Concrete SLABS –considered as a wide, shallow, rectangular

beam.
Concrete is one of the major construction materials of
today, as most of the structures, building or non – • One – way Slabs
building is constructed with concrete because of its
• Two – way Slabs
durability and ease of installation and manufacturing. In
this Learning Packet the students shall learn the basic FOOTING – structural members used to support
knowledge on Reinforced Concrete Design. columns or walls and transmit their load to the
underlying soils.
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel,
crushed stones, or other aggregates. The aggregates are • Wall footing
held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement
and water. • Isolated footing

Concrete Proportions • Combined footing

Proportions of materials for concrete shall be • Mat footing

established to provide: • Piles
a. workability and consistency to permit concrete to be REINFORCED CONCRETE
worked readily into forms and around reinforcement
under conditions of placement to be employed, without REINFORCED CONCRETE – concrete reinforced with no
segregation; less than the minimum amount required, prestressed or
non-prestressed and designed on the assumption that
b. Resistance to special exposures, and the two materials act together in resisting forces.
c. Conformance with strength test requirements CONCRETE – Mixture of Portland cement or any other
Where different materials are to be used for different hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregates and
portions of proposed work, each combination shall be water, with or without admixtures.
evaluated. Concrete proportions, including water – PLAIN CONCRETE – concrete that does not conform to
cement ratio, shall be established based on field definition of reinforced concrete.
experience and trial mixtures.
PRE-CAST CONCRETE – plain or reinforced concrete
element cast elsewhere that its final position in
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS structure.

COLUMN – Member with a ratio of height – to – least – LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE – has an air – dry unitweight
lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to not exceeding 1900 kg/ cu.m. It is a concrete lighter in
support axial compressive load. weight that ordinary sand – and – gravel concrete is
used principally to reduce dead load, or for thermal
• Tied Columns insulation, nail ability or fill. Disadvantage of lightweight
structural concrete include higher cost, need for more
• Spiral Columns
care in placing, greater porosity, and more drying
BEAM –lateral members that resist vertical loads. shrinkage. For a give percentage of cement, usually the
lighter the concrete, the lower the strength.
• Singly Reinforced Beams
HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE
• Doubly Reinforced Beams

• Deep Beams

• T- Beams

WALL – member, usually vertical, used to enclose or

separate spaces.
Concrete weighing up to about 60.5 kN/m3 can be STIRRUPS – Reinforcement used to resist shear and
produced by using heavier – than – ordinary aggregate. torsion stresses in a structural member.
Theoretically, the upper limit can be achieved with steel
TIE – loop of reinforcing bar or wore enclosing
shot as fine aggregates and steel punching as coarse
longitudinal reinforcement.
aggregate. The heavy concrete is used principally in
radiations shields and counterweights. TENDON – steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod,
or strand or a bundle of such elements, used to impart
CEMENT – binding agent of concrete primarily or
prestress to concrete.
mortar.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION – distance measured
AGGREGATE – Granular materials, such as sand, gravel,
from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
crushed stone, and iron blast –furnace slag, used with a
reinforcement.
cementing medium to from concrete or mortar.
FORCES AND LOADINGS
**Fine Aggregates – those that passes through sieve
No. 4 (about 6mm in size) LOADS – the most important and most critical task of an
engineer is the determination of the loads that can be
**Coarse Aggregate – materials retained from sieve No.
applied to a structure during its life, and worst possible
4 (greater than 6mm)
combination of these loads that might occur
**The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are simultaneously. Loads on a structure may be classified
specified in Section 5.3.3 of NSCP as dead loads or live loads.

• 1/5 of the narrowest dimension between sides of DEADLOAD – dead weight supported by a member.
forms Loads of constant magnitude that remain in one
position. This consists mainly of the weight of the
• 1/3 the depth of slabs
structure and other permanent attachments to the
• 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual frame.
reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars or prestressing
LIVELOAD – loads that may change in magnitude and
tendons or ducts.
position. Live loads that move under their own power
WATER – water used in mixing concrete shall be clean are called moving loads. Other live loads are those
and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, caused by wind, rain, earthquakes, soils and
salts, organic materials, or other substances that may temperature changes.
be deleterious
LATERAL LOADS – winds and earthquake loads.
ADMIXTURE – Material other than water, aggregate or
FACTORED LOAD – load multiplied by appropriate load
cement, used as an ingredient of concrete and added to
factors, used to proportion members by the strength
concrete before or during its mixing to modify its
design method.
properties.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – ratio of normal stress to
METAL REINFORCEMENT – metal reinforcement in
corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses
concrete shall be deformed, except that plain
below proportional limit.
reinforcement be permitted for spirals or tendons.
**According to NSCP (Section 5.8.5), modulus of
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT – reinforcement that does not
Elasticity for concrete for values of weight between
conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement
1500 to 2500 kg/cu.m may be taken as:
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT – deformed reinforcing
bars, bar mats, deformed wire, welded plain wire fabric
and welded deformed wire fabric.

SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT – continuously wound

reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix.
Where f’c is the 28-day compressive strength of - Modulus of rupture:
concrete in MPa.

**For normal weight concrete: Ec = 4700√

**Modulus of elasticity of steel for non-prestressed

d. Modulus of Elasticity
reinforcement is 200,000 MPa
- Varies with strength
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN – nominal strength
multiplied by a strength reduction factor. - Initial Modulus, Tangent Modulus, & Secant Modulus
NOMINAL STRENGTH – strength of a member or cross- - Secant Modulus at from 25% to 50% of the
section before application of any strength reduction compressive strength is considered to be the modulus
factors. of elasticity
REQUIRED STRENGTH – strength of a member or cross - For many years was approximated as 1000*fc'
section required to resist factored loads or related
internal moments and forces in such combinations. -

1.2 Properties of Concrete - For normal weight concrete:

a. Compressive Strength

- Strength denoted by fc' - compressive strength of test

cylinder 6" diameter by 12" high at 28 days e. Creep
- Affected by water-cement ratio - Is a continued deformation with time under sustained
- For normal weight concrete, cylinder strength is loads at unit stresses withinan accepted elastic range
approximately 80% of 150mm (6") cube strength & 83% (below 0.5*fc')
of 200mm (8") cube strength - Total magnitude may be several times as large as
b. Tensile Strength short-time elastic deformation

- Determined using the split cylinder test Factors affecting creep:

- Computed Stress: - Composition and fineness of cement, admixtures, size,

grading, and mineral content of the aggregates

- Proportions such as water content and water-cement

ratio
- Approximately 10%-15% of the compressive strength - Curing temperature and humidity
- Tensile strength for normal weight concrete: - Relative humidity during period of use

- Age at loading

- Duration of loading
c. Tensile Strength in Flexure (Modulus of Rupture) - Magnitude of stress
- Determined by beam test - Surface-volume ratio of the member
- Computed stress: - Slump

• Creep Coefficient
 ▪ Causes air in the form of minute bubbles to be
dispersed throughout the concrete mix to increase
workability and resistance to deterioration
Average value of Cu = 2.35 for standard conditions (4
inch or less slump, 40% relative humidity, moist cured,
loading age or 7 days) •Accelerating Admixtures

• Shrinkage – volume change unrelated to load • Water- Reducing & Set-Controlling Admixtures
application
▪ Water reducing admixtures are finely divided
materials including pozzolans such as fly-ash, slag, and
micro-silica

▪ Set-retarding admixtures are used primarily to

offset the accelerating and damaging effects of high
temperature

1.3 Other Properties of Concrete • Admixtures for Flowing Concrete

• Fire Protection ▪ Flowing concrete – “concrete that is characterized

as having a slump greater than 7-1/2 in (190mm) while
• Corrosion Protection maintaining a cohesive nature”

• Type I – Plasticizing admixture

1.4 Composition of Concrete • Type II – Plasticizing & retarding admixture
A. Cement - ASTM C150 • Miscellaneous Admixtures
• TYPE I – ordinary construction where special ▪ Gas-forming, grouting, expansion-producing,
properties are not required bonding, pumping aids, coloring, flocculating, fungicidal,
• TYPE II – ordinary construction when moderate sulfate germicidal, insecticidal, damp-proofing, permeability-
resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired reducing, admixture to reduce alkali- aggregate
expansion, corrosion-inhibiting
• TYPE III - when high early strength is desired; has
considerably higher heat of hydration than type I D. Water
cement

• TYPE IV – when low heat of hydration is desired CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL

• TYPE V – when high sulfate resistance is desired a. Properties of Metal
B. Aggregates – Specs: ASTM C33

• [Test Procedure: ASTM C136]

• Maximum aggregate size

• Gradation

• Quality of aggregates

C. Admixture

• Air-Entraining Admixtures