Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 1

Topic 2.1 Exploring Matter

Chemistry
is the study of the properties of matter and the changes it undergoes

WHMIS
 Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
 WHMIS is a Canada-wide system designed to give employers and
workers information about hazardous materials used in the workplace.
 Provides workers with information how to safely store and handle
dangerous materials.
 Has three components:
o WHMIS Labels
o MSDS’s Materials Safety Data Sheets
o Worker training and education

WHMIS symbols
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 2

WHMIS Label

 Product name
 First aid
 WHMIS symbols
 Precautions
 Company and contact information

Science Connect 1 – WHMIS

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 3

MSDS Materials Safety Data Sheet

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 4

Lab safety test. Check and reflect pg 96

1.2 organizing matter sketch pg. 97

Particle Model of Matter

 All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles.
 Each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different from the particles
of other pure substances.
 Particles attract each other.
 Particles are always moving.
 Particles at a higher temperature move faster on average than particles at a
lower temperature.

States of Matter
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 5

Kinetic Molecular Theory

 As matter gains energy (heats up) the particles will move faster.
 When particles move faster they spread out.
 This is how solids become liquids and liquids become gases.
 This is also why gases are less dense than solids and liquids.

Kinetic Molecular Theory Animation

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 6

Mixtures
 All matter can be divided into mixtures and pure substances.
 Pure substances are made up of only one type of particle (molecule).
 Mixtures are made up of different types of particles.
 In a mixture the different particles can be separated (somehow).
 Homogeneous mixture (solution)
o Are uniform throughout
o eg, chocolate milk, coffee
 Heterogeneous mixture (mechanical mixture)
o You can see the different particles in the mixture.
o Eg. Trail mix, cement, steak spice, salad

Matter

Pure Substances Mixtures

Elements Compound

Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Mixtures Mixtures

Lab Safety Handout

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 7

Topic 2.2 Changes in Matter

Physical Changes
 A substance changes in form but not in chemical composition.
 No new substance is formed.
 A change in state.
o eg. ice melting

1.2 organizing matter sketch pg. 97

Chemical Change
 A new substance is formed.
 Is difficult or impossible to reverse.
o eg. burning paper, leaves turning colour
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 8

Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical Properties

Qualitative Quantitative
 colour  melting point
 texture  boiling point
 malleability  density
 shape

Melting point
 the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid

Boiling Point
 the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

Density
 is the mass per unit of volume
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 9

Chemical Properties
 Describes how substances react with other substances.
 Reacts with water
 Reacts with air
 Reacts with acids
 Combustibility

Evidence of a Chemical Change

 The starting material is used up
 Change in colour
 Change in temperature
 Change is smell
 Gas is produced (bubbles)
 A precipitate is formed (a new solid)
 A material with new properties is produced
 The change is difficult to reverse

Chemical Reactions (5:13)

Bill Nye Chemical Reactions Video (24 min)

Lab: Physical and Chemical Change

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 10

Topic 2.1 What Are Elements?

Aristotle 400 BC
 Believed that all matter is made up of only 4
substances
o Earth, air, fire, water
o Wood burns and wood floats so wood
must be made up of fire and water.

Alchemists
 Tried to make gold from other metals
 Developed many useful chemical procedures
o Density, boiling points, melting points

Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)

 Defined elements as pure substances that cannot be broken down any
further.

Law of Conservation of Mass

 In any chemical reaction the mass of the products will always be equal to the
mass of the reactants.
 Matter cannot be created or destroyed it only changes form.

Law of conservation of mass (0:50)

Law of Definite Composition

 Compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements
combined together in the same ratio (proportion).
o eg. water is always H2O
o salt is always NaCl
o carbon dioxide is always CO2
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 11

Activity: Decomposition of Water

Hoffmann’s Apparatus

Using an electric current water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen.
Water is always H2O.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 All matter is made up of small particles called atoms.
 Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles.
 All atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of one element are
different in size and mass of other elements.
 Compounds are atoms of different elements combined together in a definite
ratio.

2.2 Organizing Elements

Element
 Is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom.
 Each element has its own distinct properties.
 Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
o Hydrogen H
o Oxygen O
o Carbon C

Web Elements page

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 12

Compounds
 Are pure substances that are made up of two or more elements.
 In a compound the elements always combine in the same ratio.
o water H2O
o carbon dioxide CO2
o sualt NaCl

Laws, Theories, and Models

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiments

Theory

Time and
More experiments

Revised Theory
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 13

Model of the Atom

 atoms are made of negative electrons that orbit a positive nucleus
 the nucleus is made up of positive protons and neutral neutrons
 most of the mass of the atom comes from the nucleus
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 14

Density Lab
 reading a balance beam

 reading a graduated cylinder, meniscus

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 15

Topic 2.4 Classifying Elements

Element
 Is made up of only one kind of atom, all atoms of an element are identical
 The symbols are always one Capital letter, there may also be followed by a
lower case letter
 Examples
o C – carbon
o Ca – calcium
o Co – cobalt
 Elements can be grouped together based on similar properties, called
families.

Activity: Symbols for Elements P. 117: 1 - 5

Metals
 Are solids (except mercury)
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
 Shiny, malleable, ductile
 Metals are found under the stairs
o Lithium, sodium, copper, silver,
aluminum
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 16

Alkali Metals
 Very reactive
 All group I metals
o Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Non-metals
 Some can be solid, liquid, or gas
 Do not conduct heat or electricity
 Not shiny or ductile
 Are found to the right of the staircase
o Oxygen, nitrogen, francium, chlorine

Metalloids
 Have properties of metals and non-metals
 Brittle, not ductile
 May conduct electricity
 Are found sitting on or under the stairs
o B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At

Halogens
 These are the most reactive non-metals
 These are group VII non-metals
o F, Cl, Br, I, At

Noble Gases
 These elements are non-reactive, they will not react.
 These are the group VIII elements.
o He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Activity: Flame Test

Compound Metal Color

Lab: Metals, Non-metals, and metalloids

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 17

Topic 2.5 The Periodic Table

By 1850 scientists had identified 58 elements.

Scientist tried to group the elements based on their physical and chemical
properties.

Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)

 Created a system of organizing all of the known elements
o Used rows and columns
o Organized them based on atomic mass
o Put elements with similar properties into groups or families
o Noticed that some elements were “missing” on his table

Periodic Table
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 18

Reading information from the Periodic Table

atomic mass
symbol

atomic number
Carbon

Atomic number
o Is the number of protons in one atom
o The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons

Atomic mass number

o Is the mass of one Mol of atoms
o Is the number of protons + neutrons in one atom

Example
1. Given carbon above
a. Protons = 6
b. Electrons = 6
c. Neutrons = 12 – 6 = 6
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 19

2. For each of the following find:

i. Name of the element
ii. Atomic number
iii. Atomic mass number,
(this number can be rounded up or down)
iv. # protons
v. # electrons
vi. # neutrons

a. Na sodium

Protons = 11
Electrons = 11
Neutrons 23-11 = 12

b. Z zinc

Protons = 30
Electrons = 30
Neutrons 65 – 30 = 35

c. Pb lead

Protons = 82
Electrons = 82
Neutrons 207 – 82 = 125

Activity: Atomic number wkst #1

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 20

How are the electrons arranged within the atom?

 Electrons are arranged in orbitals
 each orbital can only hold a specific number of electrons
o first orbit can hold 2 electrons
o second orbit can hold 8 electrons
o third orbit can hold 8 electrons
Orbital Diagram, Ar

Ions
 the number of electrons in the outer orbit of an atom will determine how
this atom/element reacts with other atoms
 atoms always want to have a complete/full outer orbital so they will give
away extra electrons or they will try to steal electrons
 metals have extra electrons so they donate electrons they become a
positive ion
 non-metals are missing electrons so they accept electrons to become a
negative ion
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 21

Examples
1. Lithium,

 has 3 electrons
 has 1 extra electron in the outer orbital
 will give away 1 e
 as an ion

2. Magnesium,

 has 12 electrons
 has 2 extra electron in the
outer orbital
 will give away 2 e
 as an ion

3. Sulfur,

 has 16 electrons
 is missing 2 electrons
in the outer orbital
 will steal 2 e
 as an ion
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 22

4. Flourine,

 has 9 electrons
 is missing 1 electron
in the outer orbital
 will steal 1 e
 as an ion

5. Argon,

 has 18 electrons
 all orbitals are complete

 so Argon does not react

 Argon does not make an ion


column Electrons in gain/loose ion charge example

last orbital electrons
I-A 1 lose 1 +1 K+
II-A 2 lose 2 +2 Ca2+
III-A 3 lose 3 +3 Al3+
IV-A 4 gain/lose 4 -/+4 C
V-A 5 gain 3 -3 P3-
VI-A 6 gain 2 -2 S2-
VII-A 7 gain 1 -1 Br-
VIII-A 8 balanced 0 Ne

Worksheet: Orbits and ions

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 23

Topic 2.6 Chemical Compounds

Read pages 136 – 144

A chemical formula uses symbols and numerals to represent the composition of a

pure substance.
Each symbol in a chemical formula represents an atom of an element.
NaCl
(salt)
sodium chlorine

If there is more than one atom of an element, a subscript follows the element’s
symbol.
(glucose)

6 atoms of carbon 6 atoms of oxygen

12 atoms of hydrogen

There are two types of compounds, molecular compounds and ionic compounds.
Ionic compounds are formed when atoms transfer electrons to other atoms.
Molecular compounds are formed when atoms share electrons.

Properties of Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Ionic Molecular
formed from metallic and non- usually formed from only non-
metallic elements metallic elements
forms ions in solution does not form ions in solution
conducts electricity usually does not conduct electricity
solid at room temperature solid, liquid, or gas at room
temperature
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 24

Ionic Compounds
An Ionic Compound is always made up of a (+) metal ion and a (-) non-metal ion.
Ionic compounds stick together because of an electrostatic charge. The charges in
an ionic compound must balance.

When naming an ionic compound the metal will always keep its name the non-
metal changes its name to _______ide.

1. The name includes both elements in the compound, with the name
of the metallic element first.
2. The non-metallic element is second. Its ending is changed to –ide.
3. Subscripts indicate the ratio of ions in the compound.

Examples

Simple Ionic Compounds

1. Na+ + Cl- => NaCl: sodium chloride (table salt)

2. Ca2+ + F- =>

3. Li+ + N3- =>

4. Al3+ + O2- =>

Criss-cross method

If you are changing from the written name to the symbol:

1. Write the symbols for the elements in the same order as they
appear in the name.
2. To determine the numbers of each type of atom, balance the
negative and positive charges to be equal.

5. Sodium sulphide => Na+ + S2- =>

6. Scandium Oxide =>

 Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 25

Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions are ions with more than one atom, they are already named, we do
not need to rename them.

7. Na+ + OH- => NaOH sodium hydroxide

8. Ca2+ + NO3- =>

9. potassium sulphate =>

10. hydrogen peroxide =>

Multivalent Ions
Some of the transitional metals can have more than one possible valance (ion)
because of sub-orbitals. When we use a multivalent metal we must specify which
ion charge we are using so me we use roman numerals.

1. A roman numeral, after the metallic element’s name, is inserted to

indicate the charge that the metal is carrying.
I - one IV - four
II - two V - five
III - three
2. Follow the same rules as above, using the correct charge to
balance the positive and negative charges.

Examples:
1) nickel (II) chloride 3) copper (I) sulfide

2) lead (IV) nitride 4) tin (IV) oxide

Properties of Ionic Compounds

 Are soluble, they separate into positive and negative ions when they
dissolve in water.
 Will conduct an electric current in solution.
 Are the union of a (+) metal ion with a (-) non-metal ion.
 Are solids at SATP.
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 26

Molecular Compounds

A molecular compound is a molecule that contains two or more non-metals.

When molecular compounds come together they share electrons.

Diatomic molecules are molecules made of two atoms of the same element.
They are written…H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, also P4, S8
These are often called the “hockey stick” elements.
The elements that end in “-gen” (hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen) and the elements
that belong to group 17.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an

organization of scientists responsible for setting standards in chemistry, such as the
way in which chemical compounds are named.

A binary compound is a compound made from two elements.

Properties of Molecular Compounds

 Usually formed from only non-metal + non-metal ions.
 Do not form ions in solutions.
 Usually does not conduct electricity.
 Can be a solid, liquid or a gas at SATP.

Molecular compounds can come together in different combinations so we must use

a different naming system. We must now specify how many of each ion are present
one molecule, we do this using prefixes.

To name binary molecular compounds, the following rules are followed:

1. Write the entire name of the first element.
2. Change the ending on the name of the second element to –ide.
3. Use a prefix to indicate the number of each type of atom in the
formula:
mono - 1 penta - 5 nona - 9

di -2 hexa - 6 deca - 10

tri -3 hepta - 7

tetra - 4 octa - 8
 Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 27

Examples:
SO(g)

SO2(g)

SO3(g)

P3O5(s)

Note: the small symbols in parentheses after each compound, indicate the state of matter
at room temperature. Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g),
or aqueous (aq) a solid dissolved in water.

If you are changing from the written name to the symbol:

1. Write the symbols for the elements in the same order as they
appear in the name.
2. Use subscripts to indicate the numbers of each type of atom.

Examples:
1) carbon monoxide

2) chlorine dioxide

3) pentaphosphorus decaoxide

4) fluorine

Some molecular compounds are not named using the common naming method, but
rather they have common names, that need to be memorized!

Examples:
water H2O(l)
methane CH4(g)
hydrogen peroxide H2O2(l)
ammonia NH3(g)
sucrose C12H22O11(s)
glucose C6H12O6(s)
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 28

Topic 2.7 Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions
Forms of matter that go into a reaction are called reactants.
Forms of matter that come out of a reaction are called products.
During a chemical reaction chemical bonds are broken and new substances are
always produced.

Evidence of a chemical reaction:

 a colour change
 a gas is produced
 a change in temperature
 a solid (precipitate) is formed or dissolved
 a new odor is detected

A chemical equation can be written to represent a chemical reaction:

methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + (energy)

reactants produces products

You can convert the above word equation into a chemical equation by substituting
the chemical formulas for the chemical names:

______________ + _____________  _____________ + _____________

Remember that according to the Law of Conservation of Mass, atoms are neither
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction…
…the atoms in the above reaction, as in all chemical reactions, change partners as
old substances are changed into new substances.
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 29

All chemical reactions involve changes in energy; energy is either produced or

absorbed during a chemical reaction.

Chemical reactions that give off energy are called exothermic reactions.

Examples:
Combustion reactions such as…

sulphur + oxygen  sulphur trioxide + energy (heat)

_______ + ________  ____________ + energy (heat)

glucose + oxygen  water + carbon dioxide + energy (heat)

_________ + ________  _________ + ____________ + energy (heat)

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called endothermic reactions.

Examples:
Corrosion…
iron + oxygen + energy  iron (II) oxide

___ + ______ + energy  ____________

Electrolysis…
water + energy (electricity)  oxygen + hydrogen

_____ + energy (electricity)  _____ + _______

Cooking…
baking soda + energy  carbon dioxide + water + sodium carbonate

NaHCO3(s) + energy  ____________ + _____ + Na2CO3(s)

Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 30

Topic 2.8 Reaction Rate

The reaction rate is a measure of how fast a reaction occurs.

The rate of a chemical reaction can be sped up or slowed down by changing the
following factors:
Temperature: at higher temperatures, the rate of most chemical
reactions increases.

Examples: food is placed in an oven to cook faster; fresh fruit and vegetables are
placed in the refrigerator to slow down chemical reactions.

Stirring: stirring a chemical reaction will increase the rate of the

reaction.
Surface Area: the more surface area that is in contact, the faster the
reaction rate.
Concentration: as the concentration of the substance increases, the
number of particles per volume increases, so the reaction
rate increases.

To speed up a chemical reaction…

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being
changed itself. It does not affect the amount of products produced, only the speed
at which they are produced!
Examples: the production of vegetable shortening, synthetic rubber, and high-
octane gas are all chemical reactions that occur with the help of
catalysts.

An enzyme is a natural catalyst made by living things.

Example: the enzyme in saliva acts as a catalyst to help break down starch
molecules.

To slow down a chemical reaction…

An inhibitor is a substance that slows down the rate of a chemical reaction.
Examples: 1) plants contain inhibitors in their seeds to prevent germination until
conditions are right.
2) inhibitors are added to foods and medicines to slow down
decomposition.
Science 9 Matter and Chemical Change 31

I. Corrosion

Corrosion is the oxidation of metals or rocks in the presence of air and moisture.
One type of corrosion is rust.
Rust is iron oxide, a product of the chemical reaction of iron, oxygen, and
moisture.

What can be done to prevent corrosion?

1. Apply a thin coating of paint.
2. Coat it with zinc, which is resistant to corrosion. Galvanization is the
process of coating metals with a thin layer of zinc.
3. Use other metals as a covering to prevent rust, such as chromium.
Electroplating is the process of covering a metal with another metal by
using electrolysis.

II. Combustion

Combustion is the highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen.

Combustion requires heat, oxygen, and fuel.
Examples: burning gasoline in a car, natural gas in a furnace, food in our
body, propane in a barbeque etc.

What can be produced in the process of combustion?

 water (H2O(g))
 carbon dioxide (CO2(g))
 smoke, soot, and ash
 heat
 carbon monoxide (CO(g))
 oxides of sulfur and nitrogen (combustion of fossil fuels)