Name: ________________________
Practicals Pack 2
Class: ________________________
Date: ________________________
Time: 41 minutes
Marks: 37 marks
Comments:
Page 1 of 13
Q1.
Propanedioic acid contains two carboxylic acid groups. It is a solid organic acid that is
soluble in water.
(a) Draw the skeletal formula of propanedioic acid.
(1)
(b) Describe how to prepare 250 cm 3 of an aqueous standard solution of propanedioic
acid containing an accurately measured mass of the acid.
Include essential practical details in your answer.
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(6)
(c) Calculate the mass, in mg, of propanedioic acid (Mr = 104.0) needed to prepare
250 cm3 of a 0.00500 mol dm–3 solution.
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Mass of propanedioic acid _______________________________mg
(Total 9 marks)
Q2.
Propanal can be prepared by the oxidation of propan-1-ol with acidified potassium
dichromate(VI).
An ionic equation for this reaction is
3 CH3CH2CH2OH + Cr2O72– + 8 H+ → 3 CH3CH2CHO + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
(a) Calculate the minimum volume, in cm 3, of 0.40 mol dm–3 potassium dichromate(VI)
solution needed to oxidise 6.0 cm 3 of propan-1-ol to propanal.
Mr of propan-1-ol = 60.0
Density of propan-1-ol = 0.80 g cm–3
Minimum volume _________________________ cm 3
(b) The reaction is done in a pear-shaped flask.
Complete the diagram to show the assembled apparatus needed to prepare
propanal from propan-1-ol in this way.
Label the diagram.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
This question is about enthalpy changes.
(a) When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, the enthalpy change, ∆H, is –
56.1 kJ mol–1
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
Calculate the temperature rise when 25 cm 3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 aqueous ethanoic acid
react with 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Assume that both solutions have the same initial temperature, have a density of 1.0
g cm–3 and a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J K–1 g–1
Temperature rise ____________________ °C
(4)
(b) A student recorded the temperature of aqueous ethanoic acid in a polystyrene cup
for three minutes.
At the fourth minute, the student added sodium hydrogencarbonate.
The student stirred the mixture and carried on recording the temperature every
minute for several minutes.
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The student’s measurements are shown in the graph.
A best-fit line showing the temperature before mixing has been drawn.
Draw an appropriate best-fit line on the graph and use it to find the temperature
change at the time of mixing.
Temperature change at time of mixing ____________________ °C
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q4.
This question is about ion testing.
(a) Describe how a student could distinguish between aqueous solutions of potassium
nitrate, KNO3, and potassium sulfate, K2SO4, using one simple test-tube reaction.
Reagent ___________________________________________________________
Observation with KNO3(aq) _____________________________________________
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Observation with K2SO4(aq) ____________________________________________
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(3)
(b) Describe how a student could distinguish between aqueous solutions of magnesium
chloride, MgCl2, and aluminium chloride, AlCl3, using one simple test-tube reaction.
Reagent ___________________________________________________________
Observation with MgCl2(aq) ____________________________________________
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Observation with AlCl3(aq) _____________________________________________
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
This question is about a toxic chloroalkane, X, that has a boiling point of 40 °C.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the Mr of X by injecting a sample of X
from a hypodermic syringe into a gas syringe in an oven at 97 °C and 100 kPa. The
student’s results are set out in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1
Mass of hypodermic syringe filled with X before
10.340
injection / g
Mass of hypodermic syringe with left over X after
10.070
injection / g
Mass of X injected / g
Table 2
Volume reading on gas syringe before injection of X /
0.0
cm3
Volume of X in gas syringe after injection of X / cm3 105.0
Volume of X / cm3
(a) Complete Table 1 and Table 2 by calculating the mass and volume of X.
(1)
(b) X is known to be one of the following chloroalkanes: CCl 4CHCl3CH2Cl2 or CH3Cl
Justify this statement by calculating a value for the Mr of X and use your answer to
suggest the most likely identity of X from this list.
Give your answer for the Mr of X to an appropriate precision.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1)
Mr of X
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Mr of X = ______________________
Identity of X
(If you have been unable to calculate a value for Mr, you may assume that the Mr
value is 52. This is not the correct value).
Identity of X = __________________
(5)
(c) Suggest a reason, other than apparatus inaccuracy, why the Mr value determined
from the experimental results differs from the actual Mr. Explain your answer.
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(2)
(d) Suggest, with a reason, an appropriate safety precaution that the student should
take when using the toxic chloroalkane, X, in the experiment.
Safety precaution ____________________________________________________
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Reason ____________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 7 of 13
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)
Must be a skeletal formula
Need to show the H atoms of OH groups
1
(b)
This is an extended response question and
there is a requirement for shaking right at the
end. (M6 requires idea of mixing at the end.)
M1 weigh out sample in bottle / boat / container
Penalise M1 for weighing out wrong substance or
using the acid as a liquid or solution (for M1, acid
must be a solid that is being weighed). For M1,
ignore any reference to a specific mass.
1
M2 transfer to (conical) flask / beaker (or suitable container)
and wash all sample in or re-weigh bottle / boat / container or
re weigh bottle / boat / container
1
M3 dissolve sample in (deionised / distilled ) water (if volume
of water is specified, must be less than 250 cm 3)
For dissolving, ignore any reference to warming.
Maximum of 4 marks for candidates who add any
substance other than water.
1
M4 add into volumetric flask with washings
Allow graduated flask for volumetric flask
1
M5 make up to mark / 250 cm3 in volumetric flask
1
M6 shake / invert (this should be to give a homogenous
solution rather than to dissolve; must be after made up to
mark; ignore any earlier shaking)
1
Candidates may dissolve sample directly in
volumetric flask. Mark scheme for this
method:
M1 weigh out sample in bottle / boat / container
M2 add into volumetric flask
M3 wash all sample in or re-weigh bottle / boat /
container or re-weigh bottle / boat / container or
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re-weigh bottle / boat / container
M4 dissolve sample in (deionised / distilled)
water (if volume of water is specified, must be
less than 250 cm3)
M5 make up to mark / 250 cm3 in volumetric flask
M6 shake / invert (this should be to give a
homogenous solution rather than to dissolve;
must be after made up to mark; ignore any earlier
shaking)
(c) M1 moles of acid = 0.00500 × (= 0.00125)
130 scores 2 marks
Final answer must be at least 2sf
1
M2 mass of acid (= 0.00125 x 104(.0) = 0.130 g) = 130 (mg)
Allow ECF from M1 to M2
0.13(0) scores 1 mark
2080 (mg) scores 1 mark
1
[9]
Q2.
(a)
67 cm3 scores 3 marks
1
Allow ECF for M2 and M3
1
(allow 66.666…. to 68)
final answer to at least 2 sf
200 (cm3) scores 2 marks;
66.6 (cm3) is outside range and scores 2 marks;
66.⋅6 (cm3) (i.e. 66.6 dot scores 3 marks)
1
(b) M1 an attempt to draw apparatus that is clearly for (fractional) distillation
On this occasion, the apparatus does not need a thermometer or a
collection container
1
M2 suitable drawing of distillation apparatus with condenser
attached to side of distillation head
• condenser must have outer tube for water that is
sealed at the ends but have two openings for
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water in/out (that are open)
• condenser must have downwards slope
• condenser must be open at each end
• as this is a cross-section, there should be a
continuous flow through the diagram from the
flask to the end of the open condenser (there
should be no lines drawn across implying a seal
of any sort)
• there must be no gaps at joints between
apparatus where vapour could escape
• there must be some opening to the system at the
collection end
Ignore any fractionating column in M1 and M2 between the flask
and condenser.
1
M3 condenser labelled including labels for water in and
water out (water must come in at lower end)
For M3, if water in and out clearly stated, ignore direction of any
arrows drawn. Allow ‘condensing tube’ or ‘condensing column’ or
similar for name of condenser.
1
If a reflux diagram is drawn (any diagram with a condenser
attached vertically into the flask is a reflux set up, even with a
downwards tube from the top of the condenser):
• cannot score M1 or M2
• could score M3 for condenser labelled including labels
for water in and water out (water must come in at the lower
end)
[6]
Q3.
(a) M1 moles ( = × 2.0) = 0.050
1
M2 heat released = 0.050 × 56.1 (= 2.805 kJ or 2805 J)
1
M3 ∆T =
1
M4 ∆T = or = 13(.4) (°C)
Correct answer (to at least 2 sig fig) scores 4 marks
27 or 26.8°C (from moles of two reagents being added
together for M2, or use of 25 cm3 in M4) scores 3 marks
0.013(.4)°C (from not converting kJ to J) scores 3 marks
(loses M4) [0.027 or 0.0268°C would score 2 marks (loses
M2 and M4)
M1 moles can be shown for either substance or without
specifying the substance; if it is shown for both substances,
must be correct for both for M1
Allow ECF from M1 to M2
Page 10 of 13
Allow ECF from M2 to M4 (providing an attempt to calculate
q has been made – no ECF if 56100 or 56.1 is used as q)
Correct M4 scores M3. If error made in M4, M3 could score
from substituted values in this expression in M4
M4 final answer to at least 2 sig fig.
Penalise M4 for negative temperature rise
1
(b) M1 draws suitable best fit curve to 4 minutes
M1 line must be a curve and ignore value at 5 minutes
M1 line should not go to times before 4 minutes
1
M2 (17.2 – value read from graph line at 4 minutes) ± 0.2 (°C)
M2 allow use of any curved or straight line that is an attempt
to draw a line through the values after 4 minutes (that may
include the point at 5 minutes)
M2 allow negative values
1
[6]
Q4.
(a) BaCl2 / Ba(OH)2 / Ba(NO3)2 / BaX2 or names
Ignore acidification but CE = 0/3 if H2SO4
If reagent incorrect or blank then CE =0/3
If Ba2+ or wrong formula, lose M1 and mark on
1
colourless solution / no (visible) change (nvc) / no ppt / no (visible) reaction
Ignore nothing happens and no observation
1
white precipitate / white solid
1
(b) NaOH / sodium hydroxide / other Group 1 hydroxides
If reagent incorrect or blank then CE =0/3
If reagent incomplete, lose M1 and mark on
1
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white precipitate / white solid
1
(white) ppt which dissolves in excess (NaOH)
If reagent is excess NaOH, allow colourless solution for M3
1
Alternative Method
Name or formula of Group 1 carbonate
1
white precipitate / white solid
1
(white) precipitate and effervescence
1
[6]
Q5.
(a) Mass of X = 0.270
Volume of X = 105.0
Both must be correct
1
(b) pV = nRT
n = 3.41 × 10−3
1
Mr = or
1
Mr = 79.1
1
Identity of X = CH2Cl2
If Mr = 52 used, allow CH3Cl
1
(c) M1 The volume of the gas in the syringe (V) is greater than the true volume
(because some air leaked into the syringe)
If the Mr value of 52 is used and CH3Cl is identified in 01.2:
1
M2 Mr = m/n = m × RT/PV so if V is too large, Mr is too small
OR
M1 The temperature measured (T) is less than the temperature of the gas in the
syringe (because the syringe heated faster than the oven and the oven
Page 12 of 13
temperature was not constant)
M2 Mr = m/n = m × RT/PV so if T is too small, Mr is too small
OR
M1 The measured mass of liquid transferred to the syringe (m) is less than the
actual mass transferred
M2 Mr = m/n = m × RT/PV so if m is too small, Mr is too small
M1 The volume of the gas in the syringe (V) is less than the
true volume (because not all the liquid vaporised in the
syringe)
M2 Mr = m/n = m × RT/PV so if V is too small, Mr is too large
OR
M1 The temperature measured (T) is greater than the
temperature of the gas in the syringe (because the syringe
heated more slowly than the thermometer and the oven
temperature was not constant)
M2 Mr = m/n = m × RT/PV so if T is too large, Mr is too large
OR
M1 The measured mass of liquid transferred to the syringe
(m) is greater than the actual mass transferred
M2 Mr = m/n = m × RT/PV so if m is too large, Mr is too large
1
(d) Carry out in a fume cupboard
Do not allow safety glasses / labcoat
1
To avoid toxic vapour
1
[10]
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