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MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Topic: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Define differential equations.
2. Classify differential equations as ordinary or partial and linear or nonlinear equation.
3. Determine the order and degree,

2 2
∂u 2 ∂ u ∂ u
4. =h ( 2 + 2 )
∂t ∂x ∂y
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
In physics, engineering, chemistry, economics, and other 2
sciences mathematical models are built that involve ∂ w ∂w
5. 2
+ =0
rates at which things happen. These models are ∂x ∂ y
equations and the rates are derivatives. Equations
containing derivatives are called differential
( )
2 5
d s ds
equations. 6. 2
−xy +s = 0
dt dt
Examples: 3
1.) 100 g of cane sugar in water are being converted d x dx
7. 3
+ x =4 xy
into dextrose at a rate that is proportional to the dy dy
amount unconverted. Find the differential
equation expressing the rate of conversion after d y
5
dy
3

t minutes. 8. 5
+ x ( ) −8 y=0
dx dx

2 2
d y d x
9. 2
+ x 2 =x
dt dt

∂f ∂f
10. x +y =nf
∂x ∂y
2.) A curve is defined by the condition that at each
2
of its points (x,y), is the slope dy/dx is equal to d u du 1
twice the sum of the coordinates of the point, 11. L 2
+ R + u=E cos t
dt dt c
find the differential equation that defines the
curve. 12. y’’’+ my’’- y = 6

Definition: An equation involving derivatives of one

or more dependent variables with respect to one or
more independent variables is called a differential
The following are more examples of differential
equations: equation.
dy
1. =cos x or y’=cos x Remark: When a differential equation involves one
dx
or more derivatives with respect to a particular
2 variable, the variable is called the independent
d y 3
2. 2
+k y =0 or y’’+k3y = 0 variable. A variable is called dependent if a
dx
derivative of that variable occurs.
• Note: the dependent variables are usually found
3. (x2 + y2)dx = 2xdy
at the numerator of the derivative and

TIP QC - Math and Physics Department MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. CConsolacion/RVCalderon/PSacluti
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the independent variables are usually found at

the denominator of the derivative. 2. cos x dy - x dx = 0

Examples:
2
d u du 1
1. L 2
+ R + u=E cos t
dt dt c
dy dx
3. − =x
dt dt
2
∂ w ∂w
2. 2
+ =0
∂x ∂ y

Definition: An equation involving partial derivatives of

one or more dependent variables with respect to more
than one independent variable is called a Partial
3. (x2 + y2)dx = 2xydy Differential Equation (P.D.E.)
We can express this equation either in the Examples:
form : ∂u 2 ∂ u ∂ u
2 2
1. =h ( 2 + 2 )
∂t ∂x ∂y
dy
(x2 + y2) - 2xy =0
dx

2
∂ w ∂w
2. 2
+ =0
∂x ∂ y

or in this form

dx
(x2 + y2) - 2xy = 0
dy 2. Order
Definition: The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest derivative appearing in the
equation.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Examples:
3 2
1. Ordinary or Partial Linear Equations d y d y dy
1. 3
+3 2 −2 − y=0
dx dx dx
Definition: A differential equation involving ordinary
derivatives of one or more dependent variables is called
an Ordinary Differential Equation (O.D.E.) 5 3
Note: one independent only d y dy
2. 5
+ x ( ) −8 y=0
Examples: dx dx
3
d x dx
1. 3
+ x =4 xy
dy dy
2
∂ w ∂w
3. + =0
∂ xy ∂ y

TIP QC - Math and Physics Department MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. CConsolacion/RVCalderon/PSacluti
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4. (x2 + y2)dx = 2xdy

4. Linear or Nonlinear Equation
Definition: A linear ODE of order n, in the independent
Remark: The equation F (x, u(x), u’(x), u’’(x), …, u (n)(x))= 0 variable x and the dependent variable y is an equation
is an ordinary differential equation of order n. The that can be expressed in the form:
equation expresses a relation between the independent
variable x and the values of the function u and its first n
derivatives.
a0(x)y(n) + a1(x)y(n-1)+ … + an-1 (x) y’ + an (x)y =
b(x)
It is convenient and customary in differential equations
to write y for u(x), with y’, y’’, …, y (n) standing for u’(x), where: a0(x) ≠ 0.
u’’(x), … , u(n)(x), so the ODE can be written as F(x, y, y’,
y’’, … , y (n)) = 0 Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the following
Examples: conditions:
1. F(x, y, y’) = x(y’)2 + 5y – 6x2 = 0 1. The dependent variable y and its derivatives
occur to the first degree only.
2. No products of y and/or any of its derivatives
appear in the equation.
2. F(x,y,y’,y’’) = xy’’- 4 sin x = 0 3. No transcendental functions of y and/or its
derivatives occur.
Definition: Equation that does not satisfy the above
conditions are called nonlinear.
3. Degree
Examples:
Definition: The degree of a differential equation is given 3 2
by the exponent that is raised the highest derivative that d y d y dy
1. 3
+3 2 −2 − y sin x=0
occurs in the equation. dx dx dx
Note : order highest derivative, degree exponent of
highest derivative

Examples:
1. y’’’ + 2(y’’)5 + y = 0 2. y’ + ey = x

2. (y’’)3 + (y’)7 = 0 3. x2y’’ + xy’ + y = cos x

2 2 2 6 5 3
∂ β ∂ β ∂β d y dy
3. +( ) +( ) = 0 4. 5
+ x ( ) −8 y=0
∂u
2
∂u∂v ∂v dx dx

TIP QC - Math and Physics Department MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. CConsolacion/RVCalderon/PSacluti
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5. cos x y’’ + ex y’ – y = sin x

2 2
∂ φ ∂ φ
6. 2
+ 2
∂u ∂ v

2 2 2
∂ Ω∂ Ω ∂ Ω
7. 2 2
=
∂u ∂ v ∂u∂v

TIP QC - Math and Physics Department MATH 010 / EMATH 003 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. CConsolacion/RVCalderon/PSacluti