Surds and exponents Surds and other radicals Division by surds Exponents Laws of exponents Scientific notation Contents: monmp54__SURDS AND EXPONENTS _(Chaptcr 3) OPENING PROBLEM ir Joseph John Thomson (1856 - 1940) won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his experiments in the conduction of electricity through gases. He is also credited with the discovery of the first subatomic particle. The table below shows the mass and electric charge for the three subatomic particles which, for many decades, were thought to be the smallest parts of an atom Particle ‘Mass (kg) Charge (coulombs) electron | 9.10938356 x 10"! | —1.6021766208 x 10-9 proton: +1.602 176 6208 x 10-17% neutron 0 Things to think about: 4 Most of the numbers in the table are written in a form involving a power of 10. Why would wwe choose to write numbers in this form? How many times more massive is: 1 a neutron than an electron Ha proton than an electron Hii a neutron than a proton? € An atom of silver has 47 protons, has no charge, and has mass 1.791 1934 x 10-25 kg. Find how many electrons and neutrons it has. dA large bolt of lightning transfers 350 coulombs of charge. How many electrons does it transfer? In this Chapter we consider surds and radicals, and see how they relate to exponents. We will review the laws of exponents and apply them in algebra and to very large and very small numbers, 10 [NN Suns aND OTHER RaDicaLs A radical is any number which is written with the radical sign y~ A surd is a real, irrational radical. For example: d VG are surds. © V4 isa radical but not a surd, since V4 = 2. © 2 is. radical but not a surd, since iat By definition, __/@ is the non-negative number such that Y@ x /@ = a. Notice that: ova is only a real number if a > 0. © Forany a>0, ya>0.SURDS AND EXPONENTS (Chapter3)__55 DMduitcZ valoda What to do: 1 a Discuss each step of this argument with your class to make sure you are convinced it is valid: x3 {definition of square root} v2 x v2) x (v3 x v3) {definition of square root} V2 x V3) x (V2 V3) {changing order of multiplication} = (v2 x v3)? {definition of perfect square} eee ere notte are nicreneerti oa bie any Yoh 'b Use the same argument to write a direct proof that YaXb= Jax Vb for any a >0, b>0. 2 a. Discuss each step of this argument with your class to make sure you are convinced it is valid. {definition of square root} v2x v2 Fa (Wofinition of square root} 4 x = {multiplication of fractions} 2 " BS v3 b Use the same argument to write a direct proof that , awa Since sare ots re non-neaatve, [3 = 4 5 = oy forany a 20, b>0. In the Investigation you should have proven that: «© Vab= Vax Vo for a>0 and b>0. en oes > i “for a>0 and > 0. Grok Write as a single surd: a V2 x V3 b 4 a Vix v5 Cee ve 2x3 vi =ye =v356 _SURDS AND EXPONENTS _(Chaptcr 3) SIMPLEST FORM A radical is in simplest form when the number under the radical sign is the smallest possible integer. ELL Dour Write ¥72 in simplest form. v2 = VBEX2_ {36 is the largest perfect square factor of 72} = V36 x v2 =6y2 EXERCISE 3A 1. Write as a single surd or rational number: a vilx VID b V3x V5 « vbx v6 do 3V7 x 27 e (35)? f 3y2x g —2v3 x 3V5 h 2V6 x V2 2 Write as a single surd or rational number: va a a b © d Va ve 7 h v5 vis Vox ve 20x VE 3° Write in simplest form: b y20 d Vid e v50 £ v30 3 h 108 ‘Simplify: a 3V3+5v3 b 2v2—5Vv2 a 3v3B + 5v3 b 2v2—5v2 4 =8v3 =-3v2 ‘4 Simplify: a 2v243v2 b&b 2v2—3v2 © 5v¥5—3v5 d 55 +3V5 e 3V5-5v5 £73423 9 9V6-12V6 h V2+v24+v2km Dy ‘Simplify: 2V75 — 5V2T =2VBXS—5VIXS =2x5x VB-5x3x V3 = 10v3 — 15v3 = -5v3 Simplify: 4y3— VIZ 3v2+ V50 3V6+ V2 2V27 + 2V12 vi5— V2 V2 + vB — V32 EL Dry Expand and simplify: V5(6 - v5) (6 + ¥3)(1 + 2v3) V5(6 — V5) (6+ v3)(1 +2v3) = v5 x 6+ V5 x (-v5) =6 + 6(2V3) + V3(1) + V3(2v3) =6V5—5 =6+12V3+ V3 +6 = 12+ 13Vv3 ‘Simplify: v2(3— v2) 2v6( v6 -7) —V&(vB - 5) —3v2(4 — 6 V2) (+ v2(4 + v2) (9—vi)(4 +2Vv7) (v34 (2 -3Vv3) (v8 — 6)(2v8 — 3) (2v5 —7)(1 — 45) Eo | 4) Self Tutor Simplify: (5— v3? (7 +2V5)(7—2V5) (- vay (7+2V5)(7 — 2V5) = 5? +2(5)(—V2) + (v2)? =7? — (2v5)? 5 — 10V2 +2 =49— (4x5) 7 — 10V2 =) Simply: (3+ v2)? (6- v3)? (3v5 +1)? (7-2v70)? (84+ V7)(3- v7) (v2+5)(v2-5) (av2+1)(2v2 — 1) (9V3 —5)(9V3 +5) (v3 +1858__SURDS AND EXPONENTS _(Chaptcr 3) [IM bivision ey suros Numbers like and = involve divisi ve b+ve mn by a surd. It is customary to “simplify” these numbers by rewriting them without the surd in the denominator. the denominator by multiplying by va For any fraction of the form we can ration: b a Since += — 1, this does not change the value of the number, Brion Carre Write with an integer denominator: 6 235 ce b’ “es vi a b’ For any fraction of the form ——, we can remove the surd atv from the denominator by multiplying by el Expressions such as a+ yb and a— for the sign in front of the radical. Example 8 CORA Write /5 are known as radical conjugates. They are identical except with an integer denominator. 5_)(s+vF 3— Vi) \3+ va Else) B= (V2)? The radical conjugate of 3-y2 is 3492. {using the difference between two squares} 154 5v2 2 7 2)SURDS AND EXPONENTS (Chapter3)__59 EXERCISE 3B 1 Write with an integer denominator: 1 u va a ou <4 vi av 1 1s e 1 Mw ‘ 1 21 1 i a k 1 ne fF wae 2 Write with an integer denominator: 1 10 va a « a ne we re 1+ v3 Lt v5 vi-7 e t h = v3 sv Viva vi+5 vit~3 i k I : vw Vit 3) Write in the form a+ by2 vE-1 » sv eee gee viel a Ware owe 1 to 3 Vit ht Fan iat Give He SE exronents Rather than writing 3x 3 x 3 x 3x 3, we can write this product as 3°, If n is a positive integer, then a” is the product of n factors of a. 5 — a > I a’ xXaxaxax.. Xa 7h fos exponent, power, or base index ‘We say that a is the base, and n is the exponent, power, or index. NEGATIVE BASES a) 1)? =(-1) x (-1)=1 1)° = (1) x (-1) x (-1) 1)* = (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x (-1I)=1 res es CC C From the patterns above we can see that: ‘A negative base raised to an odd power is negative. A negative base raised to an even power is positive.60_ SURDS AND EXPONENTS _(Chaptcr 3) XERCISE 3¢ 1 List the first six powers of: a2 b3 ed 2 Simplify, then use a calculator to check your answer: a (-1% b (1) © (1) p d@ (-1)" e (-1)8 f -18 crarnics 3 —(-1)* h (2% i -2 INSTRUCTIONS i -(-2° k (-5)* ! 3 Use your calculator to find the value of the following, recording the entire display: aq ’ d (-5)5 e 8° f (-8)6 s i 138 i (-2.13)° ‘4 Use your calculator to evaluate the following. Comment on your results. b 6-? and 417° and (0.366)° 5 Consider 33, 3%, 3%, 34, 3°, Look for a pattern and hence find the last digit of 31°, 6 What is the last digit of 72°77 7 Nicomachus was born in Roman Syria (now Jerash, Jordan) around, 100 AD. He wrote in Greck and was a Pythagorean, He discovered an interesting number pattern involving cubes and the sums of odd ‘numbers, Find the series of odd numbers with sum equal to: a 5% br ¢ 125 [Laws oF exeonenrs When n is a positive integer, the notation a” means a multiplied together n times. From this definition, aa" = a™" and (a’)" = a™**. We observe that to transform a” to a1, we need to multiply by «. So, to transform a” to a1 we need to divide by a. al we define a” =“ =1 to be consistent with the existing rules. 1g 1 $+ and more generally a~" = mn Dividing further by a, we find that a =Using arguments like this, we arrive at the laws of exponents for m,n © Z: a” xa" =amtn a™ ay ", a#0 (amy = aman (aby” = anon (GY -$ ove a=1, a40 and Gro EXERCISE 3D Simplify: xk =a’ To multiply numbers with the same base, keep the base and add the exponents. To divide numbers with the same base, keep the base and subtraet the exponents. When raising a power to a power, keep the base and multiply the exponents. The power of a product is the product of the powers. The power of a quotient is the quotient of the powers. Any non-zero number raised to the power zero is 1. and in particular a~ aF0. CatBare CECT Simplify using the laws of exponents: 2? x 2x8 pd ae 4x! x 2a! — au Bec wx KS aoxmt ar =4x2x axa! pats Bx ast© > axe = 82° a me R Simplify using the laws of exponents: ae A x3 2p! I x 6! = Que x Bw ae bol x 6! exe 2m2nt e nn ee 122248 (yt xb 5st x 403 ¥ ae Ba? Be Write as a power of 2: 16 7 1 axa" 16 4 1 4x2 = =2x2%2x2 1 =2 =2x2" om =o m = ttn =274 Write as a power of 2: 4 a 8 1 32. a 2 4 64 a 128 ot Write as a power of 3: 9 $ a7 # 3 81 x 1 243 Write as a single power of 2: 2x2" 4x2 8x2 (hy @inry 2 ae 4 eH 7 =Write as a single power of 3: 9x3" an 3x9” 27x 34 9x27 » 3 rm a gut 3 37 a a yet ELD Dry Express in exponent form with a prime number base: \ 3 2 9 = 25 Decide first what o a the prime number 5) base should be. (yt = (87 - _ st = gre =3 =3"-2 as Express in exponent form with a prime number base: 32 ast 4 x8" ia 1 oor 8 wt Gmc Simplify: @ ae ? =1 Simplify: ” at +571 @y° ayo Write using powers of 2, 3, andior 5: 1 % 2 moGecee Writ implest form, without brackets: (-a)* (# (-34*)* — 3)! x (a)! =81xa?*4 = 81a* Write without brackets: (2a)? (3n)? (5m)* (mn)* ay? 2 a) (a) (3) Write in simplest form, without brackets: (2ab)? (-20)? (60? (-38m?n2)3 (-2ab4)4 (@y (3) (#Y) (2) Expand the brackets and write in simplest form: 2 3p? e x*(a3 +2) a?(a? — 2x +3) a(x? + 1)(2? - 1) (23 — 2?)(2? +2) (a - 2)? @(e-2+271) ala) +2? — 2) (@+at? (2? + 2')\(@? a) aed cla Write without negative exponents: a8 ed) — 9¢3)-4 = —1 a 2c 1 82 _ Pe ~T lire iat Hee ~~ T6et2SURDS AND EXPONENTS (Chapter3)__65 13. Write without negative exponents: a ab? b (ab)? e (3a-%6)? f (Bey!)-$ Gren Cairn 14 Write without a fraction: 1 5 1 1 aoe om cE 4 1 3 a a ea tah ss ho 15° Write without fractions: bi? « 4 5 (oe pos 2 Gomes BRAC Cs 16 Write without fractions: a Ena ’ so ‘ as a au 2 are —3e ae i +8 1 ft 2 g Mau h a y Soeoe i 845a-229 y Wo 8e+e% j Setaser ta t6 = e a e66 SURDS AND EXPONENTS _(Chaptcr 3) 17. Write without fractions: at [IM setewinie Notation Many people doing scientific work deal with very large or very small numbers. To avoid having to write and count lots of zeros, they write these numbers using seientifie notation or standard form. Scientific notation or standard form involves writing any given number as a number between 1 inclusive and 10, multiplied by a power of 10. The result has the form ax 10° where 1 36 x 100 000005.76 + 10° = 320 = 0.0000576 4) Write as an ordinary number: a 4x10 b 38x 10% ¢ 86x 10! 4.33 x 107 e 4x103 f 38x 10-5 § 86x 10-1 h 4.33 x 10-7 5) Write as a decimal number: It is estimated that the population of the world in 2020 b Thema © The bacterium hordetella pertussis is about 5 x 10-7 m long, be 7.4 x 10° people. of a Ryukyu mouse is 1.12 107? kg, The Eiffel tower in Paris weighs approximately 7.3 x 10° kg. 6 Write these calculator displays in scientific notation and as decimal numbers: ° [SEOT ° GeEod © [eieos 4 OEOF © [oreo ‘[iee06] ° [ESE04 4 (ene-0e In an exam it is not acceptable to write taaae Your answer as a eae eater diay, Use your calculator to evaluate the following, giving your answer in scientific notation: a 680000 x 73000000 b 0.0006 + 15000 (0.0007) (3.42 x 105) x (4.8 104) e (6.42 x 10-2)? t a 4) -¢ 1 3 9 (9.8 x 10-4) + (7.2 x 10-8) h oe i (1.2 x 10) 8 Last year a peanut farmer produced 6 x 104 kg of peanuts. If the average weight of the peanuts was 8x 1074 kg, how many peanuts did the farm produce? Give your answer in scientific notation.68. SURDS AND EXPONENTS (Chapter 3) " A bacterial cell 4.6 x 10-7 m long. Bel flagella 2.15 x 10~% m long which allow the bacterium to move, Find the total length of the bacterium, ‘The closest distance between Earth and Venus in their orbits about 3.8 x 10° m. ‘The closest distance between Venus and Mercury in their orbits is about 7.7 x 10° m. A spacecraft is sent from Earth to Venus, waits for the opportune time, then travels on to Mercury. a b Find the minimum distance the spacecraft must travel. Discuss the assumptions you have made in your answer. Ina vacuum, light travels at approximately 2.9979 x 10° ms~'. b How far will light travel in: 11 minute li 1 day? Assuming a year © 365.25 days, calculate one light-year, the distance light will travel in a vacuum in a year. Apart from our own sun, the closest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri, which is an average distance of 4.22 light-years from Earth. Write this length in metres. The table alongside compares the sizes of some galaxies. 1. Write the diameter of M87 in metres. li. If Hercules A was mapped on a scale diagram M87 980000 26 cm wide, what would be the scale factor Hercules A 1500000 of the diagram? lil Ifa spaceship was able to travel at 100000 kmh™?, how long would it take to cross the Milky Way? Milky Way 100000 12 Answer the Opening Problem on page 54. The product of the first n integers can be written using factorial notation: When @ Mahjong set is arranged ready for play, the total number of orders in which the tiles can be selected is a! @ Can your calculator evaluate numbers this large? If not, how can we evaluate expressions like 3 ml =1x2x3x..x(n—1) xn 6.563 x 107°, aorSURDS AND EXPONENTS (Chapter3)__69 PETE 1 Simplify: a 7V5-3V5 b& 2v6- Vat © 5v3(4— v3) d (1+ ¥2)(2+ v2) e (6-52)? f (3+ ¥5)(3- v5) 2 Simplify: a —(-1)'° b -(-3)% cecre sad 3 Simplify: a atx a? & (27)" ¢ (ab8)° ‘4 Write without negative exponents a -3 f @ a3 b rly « (3) "W 13 Express in exponent form with a prime number base: a2 b 9 Simplify using the laws of exponents: Lary? i 3y4 PP Express in simplest form, without brackets: ( : y m2? a8 oa Write without fractions: 4tated 248 = Y z Simplify using the laws of exponents a al x at? b Gry? + 9x7y® Write as a decimal number: a 46x10" b 19x 10° Write in scientific notation: 36g5° T2he (5p%4)” Ae ° aw Bla?y)? (2? © 32x 10-9 a The diameter of the Earth is approximately 12.74 million metres. © An extremely fine needle tip has width 0.00012 m, Sheets of paper are 3.2 x 104 m thick. How many sheets are required to make a pile of paper 10 em high? Ata particular moment, Earth is. 4.3 x 10° km from Neptune and 1.5 x 10° km from Satu. How much further away is Neptune than Saturn? PaaS aT 1 Simplify: a 4V11 —5yii b © (7+2Vv3)(5 — 3v3) 32 — 32 d (6+ 2¥2)(6 — 22)70 SURDS AND EXPONENTS (Chapter 3) 2 10 WW Write with an integer denominator: 2 vi asa bv ‘ v3 vB Simplify Pa) ca =7 by © Simplity: ke eB b utxu-4 x Write without fractions: A » °@ 1 Express in exponent form with a prime number base: az b 3k xsl Expand the brackets and write in simplest form: a o1(? — 52 +6) b (S+a7 © (@?-3)@+274) Express in simplest form, without brackets: 3 20 pee 1622 x 25 (3) b (Sdxd rare Write without brackets or negative exponents: a cxa 3 & 2%ab)-2 € 2ab-? Write as a single power of 3: a = a b Bit x gt Express as a decimal number: a Jupiter has a radius of 1.43 x 10° km. b The ebola virus is about 8.2 x 1075 m wide. Sound travels along a telephone cable at 1.91 x 10° ms voice to travel from his office phone in Tokyo to: a his wife's phone, 3740 m away Find how long it takes Tetsuo’s © his brother in Beijing, 2.1 x 10° m away. Gold is special not just for its looks, but also its properties. Just 3 g of gold can be beaten out to form 1 m? of gold leaf approximately 1.8 x 10-7 m thick. By comparison, a US dime has a thickness of approximately 1.35 x 10 m, How many sheets of gold leaf would you need to create a stack the same height as the dime?