PART 1 – CHAPTERS 21-23

21.1 – ELECTRIC CHARGE

Topic: New:
Fundamental masses • Mass of electron = 𝑚e = 9.019 × 10−31kg
• Mass of proton = 𝑚p = 1.673 × 10−27kg
• Mass of neutron = 𝑚n = 1.675 × 10−27kg
Fundamental charges • Magnitude of charge of electron or proton = 𝑒 = 1.602 × 10−19 C
• 1 coulomb; symbol C; is the charge such that 𝑒 is the magnitude of the
amount of charge on an electron or proton
21.3 – COULOMB’S LAW
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Coulomb’s Law 𝐹 = magnitude of electric force; units N
(scalar form) 𝑘|𝑞𝑄| 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
𝐹= 𝑞 = charge; units C
𝑟2
𝑄 = charge; units C
1 𝑟 = distance between the charges; units
𝑘= m
4𝜋𝜖0
𝜖0 = electric constant “epsilon-nought;”
value 8.854 × 10−12 C2/N•m2
Coulomb’s Law 𝑟̂ = unit vector from point charge
(vector form) 𝑘𝑞𝑄 toward where other point charge is
𝐹⃗ = 𝑟̂
𝑟2
21.4 – ELECTRIC FIELD AND ELECTRIC FORCES
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Electric field 𝐹0 𝐸 = electric field; units N/C
𝐸= 𝐹0 = force (N) a test charge 𝑞0 (C)
definition 𝑞0
experiences due to other charges
𝐹⃗0
𝐸⃗⃗ =
𝑞0
Electric field due 𝐸 = electric field; units N/C
to a point charge 𝑘|𝑄| 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
𝐸= 𝑄 = point charge; units C
𝑟2
𝑟 = distance (m) from 𝑄 to where field
is measured
𝑘𝑄 𝑟̂ = unit vector from 𝑄 toward where E-
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑟̂ field is measured
𝑟2
 21.5 – ELECTRIC FIELD CALCULATIONS
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Linear charge 𝑄 𝜆 = linear charge density; units C/m
𝜆= 𝑄 = total charge; units C
density 𝐿
𝐿 = total length; units m
Surface charge 𝑄 𝜎 = surface charge density; units C/m2
𝜎=
density 𝐴 𝑄 = total charge; units C
𝐴 = total surface area; units m2
Volume charge 𝑄 𝜌 = volume charge density; units C/m3
𝜌=
density 𝑉 𝑄 = total charge; units C
𝑉 = total volume; units m3
Field of a ring 1 𝑄𝑥 𝐸 = electric field close to a ring
𝐸= 𝐸far = electric field far from a ring
charge 4𝜋𝜖0 (𝑥 + 𝑅 2 )3⁄2
2
(𝑥 ≫ 𝑅)
1 𝑄 𝑄 = total charge in ring
𝐸far = 𝑥 = distance along the axis of the ring
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑥 2
𝑅 = radius of ring
𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 C2/N•m2
Field of a 𝐸 = electric field of a finite line
charged line 𝑄 1 𝑄 segment
𝜆= 𝐸= 𝐸long = electric field of an infinite line
segment 2𝑎 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
(𝑎 ≫ 𝑥)
𝜆 𝑄 = total charge in line
𝐸long = 𝜆 = linear charge density; units C/m
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑥
𝑥 = distance perpendicular to line
segment
𝑎 = length of half of line segment
𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 C2/N•m2
Field of a 𝐸 = electric field of a finite disk
uniformly 𝐸large = electric field of an infinitely
charged disk 𝜎 1 large disk (𝑅 ≫ 𝑥)
𝐸= 1−
2𝜖0 2 𝑄 = total charge on disk
√𝑅2 + 1 𝜎 = surface charge density; units C/m2
( 𝑥 )
𝑥 = distance along axis of disk
𝜎 𝑅 = radius of disk
𝐸large =
2𝜖0 𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 C2/N•m2
Field of two 𝜎 𝐸𝑖 = magnitude of electric field due to
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 =
oppositely 2𝜖0 one sheet
charged and 𝜎 𝐸in = magnitude of electric field
𝐸in = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 =
infinite sheets 𝜖0 between sheets
𝐸out = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 0 𝐸out = electric field outside of sheets
𝜎 = surface charge density; units C/m2
𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 C2/N•m2
 21.7 – ELECTRIC DIPOLES
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Force and 𝜏𝐺 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃 𝜏 = magnitude of torque; units N•m
torque on an 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑞 𝜏𝐺 = general definition of torque
electric dipole 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑟 = distance from force to axis of
(scalar form) 𝜏 = 𝑑𝑞𝐸 sin 𝜙 = 𝑝𝐸 sin 𝜙 rotation
𝑑 = distance from the negative charge to
the positive charge
𝑞 = magnitude of charge on each end of
dipole
𝐹 = force on each charge
𝑝 = electric dipole moment; units C•m
𝜙 = angle between dipole moment 𝑝
and electric field E
Force and 𝜏𝐺 = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑝⃗ = electric dipole moment vector;
torque on an 𝜏⃗ = 𝑝⃗ × 𝐸⃗⃗ direction is along separation d from
electric dipole negative charge to positive charge
𝑝⃗ = 𝑞𝑑⃗
(vector form)
Potential Energy • 𝑈 < 0 implies stable 𝑈 = potential energy of an electric
for an electric equilibrium and results 𝑈 = −𝑝⃗ • 𝐸⃗⃗ = −𝑝𝐸 cos 𝜙 dipole in an electric field; units J
dipole from 𝑝⃗ parallel to 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝜙 = angle between dipole moment 𝑝
• 𝑈 = 0 results from 𝑝⃗ and electric field E
perpendicular to 𝐸⃗⃗
• 𝑈 > 0 implies
unstable equilibrium
and results from 𝑝⃗
antiparallel to 𝐸⃗⃗
22.2 – CALCULATING ELECTRIC FLUX
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Electric flux for 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑛̂ ΦE = 𝐸⃗⃗ • 𝐴⃗ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜙 ΦE = electric flux through a surface;
a uniform E- units N•m2/C
field and flat 𝐸⃗⃗ = electric field vector; units N/C
surface 𝐸 = electric field magnitude; units N/C
𝑛̂ = unit vector normal to surface
𝐴 = area of surface; units m2
𝜙 = angle measured from the direction
of normal vector 𝑛̂ to electric field 𝐸⃗⃗
Electric flux if ∮ = surface integral
the E-field varies 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑛̂𝑑𝐴 ΦE = electric flux through a surface
ΦE = ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝐴⃗ = ∮ 𝐸 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝐴
over the surface 𝐸⃗⃗ = electric field vector
𝐸 = electric field magnitude
𝑛̂ = unit vector normal to surface
𝑑𝐴 = differential area element of
surface
 22.3 – GAUSS’ LAW
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Gauss’ Law See Gauss' Law Study ΦE = electric flux through a surface;
Guide for more 𝑄encl units N•m2/C
ΦE = ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑄encl = total (net) charge enclosed by
information (I did not 𝜖0
make this FYI). surface
𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 C2/N•m2
𝑄 = 𝜎𝐴
ΦE = 𝐸𝐴
(for a uniform E-field)
Field at the 𝜎𝐴 𝐸 = electric field at surface of conductor
ΦE = 𝐸𝐴 = 𝜎
surface of a 𝜖0 𝐸= with 𝐸⃗⃗ perpendicular to the surface.
conductor 𝜖0

23.1 – ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
𝑏
Work done by a 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = work done by a force 𝐹⃗ to
force in general 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ bring a particle from point a to point b
𝑎
𝑏 𝑑𝑙⃗ = differential element of particle
= ∫ 𝐹 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝑙 displacement along path
𝑎
𝜙 = angle between 𝐹⃗ and 𝑑𝑙⃗ at each
point along path
Work done by a 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑈𝑎 − 𝑈𝑏 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = work done by a force to bring a
conservative = −(𝑈𝑏 − 𝑈𝑎 ) = −∆𝑈 particle from point a to point b
force and 𝑈𝑖 = potential energy at point i
potential energy ∆𝑈 = change in potential energy
in general
Conservation of Applies when only 𝑈𝑖 = potential energy at point i
total mechanical conservative forces do 𝐾𝑎 + 𝑈𝑎 = 𝐾𝑏 + 𝑈𝑏 𝐾𝑖 = kinetic energy at point i
energy work.

Work done by 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑞𝐸(𝑦𝑎 − 𝑦𝑏 ) = 𝑞𝐸𝑦 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = work done by electric force to
electric field in a = −∆𝑈 = −(𝑈𝑏 − 𝑈𝑎 ) bring a particle from point a to point b
uniform field 𝑦𝑖 = height at point i above some point
of reference
𝑦 = difference in height
∆𝑈 = change in potential energy
Electric potential 𝑘𝑞𝑄 1 1 𝑊𝑟𝑎 →𝑟𝑏 = work done by electric force to
𝐹= 𝑊𝑟𝑎→𝑟𝑏 = 𝑘𝑞𝑄 ( − )
energy of two 𝑟2 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏 bring a particle from radius a “𝑟𝑎 ” to
point charges cos 𝜙 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑟 radius b “𝑟𝑏 ”
relative to a 1 1 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
specific point of
𝑟𝑏 ∆𝑈 = 𝑘𝑞𝑄 ( − ) 𝑞 = charge
𝑊𝑟𝑎→𝑟𝑏 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ 𝑟𝑏 𝑟𝑎
reference 𝑄 = charge
𝑟𝑎 = 𝑈𝑟𝑏 − 𝑈𝑟𝑎
𝑟𝑏 𝑈𝑖 = potential energy at point i
= ∫ 𝐹 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝑙 ∆𝑈 = change in potential energy
𝑟𝑎
𝑟𝑏
𝑘𝑞𝑄
=∫ 𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑎 𝑟2

Electric potential 𝑘𝑞𝑄 𝑈 = potential energy

𝑈= 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
energy of two 𝑟
points charges 𝑞 = charge
relative to 𝑄 = charge
infinity 𝑟 = distance between q and Q

Electric potential Equal to the sum of the 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞𝑛 𝑞 = test charge

𝑈 = 𝑘𝑞 ( + + ⋯ + )
energy of a test potential energy of the 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟𝑛 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
test charge with each 𝑛
charge in the 𝑞𝑖
presence of more other charge. = 𝑘𝑞 ∑
𝑟𝑖
than one other 𝑖=1
point charge
Total potential Equal to the sum of the 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
energy of a potential energy of each 𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑗
pair of charges.
𝑈 = 𝑘∑
system of point 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝑖<𝑗
charges
 23.2 – ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Definition of 𝑈 𝑞 = test charge; units C
𝑉= 𝑈 = potential energy of test charge q
electric potential 𝑞
(AKA potential) 𝑉 = potential at point where q was;
units volts V=J/C
∆𝑈
∆𝑉 = Δ𝑈 = change in potential energy; units J
𝑞 Δ𝑉 = change in potential, AKA potential
difference; units volts V=J/C

Electric potential ∆𝑈 = 𝑈𝑏 − 𝑈𝑎 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential of a with respect to b

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = work done by electric force
difference in 𝑞
general ∆𝑈 𝑞 = test charge; units C
= −𝑉𝑏𝑎 =− = −(𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 ) Δ𝑈 = change in potential energy; units J
𝑞

Potential in a 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝐸(𝑦𝑎 − 𝑦𝑏 ) = 𝐸𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential of a with respect to b

uniform field 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑞𝐸(𝑦𝑎 − 𝑦𝑏 ) 𝑦𝑖 = height at point i above some point
𝑊𝑎→𝑏 of reference
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑑 = difference in height
𝑞
𝐸 = uniform electric field

Electric potential 1 1 1 1 Relative to a specific point

∆𝑈 = 𝑘𝑞𝑄 ( − ) 𝑉𝑏𝑎 = 𝑘𝑄 ( − )
due to a point 𝑟𝑏 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏 𝑟𝑎 Relative to infinity
charge 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
∆𝑈 𝑘𝑄 𝑄 = stationary charge
∆𝑉 = 𝑉= 𝑟𝑖 = distance from Q to point where
𝑞 𝑟
potential is measured
𝑛 𝑛
Electric potential 𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑖
due to multiple 𝑈 = 𝑘𝑞 ∑ 𝑉 = 𝑘∑
𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑖
point charges 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Electric potential This general formula is 1

not very important to 𝑉 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑞
due to a 𝑟
continuous know and is mostly used
charge to derive equations in
23.3.
distribution
𝑏 𝑏
Electric potential 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential of a with respect to b
from E-field 𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ = ∫ 𝐸 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝑙 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 ∫𝑎 = integral along path from a to b
𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = ∫ 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗
𝑎 𝜙 = angle between E-field and dl
𝑊𝑎→𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏 =
𝑞
 23.3 – CALCULATING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Potential of an 𝜆 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential of a with respect to b
𝐸𝑟 = 𝜆 𝑟𝑏 𝜆 = linear charge density; units C/m
infinite line 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 −𝑉𝑏 = ln ( ) 𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 C2/N•m2
charge or ⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐸 • 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑟 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎
charged 𝑟𝑏 𝑟𝑎 = radius from wire of point a
conducting 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ 𝑟𝑏 = radius from wire of point b
𝑟𝑎
cylinder 𝜆 𝑟𝑏
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎 𝑟

Potential of a 𝑉 = potential close to a ring

ring of charge 𝑘𝑄 𝑉far = potential far from a ring (𝑥 ≫ 𝑅)
𝑉= 𝑄 = total charge in ring
√𝑥 2 + 𝑅 2
𝑥 = distance along the axis of the ring
𝑘𝑄 𝑅 = radius of ring
𝑉far = 𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
𝑥
Potential of a 𝑄 𝑘𝑄 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑉 = potential of a finite line
𝜆= 𝑉= ln ( ) 𝑉far = potential far from a finite line
finite line of 2𝑎 2𝑎 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑎 (𝑥 ≫ 𝑎)
charge
𝑄 = total charge in line
𝑉far = 0 𝑥 = distance perpendicular to line
𝑎 = length of half of line
𝑘 = 8.988 × 109 N•m2/C2
23.5 – POTENTIAL GRADIENT
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Electric field 𝑏 𝜕𝑉 𝐸𝑖 = i-component of electric field
from potential 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ 𝐸𝑥 = − 𝜕𝑉
𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑖
= partial derivative of potential
𝜕𝑉
𝐸𝑦 = − function V with respect to i
𝜕𝑦 ⃗∇⃗= gradient operator
𝜕𝑉
𝐸𝑧 = −
𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐸⃗⃗ = − ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= −∇⃗⃗𝑉
 PART 2 – CHAPTERS 24-26
24.1 – CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
General 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F; or C/V
Definition of 𝑄 𝑄 = magnitude of charge on each
𝐶= conductor; units coulombs, C
Capacitance 𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential difference between
conductors; units volts, V=J/C

Capacitance of a 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F=C/V

parallel-plate 𝜎 𝑄 𝑄 = magnitude of charge on each plate;
capacitor in a 𝐸= = units coulombs, C
𝜖0 𝜖0 𝐴
vacuum 𝑄 𝜖0 𝐴 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential difference between
𝐶= = plates; units volts, V=J/C
𝑄𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑑
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝜖0 = vacuum permittivity; value
𝜖0 𝐴 8.85x10-12 ; units C2/(N⋅m2)= F/m
𝐴 = area of each plate; units m2
𝑑 = distance between plates; units m
𝐸 = magnitude of electric field; units
N/C
Capacitance of a 𝑄 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F=C/V
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑄 𝑄 = charge in sphere; units coulombs, C
spherical 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 𝐶= = 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = potential of sphere; units
conductor 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
(𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 is constant volts, V=J/C
within the sphere) 𝑅 = radius of sphere; units m

Capacitance of 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F=C/V

two concentric 𝑄 1 1 𝑄 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏 𝑄 = magnitude of charge on each shell;
= ( − ) 𝐶= = units coulombs, C
spherical shell 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑟𝑏 − 𝑟𝑎
conductors 𝑄 𝑟𝑏 − 𝑟𝑎 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential difference between
separated by a = ( ) shells; units volts, V=J/C
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏
𝑟𝑎 = radius of smaller shell; units m
vacuum
𝑟𝑏 = radius of larger shell; units m
Note: this is the case for inner shell
charge of +𝑄,
outer shell charge of −𝑄
Capacitance of 𝜆 𝑟𝑏 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F=C/V
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ln ( ) 𝑄 2𝜋𝜖0 𝐿 𝑄 = magnitude of charge on each
two coaxial 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎
𝐶= =
cylindrical 𝑉𝑎𝑏 ln (𝑟𝑏 ) cylinder; units coulombs, C
conductors 𝑄 = 𝜆𝐿 𝑟𝑎 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = potential difference between
separated by a cylinders; units volts, V=J/C
vacuum 𝐶 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑎 = radius of smaller cylinder; units m
= 𝑟𝑏 = radius of larger cylinder; units m
𝐿 ln (𝑟𝑏 )
𝑟𝑎 𝐿 = length of both cylinders; units m
𝜆 = magnitude of linear charge density
on each cylinder; units C/m
𝐶
𝐿
= capacitance per unit length; units
F/m
Note: this is the case for inner cylinder
charge density of +𝜆,
outer cylinder charge density of −𝜆

24.2 – CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Capacitors in 𝑞𝑖 𝑞 = 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 𝑞3 = ⋯ 𝐶𝑖 = capacitance at the i-th capacitor;
𝑉𝑖 =
series 𝐶𝑖 units farads, F; or C/V
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = capacitance at a single equivalent
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3 capacitor; units farads, F; or C/V
𝑉 = + + +⋯
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 1 1 1 1 𝑞 = total charge in the system; units
= + + +⋯ coulombs, C
𝑉 1 1 1 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
= + + +⋯ 𝑞𝑖 = charge at the i-th capacitor; units
𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 coulombs, C
𝑉 = total potential difference in the
𝑉 1 system; units volts, V; or J/C
=
𝑞 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑉𝑖 = potential difference at the i-th
capacitor

Capacitors in 𝑞𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑞 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑖 = capacitance at the i-th capacitor;

parallel units farads, F; or C/V
𝑞 = 𝐶1 𝑉1 + 𝐶2 𝑉2 + 𝐶3 𝑉3 𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = ⋯ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = capacitance at a single equivalent
+⋯ capacitor; units farads, F; or C/V
𝑞 𝑞 = total charge in the system; units
= 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯
𝑉 coulombs, C
𝑞 𝑞𝑖 = charge at the i-th capacitor; units
= 𝐶𝑒𝑞 coulombs, C
𝑉
𝑉 = total potential difference in the
system; units volts, V; or J/C
𝑉𝑖 = potential difference at the i-th
capacitor
 24.3 – ENERGY STORAGE IN CAPACITORS AND ELECTRIC-FIELD ENERGY
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Potential energy 𝑄 𝑈 = potential energy stored in a
∆𝑉 = capacitor; units joules, J
stored in a 𝐶
capacitor (1) 𝑊 = 𝑞∆𝑉 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F; or C/V
𝑑𝑊 = ∆𝑉𝑑𝑞 𝑄2 1 1 𝑄 = magnitude of charge on each plate;
𝑈= = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝐶∆𝑉 2 units coulombs, C
2𝐶 2 2
𝑊 ∆𝑉 = potential difference between
(2) 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 plates; units volts, V; or J/C
0
𝑄 𝑄
𝑞
= ∫ ∆𝑉𝑑𝑞 = ∫ 𝑑𝑞 ((1) 𝑊 = work to move charge through
0 0 𝐶
1 2 𝑄
1 2
a potential difference of ∆𝑉,
= 𝑞 | = 𝑄 (2) 𝑊 = work done by the power
2𝐶 0 2𝐶
source to charge the capacitor)
(𝑞 = charge, dummy variable used for
integration)

Electric-field 𝜖0 𝐴 𝑢 = energy density i.e. energy per unit

𝐶= volume; units J/m3
energy 𝑑
𝑈 1 𝐶 = capacitance; units farads, F; or C/V
𝑢= = 𝜖 𝐸2 ∆𝑉 = potential difference between
∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 𝑉 2 0
plates; units volts, V; or J/C
1 𝐴 = area of each plate; units m2
𝑈 = 𝐶∆𝑉 2 𝑑 = distance between plates; units m
2
𝐸 = magnitude of electric field; units
N/C
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑑
𝑈 = potential energy stored in a
capacitor; units joules, J
𝑉 = volume between plates; units m3
 24.4 – DIELECTRICS
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Dielectric 𝑄 𝐶 𝐾 = 𝜖𝑟 = dielectric constant/relative
𝐶0 = 𝐾= permativitty
Constant ∆𝑉0 𝐶0
𝐶 = capacitance in presence of
𝑄 ∆𝑉0 dielectric; units farads, F; or C/V
𝐶= 𝐾= 𝐴 = area of each plate; units m2
∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
𝑑 = distance between plates; units m
*Nought subscript indicates a value
taken in a vacuum*
Permittivity of 𝜖 = permittivity of the dielectric; units
the dielectric 𝜖 = 𝐾𝜖0 = 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 C2/(N⋅m2) or F/m
𝐾 = 𝜖𝑟 = dielectric constant/relative
𝜎 permativitty
𝐸= 𝜎 = surface charge density on each
𝜖
plate; units C/m2
𝐸 = electric field between plates in
presence of dielectric; units N/C
General 𝜖0 𝐴 𝐾 = 𝜖𝑟 = dielectric constant/relative
𝐶0 = permittivity
capacitor with a 𝑑
dielectric 𝐾𝜖0 𝐴 𝜖𝐴 𝐶0 = capacitance in vacuum; units
𝐶= = = 𝐾𝐶0 farads, F; or C/V
𝑑 𝑑
𝐶 = capacitance in presence of
dielectric; units farads, F; or C/V
𝜖 = permittivity of the dielectric; units
C2/(N⋅m2) or F/m
𝐴 = area of each plate; units m2
𝑑 = distance between plates; units m
Isolated 𝑄 𝐸 = 𝐸free − 𝐸bound 𝐸 = electric field between plates in
∆𝑉𝑛 = 𝜎free − 𝜎bound presence of dielectric; units N/C
capacitor with 𝐶𝑛 =
dielectric 𝜖0 𝐸free = electric field between plates in
𝐸free 𝜎free vacuum
= = 𝜎free = surface charge density on each
𝐾 𝜖
plate
1 𝐸bound = electric field induced by
𝜎bound = 𝜎free (1 − ) dielectric
𝐾
𝜎bound = induced surface charge
𝑄 ∆𝑉0 density on the dielectric’s surface
∆𝑉 = = = 𝐸𝑑 𝑈 = potential energy stored in a
𝐾𝐶0 𝐾 capacitor in presence of dielectric; units
joules, J
1 𝑈0 𝑢 = energy density in presence of
𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 =
2 𝐾 dielectric; units J/m3
*Nought subscript indicates a value
𝑈 1 1 taken in a vacuum*
𝑢= = 𝐾𝜖0 𝐸 2 = 𝜖𝐸 2
𝑉 2 2
Battery- ∆𝑉0 = ∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉 = 𝐾𝐶0 ∆𝑉 = 𝐾𝑄0
connected *Nought subscript indicates a value
capacitor with 𝜎 1 1 taken in a vacuum*
𝐸0 = 𝐸 = 𝑈 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝐾𝑄0 ∆𝑉 = 𝐾𝑈0
dielectric 𝜖0 2 2

𝜎0 = 𝜎
24.6 – GAUSS’ LAW IN DIELECTRICS
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Gauss’ Law in 𝐾 = 𝜖𝑟 = dielectric constant/relative
dielectrics 𝑄encl−free permittivity
Φ = ∮ 𝐾𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑄encl−free = total free charge enclosed
𝜖0
by the surface
∮ = surface integral over a closed
surface
25.1 – CURRENT
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Definition of 𝑑𝑄 𝐼 = current through an area; units
𝐼= amperes, A or C/sec
Current 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄
or 𝑑𝑄 = rate at which charge flows through
∆𝑄 𝐼= = 𝑛|𝑞|𝑣𝑑 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝐼= 𝑑𝑡 an area
∆𝑡 𝑛 = concentration of moving charged
or particles; units m-3
𝑄 |𝑞| = charge per particle/fundamental
𝐼=
𝑡 charge; units C
𝑣𝑑 = drift speed; units m/s
𝐴 = cross-sectional area; units m2
𝑡 = time; units s
Current Density 𝑄 = 𝑛𝐴𝐿𝑞 𝐼 𝐽 = current density (scalar); units A/m2
𝐽 = = 𝑛|𝑞|𝑣𝑑
𝐴 𝐽⃗ = current density (vector); direction
𝐿 given by direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑑 and sign of
𝑡=
𝑣𝑑 𝐽⃗ = 𝑛𝑞𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑
charge q
𝑄 = total charge; units C
𝑞 = charge per particle/fundamental
charge; units C
𝑛 = concentration of moving charged
particles; units m-3
𝐿 = length of conductor; units m
𝑣𝑑 = drift speed; units m/s
𝐴 = cross-sectional area; units m2
 25.2 – RESISTIVITY AND MICROSCOPIC OHM’S LAW
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Definition of See lecture 10 slides 𝐸 𝜌 = resistivity; units Vm/A, or ohm-
𝜌= metres Ωm
Resistivity 14-16 and textbook 𝐽
(microscopic page 817 for values 𝐸 = magnitude of electric field in
Ohm’s Law) material
𝐽 = magnitude of current density caused
by the electric field
Conductivity See lecture 10 slides 1 𝜎 = conductivity; units siemens (lmao)
𝜎= per meter S/m or (Ωm)-1
14-16 and textbook 𝜌
page 817 for values
𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸

Resistivity and See textbook page 818 𝜌 = 𝜌0 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )] 𝜌 = resistivity at temperature T

temperature for 𝛼 values 𝜌0 = resistivity at temperature 𝑇0
implies… 𝛼 = temperature coefficient of
𝜌 − 𝜌0 = 𝛼𝜌0 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 ) resistivity; units degrees C inverse

25.3 – RESISTANCE AND MACROSCOPIC OHM’S LAW

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Definition of 𝑅 = resistance of a conductor; units V/A
Resistance 𝐸 = 𝜌𝐽 𝜌𝐿 or ohms Ω
𝑅= 𝜌 = resistivity of conductor material
𝐴
𝐿 = length of conductor
𝐴 = cross-sectional area of conductor;
units m2

Macroscopic 𝑅 = resistance of a conductor; units V/A

Ohm’s Law 𝑉 or ohms Ω or Js/C2
𝑅= 𝑉 = voltage between ends of conductor
𝐼
𝐼 = current in conductor

Resistance and See textbook page 818 𝑅 = 𝑅0 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )] 𝑅 = resistance at temperature T

temperature for 𝛼 values, see page 𝑅0 = resistance at temperature 𝑇0
820 for resistor colour 𝛼 = temperature coefficient of
codes resistivity; units degrees C inverse
 25.4 – ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Definition of 𝑊 Ɛ = electromotive force, or emf; units
Ɛ= volts, V or J/C
Electromotive 𝑞
Force (emf) 𝑊 = work done by a device to move a
charge from the low potential end to the
high potential end

Emf in a circuit Ɛ = 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 Ɛ = emf; units volts, V or J/C

with an ideal 𝑉 = potential; units V or J/C
implies… 𝑅 = resistance; units ohms Ω or V/A
battery
Ɛ 𝐼 = current; units amps A or C/s
𝐼=
𝑅

Emf in a circuit See pages 824-825 for Ɛ = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝑟 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑟 Ɛ = emf; units volts, V or J/C
with a real chart showing 𝑉𝑅 = terminal voltage; units V or J/C
implies… 𝑉𝑟 = voltage from internal resistance
battery (Ohm’s symbols of various
Law for the full circuit diagrams Ɛ 𝑅 = resistance; units ohms Ω or V/A
𝐼= 𝑟 = internal resistance
circuit) 𝑅+𝑟
𝐼 = current; units amps A or C/s
25.5 – ENERGY AND POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Power in electric ∆𝑈 = −𝑊 = −𝑞∆𝑉 𝑃 = power; units watts W or J/s
circuits = −(𝐼∆𝑡)𝑅𝐼 𝑊 2
𝑉2 𝑊 = work; units J
𝑃= = 𝑅𝐼 = 𝑉𝐼 = ∆𝑡 = time
= −𝑅𝐼 2 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑅
𝑉 = potential; units V or J/C
𝑅 = resistance; units ohms Ω or V/A
𝐼 = current; units amps A or C/s
26.1 – RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Resistors in 𝐼 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = ⋯ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = equivalent resistance in series
series 𝑅𝑖 = resistance of each resistor
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
+⋯

Resistors in 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + ⋯ 1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = equivalent resistance in series

= + + +⋯
parallel 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑖 = resistance of each resistor
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3
=⋯
 26.2 – KIRCHHOFF’S RULES
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Kirchhoff’s The sum of currents at
junction rule any junction equals
zero, or the total current
∑𝐼 = 0
entering a junction is
equal to the total current
out of that junction.

Kirchhoff’s loop The sum of the potential

rule differences around any
closed loop is zero.
∑𝑉 = 0

See below for sign

convention.

26.4 – R-C CIRCUITS

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
R-C circuit Lowercase indicates a 𝑡 𝑞 = capacitor charge
𝑞 = Ɛ𝐶 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 )
charging a time-varying quantity. Ɛ = battery emf
𝑡 𝑡 = time since switch closed
capacitor = 𝑄𝑓 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 )
(charge) 𝑅 = resistance
𝐶 = capacitance
𝑄𝑓 = Ɛ𝐶 = final capacitor charge
R-C circuit 𝑑𝑞 Ɛ − 𝑡 𝑑𝑞
𝑖= = 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = rate of change of capacitor charge
𝑑𝑡
charging a 𝑑𝑡 𝑅
𝑡 Ɛ = battery emf
capacitor = 𝐼0 𝑒 −
𝑅𝐶 𝑡 = time since switch closed
(current) 𝑅 = resistance
𝐶 = capacitance
Ɛ
𝐼0 = 𝑅 = initial current
Time constant of A.K.A. relaxation 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 𝜏 = time constant; units sec
a circuit time 𝑅 = resistance
𝐶 = capacitance

R-C circuit 𝑡 𝑞 = capacitor charge

𝑞 = 𝑄0 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
discharging a 𝑡 = time since switch closed
capacitor 𝑅 = resistance
(charge) 𝐶 = capacitance
𝑄0 = initial capacitor charge

R-C circuit 𝑑𝑞 𝑄0 − 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑞
𝑖= =− 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 = rate of change of capacitor charge
𝑑𝑡
discharging a 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑄0 = initial capacitor charge
capacitor 𝑡 = time since switch closed
(current) 𝑅 = resistance
𝐶 = capacitance
𝑄
𝐼0 = − 𝑅𝐶0 = initial current
Master More general than 𝑡 𝑡
𝑞 = Ɛ𝐶 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 ) + 𝑄0 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
equations previous equations.

Ɛ −𝑡 𝑄0 − 𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅 𝑅𝐶
 PART 3 – CHAPTERS 27-29
27.2 – MAGNETIC FIELD
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Magnetic force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 𝐸 = electric field force vector; units N
on a moving ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐸 = 𝑞 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝐹 = |𝑞|𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜙 𝑞 = charge of particle; units C
charged particle 𝐸⃗⃗ = electric field vector; units N/C
(the Lorentz See bottom of page 881 𝐹 = magnetic force magnitude; units N
Force Law) in textbook for right 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝐹⃗ = magnetic force vector
hand rule and direction 𝑣 = velocity of particle magnitude; units
convention. m/s
𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units
tesla T or N/(A•m), or gauss G=1x10-4T
𝜙 = angle measured from the direction
of velocity vector 𝑣⃗ to magnetic field
vector 𝐵 ⃗⃗
Force on a 𝐹⃗ = force vector due to magnetic and
charged particle 𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ + 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ electric fields; units N
moving through
a region where
magnetic AND
electric fields are
present
27.3 – MAGNETIC FIELD LINES AND MAGNETIC FLUX

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:

Magnetic flux if Φ𝐵 = magnetic flux through a surface;
the magnetic 𝐴⃗ = 𝑛̂𝐴 ⃗⃗ • 𝐴⃗ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜙
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 units weber Wb=1T•m2= 1(N•m)/A
field is constant 𝐵⃗⃗ = magnetic field vector; units T
over the surface 𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
𝑛̂ = unit vector normal to surface
𝐴 = area of surface; units m2
𝜙 = angle measured from the direction
of normal vector 𝑛̂ to magnetic field
⃗⃗
vector 𝐵
Magnetic flux if ∮ = surface integral
the magnetic 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑛̂𝑑𝐴 ⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝐴⃗ = ∮ 𝐵 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝐴 Φ𝐵 = magnetic flux through
Φ𝐵 = ∮ 𝐵
a surface;
field varies over units weber Wb=1T•m2= 1(N•m)/A
the surface 𝐵⃗⃗ = magnetic field vector; units T
𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
𝑛̂ = unit vector normal to surface
𝑑𝐴 = differential area element of
surface; units m2
Gauss’ Law for The total magnetic ⃗⃗ • 𝑛̂𝑑𝐴 = 0 ∮ = surface integral over a closed
Φ𝐵 = ∮ 𝐵
Magnetism flux through any surface
closed surface is zero. Φ𝐵 = magnetic flux through a surface;
units weber Wb=1T•m2= 1(N•m)/A

27.4 – MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Circular orbit in 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑅 = radius of circular orbit
a magnetic field 𝐹 = |𝑞|𝑣𝐵 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑚 = mass of particle; units kg
𝑅 𝑅=
|𝑞|𝐵 𝑣 = speed of particle; units m/s
Assuming v and B are 𝑞 = charge of particle; units C
perpendicular, implying 𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
𝜋
𝜙 = 2 = 90° 𝐹 = magnetic force magnitude; units N
Angular speed 𝑣 𝜔 = angular speed; units radians per
𝜔=
𝑅 |𝑞|𝐵 second
𝜔= 𝑅 = radius of circular orbit
𝑚
𝑚 = mass of particle; units kg
𝑣 = speed of particle; units m/s
𝑞 = charge of particle; units C
𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
Frequency and 1 𝑓 = frequency; units hertz Hz=s-1
𝑓= 𝜔 𝑇 = period; units s
period 𝑇 𝑓=
2𝜋 𝜔 = angular speed; units radians per
2𝜋𝑅 second
𝑇= 𝑅 = radius of circular orbit
𝑣
𝑣 = speed of particle; units m/s
27.5 – APPLICATIONS OF MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Speed of particle 𝐹 = force magnitude; units N
moving through 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸 𝐸 𝑣 = speed of particle; units m/s
𝑣= 𝑞 = charge of particle; units C
electric and 𝐵
magnetic field 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
with no 𝐸 = electric field magnitude; units N/C
deflection
Same thing as 𝐸𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣 = speed of particle; units m/s
previous topic, = 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑞 = charge of particle; units C
2𝑞𝑉 𝑉 = potential difference; units V or J/C
different 1 𝑣=√
equation 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑞𝑉 𝑚 𝑚 = mass of particle; units kg
2 𝐸𝑖 = energy; units J or N•m
 27.6 – MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Magnetic force 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜙 𝐹𝑠 = force a single charge exerts
on a wire 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin 𝜙 𝐹 = force of all charges
segment (Scalar 𝐹 = 𝑛𝐿𝐴𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜙 𝑞 = charge
approach) 𝑣𝑑 = drift velocity
𝐼 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐴 𝐵 = magnetic field
𝜙 = angle from direction of current
to direction of magnetic field
𝐿 = length of wire segment
𝐴 = cross-sectional area of wire
segment
𝑛 = concentration of moving charged
particles; units m-3
𝐼 = current
Magnetic force ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑞𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑 ×𝐵
×= vector cross product
on a wire 𝐹⃗ = 𝐿𝐼⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐼𝐿
⃗⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝑑 𝐹⃗ = differential force vector element
segment (Vector 𝐹⃗ = 𝑛𝐿𝐴𝑞𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐿⃗⃗ = differential length vector element
𝑑 ×𝐵
approach) 𝑑 𝐹⃗ = 𝐼𝑑𝐿
⃗⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗
take a line integral on both sides to find
𝐼⃗ = 𝑛𝑞𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐴
𝑑 the total force
27.7 – FORCE AND TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:

Magnetic force 𝐹 = force
on portion where 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑎𝐵 𝐼 = current
current and field 𝑎 = length of portion where current is
are perpendicular to magnetic field B
perpendicular
Magnetic force 𝐹 = force
° 𝐼 = current
on portion where 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑏𝐵 sin(90 − 𝜙)
current and field = 𝐼𝑏𝐵 cos 𝜙 𝑏 = length of portion where current is
are NOT NOT perpendicular to magnetic field B
perpendicular 𝜙 = angle from magnetic field B to
vector normal to loop plane
Magnetic 𝜏𝐺 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃 𝜏 = magnitude of magnetic torque on a
Torque (Scalar 𝜏 = 𝐼𝑎𝑏𝐵 sin 𝜙 = 𝜇𝐵 sin 𝜙 current loop
approach) 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝜏𝐺 = general definition of torque
𝜏𝑁 = 𝑁𝜏 = 𝑁𝜇𝐵 sin 𝜙 𝜏𝑁 = magnetic torque with N loops
𝑟 = distance from force to axis of
𝜇 = 𝐼𝐴
rotation
𝐹 = force
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 = loop area
𝜇 = magnetic dipole moment; units
A•m2
𝜙 = angle from vector normal to loop
plane to magnetic field B
𝑁 = number of turns

Magnetic 𝜏𝐺 = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛⃗⃗ = vector normal to loop plane
Torque (Vector 𝜏⃗ = 𝐼𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝜇⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗
approach)
𝐴⃗ = 𝑎𝑏𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑛⃗⃗
𝜏⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁 = 𝑁𝜏⃗ = 𝑁𝜇
⃗⃗
⃗×𝐵
𝜇⃗ = 𝐼𝐴⃗

Potential Energy 𝑈 < 0 implies stable 𝑈 = potential energy of a magnetic

for a magnetic equilibrium and results ⃗⃗ = −𝜇𝐵 cos 𝜙
𝑈 = −𝜇⃗ • 𝐵 dipole in a magnetic field; units J
dipole ⃗⃗
from 𝜇⃗ parallel to 𝐵 𝜙 = angle between dipole moment 𝜇
and magnetic field B
𝑈 = 0 results from 𝜇⃗
⃗⃗
perpendicular to 𝐵

𝑈 > 0 implies unstable

equilibrium and results
⃗⃗
from 𝜇⃗ antiparallel to 𝐵

28.1 – MAGNETIC FIELD OF A MOVING CHARGE

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:

Magnetic field 𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units
due to a moving 1 𝜇0 |𝑞|𝑣 sin 𝜃 tesla T or N/(A•m), or gauss G=1x10-4T
𝑐= 𝐵= 𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
charge √𝜇0 𝜀0 4𝜋 𝑟2
value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m) or T•m/A
𝜇0 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝑟̂ 𝜃 = angle from velocity v to magnetic
⃗⃗ =
𝐵 field B
4𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑞 = charge
𝑟 = distance from point charge to where
field is measured
𝑟̂ = unit vector from point charge
toward where field is measured
×= vector cross product
 28.2 – MAGNETIC FIELD OF A CURRENT ELEMENT

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:

Magnetic field 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝐵 = magnetic field due to a
due to a current 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 differential current element
𝑑𝐵 = 𝜃 = angle from current I to magnetic
element and the 𝜇0 |𝑑𝑄|𝑣𝑑 sin 𝜃 4𝜋 𝑟 2
Biot-Savart Law 𝑑𝐵 = field B
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑟̂
⃗⃗ =
𝑑𝐵 value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m)
𝐼 = 𝑛|𝑞|𝑣𝑑 𝐴 4𝜋 𝑟 2 𝐼 = current
𝑟 = distance from element to where
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑟̂ field is measured
⃗⃗ =
𝐵 ∫
4𝜋 𝑟2 𝑟̂ = unit vector from element toward
where field is measured
𝑟⃗ = vector from element toward where
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑟⃗
⃗⃗ =
𝐵 ∫ field is measured
4𝜋 𝑟3
𝑑𝑙⃗ = vector length of element in
direction of current

28.3 – MAGNETIC FIELD OF A STRAIGHT, CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:

Magnetic field 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙⃗ × 𝑟⃗ 𝐵 = magnetic field
due to a finitely ⃗⃗ =
𝐵 ∫ 𝜇0 𝐼 2𝑎 𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
4𝜋 𝑟3 𝐵=
long, straight, 4𝜋 𝑟√𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m)
current-carrying 𝐼 = current
conductor 𝜇0 𝐼 2𝑎 = length of conductor
𝐵= (sin 𝜙2 − sin 𝜙1 ) 𝑟 = distance from conductor
4𝜋

Magnetic field 𝐵 = magnetic field

due to a semi- 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
𝐵= value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m)
infinitely long, 2𝜋𝑟
straight, 𝐼 = current
current-carrying 𝑟 = distance from conductor
conductor
28.4 – FORCE BETWEEN PARALLEL CONDUCTORS
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Magnetic force 𝜇0 𝐼 𝐹/𝐿 = magnetic force per unit length,
𝐵= 𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 units N/m
between two 2𝜋𝑟
= 𝐵 = magnetic field
long, parallel 𝐿 2𝜋𝑟
conductors 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin 𝜙 𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m)
𝐼𝑖 = current of i-th wire
𝑟 = distance between conductors
 28.5 – MAGNETIC FIELD OF A CURRENT LOOP (AND ARC)
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Magnetic field at 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝐵 = magnetic field
𝑑𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝜙 𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
the center of a 4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝐵= value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m)
circular arc 4𝜋𝑟
𝐼 = current
𝑟 = radius of arc
𝜙 = angle of arc; units radians
Magnetic field at 𝐵 = magnetic field
the center of a 𝜇0 𝐼 𝐵𝑥 = magnetic field x units along the
𝐵= axis of the circle
circle 2𝑟
𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
𝜇0 𝐼𝑟 2 value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m)
𝐵𝑥 = 𝐼 = current
2(𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 )3/2
𝑟 = radius of circle

Magnetic field 𝐵𝑥𝑁 = magnetic field x units along the

2 axis of a coil of N loops
on the axis of a 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼𝑟
coil 𝐵𝑥𝑁 = 𝑁𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥𝑁max = magnetic field at the center
2(𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 )3/2
of the axis of a coil of N loops
𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
𝐵𝑥𝑁max = value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m)
2𝑟 𝐼 = current
𝑟 = radius of circle

28.6 – AMPERE’S LAW

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Ampere’s Law ∮ = line integral along a closed path
𝐼encl = net current enclosed by path
⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ = ∮ 𝐵 cos(𝜃) 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵 𝐵 = magnetic field; units T or N/(A•m),
= 𝜇0 𝐼encl or G=1x10-4T
𝜃 = angle between direction of path and
⃗⃗
𝐵
𝑑𝑙 = differential element of path
𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m) or T•m/A
⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ = vector dot product
𝐵
 28.7 – APPLICATIONS OF AMPERE’S LAW

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:

Field of a long, ⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟) 𝐵in = magnetic field within the
∮𝐵
cylindrical 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑟 conductor; 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅
𝐵in =
conductor 2𝜋 𝑅 2 𝐵out = magnetic field outside of
𝐼 conductor; 𝑟 ≥ 𝑅
𝐽= 𝜇0 𝐼
𝜋𝑅 2 𝑟 = variable radial distance from
𝐵out =
2𝜋𝑟 center of conductor
𝐼encl = 𝐽(𝜋𝑟 2 ) 𝑅 = radius of conductor
𝐽 = current density; units A/m2
𝐼 = current in conductor
𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m) or T•m/A

Field of a ⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝐵𝐿 𝐵in = magnetic field inside of the

∮𝐵
solenoid 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 solenoid
𝐵in = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 =
𝐿 𝐵out = magnetic field outside of the
𝐼encl = 𝑛𝐿𝐼 solenoid
𝐵out = 0 𝑛 = number of loops per unit length
𝑁 𝑁 = number of loops
𝑛=
𝐿 𝐿 = length of solenoid
𝐼 = current in solenoid
𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m) or T•m/A

Field of a ⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑙⃗ = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟) 𝐵in = magnetic field inside the space

∮𝐵
toroidal solenoid 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 enclosed by the windings of the
𝐵in =
(toroid) 2𝜋𝑟 toroid
𝐼encl = 𝑁𝐼 𝐵out = magnetic field outside the
𝐵out = 0 space enclosed by the windings of
𝑁 the toroid
𝑛=
2𝜋𝑟 𝑛 = number of loops per unit length
𝑁 = number of loops
𝑟 = radius of toroid
𝐼 = current in toroid
𝜇0 = (vacuum) magnetic permeability,
value 4𝜋x10-7Wb/(A•m) or T•m/A
 29.2 – FARADAY’S LAW
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Faraday’s law of See Section 27.3. Ɛ = the induced emf in a closed loop;
induction 𝑑Φ𝐵 units volts V = J/C
Ɛ=− 𝑑Φ𝐵
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= derivative of magnetic flux (Wb)
through a loop with respect to time (s)
Faraday’s law in 𝑑 General case | Uniform B-field case
Φ𝐵 = ∮ 𝐵 cos(𝜙) 𝑑𝐴 Ɛ = −𝑁 ∮ 𝐵 cos(𝜙) 𝑑𝐴 𝑁 = number of loops
multi-loop coils 𝑑𝑡
Ɛ = the induced emf in a closed loop;
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜙 𝑑 units volts V = J/C
Ɛ = −𝑁 (𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜙) Φ𝐵 = magnetic flux through loop; units
𝑑𝑡
See page 957 for weber Wb=1T•m2= 1(N•m)/A
𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
direction convention.
𝐴 = area of loop; units m2
𝜙 = angle measured from the direction
of area vector 𝐴⃗ to magnetic field 𝐵
⃗⃗
Faraday’s law 𝑑𝐵 Ɛ = the induced emf in a closed loop;
Ɛ = −𝑁𝐴 cos(𝜙) units volts V = J/C
for changing 𝑑𝑡
magnetic field 𝐴 = area of loop; units m2
𝜙 = angle measured from the direction
of area vector 𝐴⃗ to magnetic field 𝐵
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵
𝑑𝑡
= derivative of magnetic field (T)
with respect to time (s)
Faraday’s law 𝑑𝐴 Ɛ = the induced emf in a closed loop;
Ɛ = −𝑁𝐵 cos(𝜙) units volts V = J/C
for changing 𝑑𝑡
area 𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
𝜙 = angle measured from the direction
of area vector 𝐴⃗ to magnetic field 𝐵
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
= derivative of area (m2) with
respect to time (s)
Faraday’s law 𝑑(cos 𝜙) Ɛ = the induced emf in a closed loop;
Ɛ = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 units volts V = J/C
for changing 𝑑𝑡
angle between 𝑑𝜙 𝐴 = area of loop; units m2
= 𝑁𝐵𝐴 sin(𝜙) 𝐵 = magnetic field magnitude; units T
coil and B-field 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝑡
= derivative of angle 𝜙 with respect
to time (s)
29.3 – LENZ’S LAW
Topic: New:
Lenz’s Law The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to oppose the cause
https://youtu.be/QwUq8xM_8bY of the effect. See page 963 for more information.
 29.4 – MOTIONAL EMF
Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
Motional emf Ɛ = motional emf; units V
when conductor 𝐸 = 𝑣𝐵 Ɛ = 𝑣𝐵𝐿 𝑣 = conductor speed; units m/s
length and 𝐵 = magnitude of uniform magnetic
velocity are field; units T
perpendicular to 𝐿 = length of conductor; units m
a uniform B-
field
Motional emf in yeah
general ⃗⃗ ) • 𝑑𝑙⃗
Ɛ = ∮(𝑣⃗ × 𝐵

Faraday’s disk 𝑅 Ɛ = motional emf; units V

𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟 1
Ɛ = ∫ 𝜔𝐵𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝜔𝐵𝑅 2 𝜔 = angular speed; units rad/s
0 2
𝐵 = magnitude of magnetic field; units
T
𝑅 = radius of disk; units m
𝑟 = variable radius from center of disk
Force and Ɛ 𝑣𝐵𝐿 𝐼 = current in loop
𝐼= 𝐼= 𝐹 = force to move loop at constant
current from 𝑅 𝑅
pulling a current velocity v
loop out of a 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 𝑣𝐵 2 𝐿2 Ɛ = emf; units V
𝐹= 𝑣 = velocity of loop
magnetic field 𝑅
𝐿 = length of loop perpendicular to
direction of F
𝑅 = resistance of loop
Work and power 𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑥 𝑣 2 𝐵 2 𝐿2 𝑊 = work done by force F
from pulling a 𝑊= ∆𝑡 ∆𝑥 = distance in direction parallel to
𝑅
current loop out ∆𝑥 = 𝑣∆𝑡 Ɛ2 direction of F
of a magnetic = ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 = time
𝑅
field 𝑊 = 𝐼 2 𝑅∆𝑡 𝑃 = power; units watts W=J/s
𝑃=
∆𝑡 = Ɛ𝐼∆𝑡

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
 PART 4 – CHAPTERS 33-34
33.1 – THE NATURE OF LIGHT
Topic: New:
The speed of light in a vacuum • Speed of light in a vacuum = 𝑐 = 2.998 × 108m/s

33.2 – REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

Topic: Recall / Note: New: Legend:
The law of All angles in 33.2 and 𝜃𝑎 = angle of incidence
reflection 33.3 are measured from 𝜃𝑎 = 𝜃𝑟 𝜃𝑟 = angle of reflection
a normal to the surface
Index of 𝑛 = index of refraction of a material
refraction 𝑐 𝑐 = 2.998 × 108m/s
𝑛=
𝑣 𝑣 = speed of light in the material
The law of 𝜃𝑎 = angle of incidence
refraction 𝑛𝑎 sin(𝜃𝑎 ) = 𝑛𝑏 sin(𝜃𝑏 ) 𝜃𝑏 = angle of refraction
(Snell’s law) 𝑛𝑎 = index of refraction of material
with incident light
𝑛𝑏 = index of refraction of material
with refracted light
Wavelength of 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓 𝜆0 𝜆 = light wavelength (m) in a material
𝜆= of index of refraction n
light in a 𝑛
material 𝑐 𝑣 𝜆0 = light wavelength in a vacuum
𝑓= = 𝑓 = frequency (cycles/s = 1/s)
𝜆0 𝜆
33.3 – TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Critical angle for 𝑛𝑎 > 𝑛𝑏 𝜃crit = critical angle for total internal
total internal 𝑛𝑏 reflection
sin(𝜃crit ) =
reflection 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑎 = index of refraction of material
from which light is radiated
𝑛𝑏 = index of refraction of other
material