 1
OR OR
given : v = ax3/2 , acceleration = dv/dt =3/2ax1/2dx/dt 1

Acceleration = 3/2ax1/2v = 3/2ax1/2(ax3/2) = 3/2 a2x2

1
Force = mass x acceleration
W = ʃF.dx = ʃ 0.5 3/2 a2x2dx = 1.5/2 a2x3/3
1
=0.25 x 5 x 5 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 50J

16
40 1

Let P is an axial point at a distance of r from the centre of dipole. The electric
potential at point P is given as below.
V=V1+V2
V1 and V2 are respectively the potential due to + +q and -q charges
V= +
3
1
=

1 2𝑝
=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 − 4𝑎

Therefore the electric potential is

1 2𝑝
= 1
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 − 4𝑎
OR OR
Two equal and opposite forces - qE and +qE forms a couple which tries to rotate the
dipole. Torque due to this couple
1
𝜏 =either force X⊥ distance= 𝑞𝐸 x 2𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝜏= 𝑝𝐸 sin 𝜃
Work done in rotating the dipole through an angle 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏𝑑𝜃 = p𝐸 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
⇨𝑊 = ∫ p𝐸 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = p𝐸 𝐸 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = p𝐸[−cos 𝜃]
⇨𝑊 = p𝐸(cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 )-------
)-------(1)
When 𝜃 = 900and 𝜃 =𝜃,, then 𝑊 = 𝑈
1
⇨ 𝑈= p𝐸(cos 90 − cos 𝜃)) = p𝐸(0 − cos 𝜃)= −𝐩𝑬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
⇨ 𝒖(𝜽) = −𝒑⃗.𝑬⃗
41 Brewster’s Law: It states that the reflected ray is completely polarized when the 1 3
refracted and reflected rays are mutually perpendicular to each other and this occurs
at a special angle of incidence called as polarizing angle.
Mathematically it is stated as: tan ip = n.
ip = polarizing angle
n = refractive index.
Since refractive index depends upon the wavelength of light. As different colours 1
have different wavelength therefore they have different polarizing angle.

17
 1

42 (a) The circuit arrangement and their corresponding V–I characteristics of a diode are 1 5
shown in Fig. (1) and (2).
). For different values of voltages the value of current is
noted. A graph obtained between V and I is the characteristics of the diode.

Fig. 1

Fig.2
From the V-I characteristic of a junction diode it is clear that it allows current to pass
only when it is forward biased.
(b) In a light emitting diode, when the forward current is low, the intensity of the
emitted light is also low. As the forward current increases, the intensity of emitted 1
light also increases and attains a maximum value, again as a result of increase in
forward current, the intensity of light decreases. The LED is oriented in such a
way that the efficiency of the light emitted is maximum. The IV cha characteristics
racteristics of
LEDs are similar to those of SI junction diodes. But the threshold voltage is very
high and its value is different for each color of LED.
1

OR
Or
In solids, very large number of atoms (typically 10 23 atoms per cm3) come together
to form crystals. If N atoms interact corresponding to each of the energy states, 2N 2

18
 energy states are created. All these energy states are so close to each other (typically
ΔE~10–23 eV) that we cannot practically discriminate between them. This quasi
continuous distribution of energy states, which are though separate but practically
indiscriminable, is called energy band. The process of interaction of energy states
(and thereby energy band formation) starts from outer unfilled energy states and then
proceeds to valence level. The band formed of unfilled energy levels is called
conduction band and the one formed of filled valence levels is called valence band. 3
The relative position of these bands, at equilibrium separation, dete determines
rmines the
conduction characteristics of a solid.
 If in a solid at equilibrium separation, the conduction band (CB) and valence
bands (VB) overlap as it happens in case of metals the material is conductor
 If at equilibrium separation the conduction band is completely empty, valence
band is completely full and there is a small band gap (ΔE ≤ 3 eV) between the
highest level of valence band and lowest level of conduction band, called a
forbidden energy gap, the solid is a semiconductor.
 If at equilibrium separation,
ration, the CB is completely empty, VB is completely filled
and there is a large band gap (ΔE > 3 eV) the solid is an insulator
insulator.

43 Lenz's law: According to this law “the direction of induced current in a closed 1
circuit is always such as to oppose the cause that produces it.” For example: When
the north pole of a coil is brought near a closed coil, the direction of current induced
in the coil is such as to oppose the approach of north pole. Fo
Forr this the nearer face of
coil behaves as north pole. This necessitates an anticlockwise current in the coil,
when seen from the magnet side

Similarly when north pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, the direction
of current in the coil will be such as to attract the magnet. For this the nearer face of
coil behaves as south pole. This necessitates a clockwise current in the coil, when
seen from the magnet side.
Thus, in each case whenever there is a relative motion between a coil and the 1
magnet, a force begins to act which opposes the relative motion. Therefore to
maintain the relative motion, a mechanical work must be done. This work appears in
the form of electric energy of coil. Thus Lenz’s law is based on conservation of
energy.

19
(b) Suppose two co-axial
axial solenoids S1 and S2 of radii r1 and r2 , number of turns N1
and N2 each of length ‘l’
Suppose I 1 is the current in outer solenoid; magnetic field at the axis, B1 = 𝜇 𝑛 𝐼
where n1 = number of turns/meter of outer solenoid.
Magnetic flux linked with inner solenoid ((S2 ) 5
𝜙 = (𝑁 )𝐵 𝐴 = 𝑁 (𝜇 𝑛 𝐼 )𝜋𝑟
Mutual inductance of two solenoid system
1
M= = 𝜇 𝑛 𝑁 𝜋𝑟
𝑁 1
=𝑛
𝑙
𝜇 𝑛 𝑁 𝜋𝑟
=𝑀
𝑙
OR
1

OR

From phasor diagram

𝑽= 𝑉 + (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
𝑉 = (𝐼𝑅) + (𝐼𝑋 − 𝐼𝑋 )
𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 + (𝑋 − 𝑋 )
1
⇨𝑰 =
( )
Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as impedance is given by
𝑍 = (𝑅) + (𝑋 − 𝑋 )
At Resonance:
X L = XC
1
𝜔𝐿 = 1
𝜔𝐶
1
𝜔 =
𝐿𝐶
1
𝜔=
√𝐿𝐶
1

20
21