Computer Science

1. Define computer networks and Explain the users , write

advantages & disadvantages.
A computer network is a system that connects two or more
computing devices for transmitting and sharing information.
Computer networking is the branch of computer science that
deals with the architecture, creation, maintenance and security
of computer network.
 The advantages of computer network are :
a. File Sharing :
Which enables users to share data between users.
b. Resource Sharing :
Resource sharing enables users to share multiple
devices such as printer, scanner, fax, machine, CD-
ROM etc.
c. Communication :
Communication enables users to send and receive
messages and data in real time from multiple users.
d. Storage :
Storage enables users to access data that is stored
remotely or on other network devices.
e. Security :
Computer network provide security through
authorization. Authorization is done through user's id
and password.
 The disadvantages of computer network are :
a. Expensive :
For connecting computers , some extra devices &
resources like switch , hub , wires etc which increases
the cost.
b. Network Failure :
 Failure of network may hamper the day to day operation
of the organizations. For eg – network failure in bank ,
Bank may affect the transactions.
c. Security Problems :
Data are share in public so extra care is needed for
security transmission and storage. In addition due to the
connected computer there is an increase in computer
crimes like sending virus , software piracy , hacking etc.
d. Need Special technical knowledge :
Skill manpower is required .
e. Complex :
The network itself is difficult to established.
2. Define topology ? Explain any 3 types of them with figures and
pros and cons.
The physical or logical layout with geometrical pattern /
arrangement of interconnection of computers in a network is
called topology.
 The three types of topology are :
1. Bus Topology :
A Bus Topology is a network type in which every
computer and network device is connected to a single
cable. It transmit the data from one into another in a single
direction.
Pros :
a) It is easier to implement and extend.
b) It is well suited for the temporary network.
c) Cheapest topology to implement.
Cons :
a) Difficult to troubleshoot
b) Has limited cable length and number of nodes.
c) A cable break can disable the entire network.
2. Star Topology :
 In Star Topology all the devices are connected to a single
hub.
Pros :
a) Easier to add or remove computers.
b) Failure of one computer doesn't affect the network.
c) The centralized control system can be establish.
Cons :
a) Failure of hub affects all nodes.
b) It is more expensive than bus topology.
c) Data traffic , data collision and data error rate is high.
3. Ring Topology :
In the ring topology , each station is attached to nearby
computer on a point to point basis so that , the entire
system is in the form of ring. In this topology data are
transmitted in only one direction (either clockwise or anti-
clockwise).
Pros :
a) The growth of system has minimal impact on
performance.
b) Data traffic is reduced as data flows in only one
direction.
Cons :
a) Difficult to set up than bus and star topology.
b) Failure of a computer affects the entire network.
3. Difference between bounded and unbounded transmission
media.

Bounded Transmission Media Unbounded Transmission

Media
 1. It is also known as guided 1. It is also known as unguided
media. media.
2. The waves are guided along 2. There is no guidance for
a solid medium like a copper electronic waves.
wire.
3. It is applicable for LAN. 3. It is use in WAN.
4. It is cheap. 4. It is costly.

4. Explain about 7 layers of OSI Model.

The 7 layers of OSI Model are :
a) Application layer :
It provide direct access to network services. It serves as the
interface between the user and the network by providing
services that directly support user applications.
b) Presentation layer :
The presentation layer formats or translate the data for the
application layer. Based on the syntax that the application
support. This layer can also handle the encryption and
decryption required by the application layer.
c) Session layer :
It is responsible for establishing , maintaining and
terminating a connection called a session. A session is a
period in which data can be exchanged between
computers.
d) Transport layer :
A transport layer manage the delivery and error checking
of data package. It regulates sites and ultimately transfer
the data between system and host.
e) Datalink layer :
 This layer define how the signal will be placed on or taken
off from the NICC. In this layer the data frame is broken
down into individual bits that can be translated into
electronic signals and send over the network. Error
detection and correction are also performed at this layer.
f) Physical layer :
This layer establish the physical characteristics of the
network (eg : type of cable , length of cable etc). It also
defines the electrical characteristics of the signal used to
transmit the data.
g) Network layer :
The network layer is primarily concerned with addressing
and routing. Logical addresses ( eg : an IP address ) are
translated into physical addresses ( i.e. the MAC address )
for transmission at the network layer.
5. Define Transmission media and its type ?
In data communication data transmission medium is a
physical path
between transmitter and receiver that is a channel through
which data
is send from one place to another.

 Its types are :

1) Guided Media (Bounded or Wired)
2) Unguided Media (Unbounded or Wireless)