PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN Scope of Building Design

A professional course common to all civil • Architectural Design – functional, aesthetics

engineering students designed to provide o National/Local Regulations (building
fundamental concepts, principles, and theories in the codes, ordinances, environmental
structural strength analysis and design of steel
issues)
elements in a structure.
o Land Use Plan/Zoning Regulations
o Fire Safety
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL DESIGN:
Principles of Steel Design • Structural/Civil/Geotechnical – stability,
serviceability
Building Design & Construction Process o National/Local Regulations (building/
structural codes, ordinances,
environmental issues)
o Loadings: Gravity, Lateral
o Structural Systems/Materials

• Electrical / Mechanical: functional,

serviceability
o National/Local Regulations (building
codes, ordinances, environmental
issues)
o Fire Suppression & Protection, Safety
Objectives of Design o Lighting Systems
o Mechanical requirements: HVAC,
• Appropriateness Water Supply
o Arrangement of spaces, spans, access,
and traffic flow must complement the • Sanitary/Plumbing: functional,
intended use. serviceability
o The structure should fit its environment o National/Local Regulations (building
and be aesthetically pleasing codes, ordinances, environmental issues
– sanitation/health)
• Economy
o Water Supply Systems
o Overall cost should not exceed the
o Sewage/Drainage Systems
budget
o Teamwork or coordination during
planning & design stages will lead to Required Design Data
overall economy
PLANNING/DESIGN PHASE
• Structural Adequacy
1. Site Condition
o Must be strong enough to safely support
• Location/Accessibility
all anticipated loadings
• Lot Area/Dimension (Title/Ownership)
o Must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in
a manner that impairs its usefulness • Available Parking Spaces
• Subsoil Condition, Terrain
• Maintainability • Existing Development/Existing
o Should be designed to require a Structures/Utilities
minimum of maintenance. • Drainage System, Water Supply
o To be able to be maintained in a simple • Power Source
fashion.
2. Preliminary Design/ Plan & Site Development Live Loads – maximum loads expected by the
• Space Organization & Requirements intended use or occupancy
• Occupancy/Usage/Access
Other Loads – impact, fluid pressures, lateral
• Parking Spaces
pressure, ponding loads, crane loads, equipment
• Soil Tests Reports
load, etc.
• Water Supply Systems
• Electro-Mech. Systems Wind Load
• Materials Requirements
Seismic Load
• Aesthetics
• Initial Cost/Budget
THE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF
3. Final Design/Plan Development THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)
• Project Cost (Value Engineering)
• Owner’s Specifications/Additional • Approved as a referral code of the NBCP
Requirements both by the DPWH and PRC Board of Civil
• Other Governmental Rules/ Engineering
Regulations/Constraints • Two (2) volumes are available:
• Changes due to actual site Condition o Volume 1: Buildings, Towers and
Other Vertical Structures: (7th Ed.
2015)
o Volume 2: Bridges: (2nd Ed. 1997)
Reprint edition 2005

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CODES

National Structural Code of the Philippines

(NSCP) 2015 Volume 1: Buildings, Towers and
Other Vertical Structures

➢ ASEP Steel Handbook

➢ ASEP Earthquake Design Manual

Wind Load: Every building and every portion

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
thereof shall be designed and constructed to resist
• Moment Distribution Method the effects of wind. (NSCP Sec.207.1)
• ACI Moment Coefficient
• Factor Method
• Stiffness Method: computer-aided ANALYSIS DUE TO WIND
• Portal Method
Allowed procedures:
• Working (Allowable) Stress Design
(WSD/ASD) • Analytical Procedure
• Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
• Plastic Design
• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD

LOADINGS

Dead Loads – weight of the structure and

permanent attachments
 • Wind-tunnel Procedure

Earthquake Load

➢ Structures and portions thereof shall, as a

minimum, be designed and constructed to resist
the effects of seismic ground motions.
➢ The purpose of the earthquake provisions is
primarily to safeguard against major structural
failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or
maintain function.
➢ NSCP Lateral (Seismic) Forces CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS
➢ The 2015 NSCP introduces the concept of near-
source factors. Regular Structures: No significant physical
➢ Proposed structures close to an active fault are to discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or
be designed for an increased base shear compared in their lateral force resisting systems
to similar structures located farther from an active • Low height-to-base ratio
fault. • Balanced resistance
• Symmetrical plan
• Uniform section and elevation
ANALYSIS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE • Maximum torsional resistance
• Lateral Force (Seismic) Procedure • Short spans
• Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure • Direct load paths
• Static Lateral Force Procedure • Uniform floor heights
• Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure Irregular Structures: Have significant physical
discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral
force resisting systems

Refer to Table 208-9 & 208-10, NSCP 2015 for

Irregularity Types & Definitions
 COMPACT SECTION – Compact sections are
capable developing a fully plastic stress
distribution and possess rotation capacity of
approximately 3 before the onset of local buckling.

COMPOSITE COLUMN – A steel column

fabricated from rolled or built-up steel shapes and
encased in structural concrete or fabricated from
steel pipe or tubing and filled with structural
concrete.

CONNECTION – Combination of joints used to

transmit forces between two or more members. A
group of elements that connect the members to the
joint. Categorized by the type and amount of force
transferred (moment, shear and reaction).

DESIGN STRENGTH – Resistance (force,

Load Combinations moment, stress) as appropriate provided by
➢ Buildings must be designed to sustain without element or connection; the product of the nominal
excessive deformation or failure combinations of strength and the resistance factor.
service loads that will produce the most EFFECTIVE LENGTH – the equivalent length KL
unfavorable effects. used in compression formulas and determined by
➢ Note that the most critical effect may occur when analysis.
one or more of the contributing loads are not
acting. EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR K – the ratio
➢ Note: Wind and seismic loads shall not be between the effective length and the unbraced
considered acting simultaneously. length of the member measured between the center
of gravity of the bracing members.

EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA – The

DEFINITION OF TERMS moment of inertia of the cross section of a member
that remains elastic when partial plastification of
BEAM – A structural member whose primary function the cross section take place, usually under the
is to carry loads both transverse to its longitudinal axis. combination of residual stress and applied stress.
BEAM-COLUMN – A structural member whose Also, the moment of inertia based on effective
primary function is to carry loads both transvers and widths of elements that buckles locally, Also, the
parallel to its longitudinal axis. moment of inertia used in the design of partially
composite members.
BRACED FRAME – A frame in which the resistance to
lateral load or frame instability is primarily provided EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS – the stiffness of a
by diagonal, K-brace or other auxiliary system of member computed using effective moment of
bracing. inertia of its cross section.

BUILT-UP MEMBER – A member made of structural EFFECTIVE WIDTH – the reduced width of a plate
metal elements that are welded, bolted or riveted or slab, which, with an assumed uniform stress
together. distribution, produces the same effect on the
behavior of a structural member as the actual plate
COLUMN – A structural member whose primary
width with its non-uniform, stress distribution.
function is to carry loads parallel to its longitudinal
axis.
EULER FORMULA – the mathematical relationship TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
expressing the value of the euler load in terms of the
➢ The term STRUCTURAL STEEL refers to a
modulus of elasticity, the moment of inertia of the cross
number of steels that because of their economy
section and the length of a column.
and desirable mechanical properties, are
FACTOR LOAD – the product of the nominal load and suitable for load-carrying members in
a load factor. structures. The customary way to specify a
structural steel is to use an ASTM (American
FORCE – resultant distribution of stress over a
Society of Testing and Materials) designation.
prescribed area. A reaction that develops in a member
For ferrous metals, the designation has the
as a result of load (formerly called total stress or stress)
prefix letter “A” followed by three numerical
LRFD (LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR digits (e.g. ASTM A36, ASTM A514)
DESIGN) – a method of proportioning structural
components (members, connectors, connecting
elements and assemblages) such that no applicable THREE GROUPS OF HOT-ROLLED
limit state is exceeded when the structure is subjected STRUCTURAL STEELS USE IN BUILDINGS
to all appropriate load combinations.
• CARBON STEELS – use as carbon as the
LOCAL BUCKLING – the buckling of a compression chief strengthening element with minimum
element which may precipitate the failure of the whole yield stresses ranging from 220 MPa to 290
member. MPa. An increase in carbon. An increase in
carbon content raises the yield stress but
NON-COMPACT SECTION – Non-compact section
reduces ductility, making welding more
can develop yield stress compression elements before
difficult.
buckling occurs, but will not resist inelastic local
• HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY STEEL
buckling at strain levels required for fully plastic stress
(HSLA) – have yield stresses from 480 MPa to
distribution.
840 MPa. In addition to carbon and
SERVICE LOAD – load expected to be supported by manganese, these steels contain one or more
the structure under normal usage; often taken as the alloying elements such as columbium,
nominal load. chromium, silicon, copper, and nickel.
• QUENCHED AND TEMPERED ALLOY
SLENDERNESS RATIO – the ratio of effective length
STEELS – have yield stresses of 480Mpa to
of a column to the radius of gyration of the column,
690 MPa. These steels of higher strength are
both with respect to the same axis of bending.
obtained by heat-treating low-alloy steels.
STIFFINER – a member, usually an angle or plate, The heat treatment consists of quenching
attached to a plate or web of a beam or girder to (rapid cooling) and tempering (i.e. heating)
distribute load, or transfer shear or to prevent buckling
of the member to which its attached.
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
STIFFNESS – the resistance to deformation of a
member or structure measured by the ratio of the Yield Stress, Fy – is that unit tensile stress at
applied force to the corresponding displacement. which the stress-strain curve exhibits well-
defined increase in strain (deformation), without
WORKING LOAD – also called service load, the actual
an increase in stress.
load assumed to be acting on the structure.
Tensile Strength, Fu – is the largest unit stress
that the material achieves in a tension test.

Modulus of Elasticity, E, - is the slope of the initial

straight-line portion of the stress strain diagram.
It usually taken as 200,000 MPa for design
calculation for structural steel.
Ductility – is the ability of the material to undergo large STRUCTURAL SHAPE
inelastic deformation without fracture.

Toughness – the ability of the material to absorb energy

and is characterized by the area under stress-strain
curve.

Weldability – the ability of steel to be welded without

changing its basic mechanical properties.

Poisson’s Ratio – is the ratio of the transverse strain to

longitudinal strain. Poisson ratio is essentially the same
for all structural steels and has a value of 0 in the elastic
range.

Shear Modulus – is the ratio of the shearing stress to

shearing strain during the initial behavior.

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL

STRUCTURAL SHAPE DESIGNATION

 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN LATERAL LOADS – resisted by lateral resisting
systems
• Working (Allowable) Stress Design (WSD/ASD)
• Load Resistance and Factor Design (LRFD) 1. Wind Loads
➢ Inevitable lateral loads
➢ Critical with increase at height
LOADS ON STRUCTURES 2. Seismic Loads
• Movement at seven major plates
Permanent Loads (Dead)
3. Water Loads
• Wall • Water tanks, dams, or any other liquid
• Floor retaining structures
Imposed Loads (Live) 4. Earth Loads
• Retain correct soil pressure
• Humans 5. Notional Loads
• Furniture

NOTE: Adding loads/Total loads are PASCAL in units

GRAVITY LOADS:

• Vertical Loads – consist of dead loads, live

loads, and impact loads.
• Horizontal Loads – wind loads and earthquake
loads
• Longitudinal Loads – tractive and braking
forces

DEAD LOADS:

➢ Self-weight of structural members, permanent

partition walls, fixed/permanent equipment and
weight of different materials.

LIVE LOADS/IMPOSED LOADS:

➢ Moving loads without any acceleration or

impact
➢ Depends on occupancy

SPECIAL LOADS OR OTHER LOADS:

➢ Foundation movement
➢ Soil and fluid pressure
➢ Vibration
➢ Impact
 Two Acceptable Methods for Designing Structural • Computations of combined loads with
Steel Member Based on AISC: ASD expressions:

1. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 1. U=D

2. Allowable Strength Design (ASD) 2. U=D+L
3. U = D + (Lr or S or R)
4. U = D + 0.75L + 0.75 (Lr or S or R)
ASD uses a constant factor of safety for all designs, 5. U = D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
no matter what the load type, while LRFD requires a 6. U = (a) D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.6W) + 0.75 (Lr or
higher factor of safety for loads with higher variability S or R)
(less predictability). The LRFD method requires the U = (b) D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.7E) + 0.75S
use of higher load factors for loads with higher 7. U = 0.6D + 0.6W
variance, such as live or snow loads. 8. U = 0.6D + 0.7E

Comparing both on the same building design, the where:

general consensus is that LRFD will result in stronger U = design or factored load
structures for more highly dynamic loads and ASD D = dead load
will result in stronger structures for less variable L = live load due to occupancy
(more predicable) loads. Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
W = wind load
COMPUTATIONS OF LOAD USING LRFD AND E = earthquake
R = nominal load due to initial rainwater or
ASD
ice, exclusive of the ponding distribution
• Computations of combined loads with LRFD
expressions:

1. U = 1.4D
2. U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (L* or 0.5W)
4. U = 1.2D + 1.0W + L* + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
5. U = 1.2D + 1.0E + L* + 0.2S
6. U = 0.9D + 1.0W
7. U = 0.9D + 1.0E

where:
U = design or factored load
D = dead load
L = live load due to occupancy
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
W = wind load
E = earthquake
R = nominal load due to initial rainwater or ice,
exclusive of the ponding distribution

NOTE: The load factor in combinations 3, 4, and

5 is to be taken as 1.0 for floors in places of public
assembly, for live loads in excess of 100psf and
for parking garage live load. The load factor is
permitted to equal 0.5 for other live loads.