Purposive Communication

LESSON 1 PART 1
Communication – comes from the latin word “Communis” which means
common. To be common means “to come together”. It is the process of
exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions from one person to another
with the use of the symbols which may be verbal and or non-verbal and aims for
understanding.
Verbal Communication – includes the use of language, sounds and tone of
voice. A form of transmitting message using word symbols.it includes face to
face interaction with another person.
Non-Verbal Communication – refers to the sending of messages to another
person using signs, gestures, facial expression.
TWO CATEGORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMMUNICATION
A. Non-verbal messages produced by the Body.
B. Non-verbal Messages produced by the broad setting such as time, space
and silence.
Written Communication – is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like
letters and numbers to convey information. Written includes journals, emails,
blogs, and text messages.
Visual Communication – is the act of using photographs, art, drawings,
sketches, charts, and graphs to convey information. Visuals involves signs,
symbols, pictures, graphics, and emoji’s.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 Sender. Person who delivers a message to recipient.
 Message. The information that the sender is relaying to the receiver.
 Channel of communication. The transmission or method of delivering the
message.
 Receiver. The person who is getting or receiving the message.
  Feedback. A response of receiver for the message of the sender.
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
1. Environmental noise – is a noise that disrupts communication such as a
very loud speakers at a party or the sounds from a construction next to a
classroom.
2. Physiological-Impairment noise – Physical condition such as deafness or
blindness can impede effective communication and interfere with
messages being clearly and accurately received.
3. Semantic Noise – refers to when a speaker and a listener have different
interpretations of the meanings of the certain word. Ex. WEED
4. Syntactical Noise - Mistakes in grammar
5. Organizational Noise- Poorly structured messages can also be a barrier.
6. Cultural Noise – Making stereotypical assumptions such as unwittingly
offending a non-Christian person by wishing them a “Merry Christmas”.
Audience Analysis – knowing the audience, understanding their level and
how they need to receive information.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. Clarity. Pertains to both messages and the purpose why the messages
has to be sent.
2. Conciseness. Message should be brief as may be required depending on
one’s purpose.
3. Completeness. Despite of its conciseness, the message should be
complete and accurate.
4. Organization. When communication is impromptu, but this should not be
an excuse for an organized.
5. Empathy. The sender should be sensitive to the needs and interests of
the receiver.
6. Flexibility. Communicators know how to adapt to the varying needs and
expectation of the audience.
 ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
1. Respectful for their audience.
2. Consider consequences of their communication
3. Respect the truth
4. Use information properly
5. Do not falsify information
6. Respect the rights of others to information
LESSON 1 PART 2
Prejudice – is prejudgment or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the
relevant facts of a case
1. Gender Prejudice
Gender Stereotype – refers to the attitude that all members of a particular
gender are a certain type of person. EX. Sexism
2. Ethnic/racial Prejudice
Ethnic Prejudice – Is the holding of negative opinions, beliefs, or the attitudes
about people for the simple reason that they belong to a specific ethnic group.
Racial Prejudice – making an adverse judgment or opinion based on race or
having an irrational hatred or suspicion based on racial or religious groups’
stereotypes.
3. Sexual Orientation Prejudice – prejudging someone because of their
sexual orientation is called Homophobia.

4. Age Prejudice
Ageism – reflects a prejudice in society against older adults
5. Social-Economic Status
Classism – is the belief or attitude that those of a certain economic class are
inferior to another class. It is defined by dictionary.com as “a biased or
 discriminatory attitude on distinction made between social or economic
classes.
6. Physical Conditions
Ableism – refers to the belief that tjose with physical mental disabilities or
handicap are inferior to able bodied people.
NAVAL LANGUAGE OR THE BELLY BUTTON PSYCHE
-Dr. Albert Mehrabian
-1930’s
Communication Styles – refers to the choices people make and the strategies or
tools they use in the process of communication.
❑ The model, developed by Dr. Eileen M. Russo, shows four different
communication styles (direct, spirited, systematic and considerate),
categorized further into two different dimensions (level of assertiveness
and level of expressiveness).
❑ Direct = Low Expressiveness + High Assertiveness
❑ Spirited = High Expressiveness + High Assertiveness
❑ Considerate = High Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness
❑ Systematic = Low Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness
DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION STYLES
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION SUCCESS
Communication Styles in a Workplace
▶ Analytical Communication Style – Direct
▶ Intuitive Communication Style – Spirited
▶ Functional Communication Style – Systematic
▶ Personal Communication Style – Considerate
  Analytical communicators - prefer to communicate with data rather than
emotions. Analytical communicators can be seen as authoritative and
informed as they often possess high levels of data and expertise.
 Use logic rather than intuition.
 Are perceived as reliable and dependable.
 Can come off as cold.
NOTE: When communicating with an analytical communicator you should
always include hard data, real numbers and specific language. Try to keep
feelings and emotions out of your argument and present information with facts.
They may prefer written communication so that they can pour over the data
presented.
 Intuitive Communicators - are essentially the opposite of analytical
communicators. They prefer a more casual, big-picture approach to
convey their points and appreciate when others do the same. Details
aren’t as important to them.
 Contribute big ideas.
 Prefer to use visuals.
 Need to avoid distractions
NOTE: When working with an intuitive communicator, it’s important to take a
step back from the details of a subject and get to the heart of an idea before
connecting. They prefer to cut to the chase and may not appreciate step-by-step
instructions. They tend to prefer in-person communication so they can grasp a
concept faster.
 Functional Communicators - like details, processes, timelines and other
well thought out plans. They want to ensure that no details are left out of
any communications by laying out their thoughts in a linear manner.
Functional communicators will feel like they are missing context and important
bits of information.
✔ Ask a lot of questions.
 ✔ Prefer completed plans.
✔ Need consistent feedback.
NOTE: When working with a functional communicator you should ensure that
they have all the available information upfront.
 Personal Communicator - uses emotion and connection to understand the
world around them. They value assessing how their co-workers think, feel
and what they are motivated by.
 Are seen as diplomatic.
 Prefer to speak in-person.
 Communicate their feelings

NOTE: When working with a personal communicator it’s important to establish

a connection before diving into the details of a project.

LESSON 2: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITEEN

LANGUAGE
Language varieties - Also called “lects”, these refer to the different variants of a
language that can be sufficiently delimited from one another in terms of social,
historical, or geo-spatial factors, thus forming language clusters.
1. Pidgin - It refers to a new language that develops into situations where
speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a
common language. Examples are Chavacano in the Philippines and
Bislama, a language spoken in Vanuatu.
 A pidgin is a language that does not have any native speakers.
 Pidgins are frequently developed for business and trading.
  A pidgin is also the combination of two different languages. The
language that provides the majority of the vocabulary is called the
superstrate and the minority language is called the substrate.

2. Creole - It is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children, or

the mother tongue of a certain community. Examples are the Gullah and
the Patwa, is a creole in Jamaica.
 A creole has a much more standardized grammar rules

3. Regional Dialect- It is not a language that is not distinct from a national

language, but rather a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of
a country. Examples are as Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon in
the Philippines.
4. Minority Dialect - This is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually
alongside a standard variety, by the members of a particular minority
ethnic group. Examples are the Sinama of the Badjaos in the Philippines
and the London-Jamaican variety in Britain.
5. Indigenized Varieties- These are spoken mainly as second languages in
former colonies with multilingual populations. A classic example is Singlish
(or Singaporean English).

Lesson 3: Evaluating Messages and images of different text types

World Englishes - English as a universal language
Examples: Indian English, West African English, Singapore English, and
Filipino English.
 Extreme 1: The goal of national or regional identity.
 Extreme 2: The goal of intelligibility
Multimodality - uses two or more communication modes to make meaning.
Multimodal text can either be one of the following:
  Paper (books, comics, posters, brochures)
 Digital (slide presentations, blogs, web pages, social media, animation,
film, video games
 Live (performance or an event)
 Transmedia
IN CREATING A MULTIMODAL TEXT, THE PURPOSE, AUDIENCE,
CONTEXT MUST ALL BE CONSIDERED.
 Purpose
 Audience
 Context

Lesson 4: The rise of new Media and Technology Aids in Communication

Social Media have affected us in:

▪ Has undoubtedly altered the world operates.

▪ Have changed the way people relate and communicate with each other in
the social, economic, and political arenas.
The social media make modern communication fast, convenient and interactive.
New Media - refer to highly interactive digital technology. These are very easily
processed, stored, transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for, and
accessed.
Ex. Blogs, Social media, online newspaper, Virtual reality, Computer games
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) – language in new media, it may
also be called any of the following:
• Netspeak, Computer-mediated discourse, Digital discourse, Electronic
discourse e-communication, Digitally mediated communication, Keyboard-
to-screen communication
This type of discourse or Computer-mediated Communication can be
described as Vernacular, Interpersonal, Spontaneous, and Dialogical
• Vernacular – It uses language that is common to people regardless of
age, social, gender, or race. Ex. Acronyms (Lol, yolo), Initialism (atm, brb,
btw), Emoticons and Expressive Punctuations
Misspelling/Respellings - is a resource whose use is subject to a variety of
factors, including users’ ‘technoliteracy’, their considerations of audience and
purpose, and physical constraints of message production (for economy and
text entry reduction). Ex. (cu,2nyt)
• Interpersonal - It is relationship-focused rather than subject-oriented. This
can be explained by the number of Group Chats (GCs) a person has, and
the number of individuals and GCs a person engages simultaneously.

• Spontaneous - It is usually unplanned, unstructured, and sometimes

impulsive. This spontaneity also gave rise to Net Neologisms through
Lexical Creativity, such as the use of “b4n” and “f2f”, or such terms as
trolls, meme, hashtag, and meh.

• Dialogical - It carries expectation of continuous exchange. This is why

most media platforms have a “Reply” or “Comment” option, while some
have a “Leave a comment” button, to ensure continuous interaction.

Brevity – Concise and exact use of words in writing or speech

Multimodality - This refers to the layering of different digital media. We all
know that words are only ever part of the picture.
Lesson 5: Communication for work purposes
The top 10 Communication issues by Leigh Branham

1. Failure to Listen
2. Culture Differences
3. Locale or Distance to Office
4. Ego and Attitude
5. Authority or Hierarchy Problems
6. Poorly Written Communication
7. Gender Bias
8. Focus or Listening Problems
9. Inadequate Knowledge
10. Cliques, Groups and Friendships