THERMODYNAMICS 3

ENGR. IVAN JEUZ PARING, RMEE

 TWO PHASE SYSTEM

PURE SUBSTANCE – is a working substance that has homogeneous

and invariable chemical composition even though there is a
change of phase. Example: H2O and NH3.
WORKING SUBSTANCE – is a substance which energy can be stored
or from which energy can be removed.
P-V AND T-S DIAGRAM OF A
PURE SUBSTANCE
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

SATURATION TEMPERATURE is the temperature at which liquid start

to boil and vapor start to condense.
➢Example: Water boils @ 200oC at a pressure of 1.55 MPa
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

SUBCOOLED LIQUID is a liquid whose temperature is lower than the

saturation temperature corresponding to the given pressure.
➢Example: Liquid water @ 50oC and 97.78 kPa is subcooled liquid since
50oC is less than 99oC (tsat @ 97.78 kPa).
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

COMPRESSED LIQUID is a liquid whose pressure is higher than the

saturation pressure corresponding to the given temperature.
➢Example: Liquid water @ 105 kPa and 90oC is a compressed liquid
since 105 kPa is greater than 70.14 kPa (Psat @ 90oC).
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

SATURATED LIQUID is a liquid at the saturation temperature or

pressure whose temperature is equal to the boiling point
corresponding to the given pressure. It has no vapor content.
➢Example: Liquid water @ 50oC and 12.35 kPa is a saturated liquid
since the given temperature, 50oC is equal to 50oC (tsat @ 12.35 kPa).
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

VAPOR is a term given to a gaseous phase that is in contact with

the liquid phase.
➢Example: Steam
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

SATURATED VAPOR is a vapor at saturation temperature and

pressure. It has no liquid or moisture content.
➢Example: Steam at 300oC and 8.58 MPa
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

SUPERHEATED VAPOR is a vapor whose temperature is higher than

the saturated temperature corresponding to the given pressure.
➢Example: Steam @ 350oC and 11.88 MPa is a superheated vapor
since 350oC is greater than 324oC (tsat @ 11.88 MPa)
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
DEGREES SUPERHEAT is the difference between the actual
superheated temperature and the saturation temperature.
➢Example: Find the degrees superheat of steam at 350oC and 8.58
MPa.
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
DEGREES SUBCOOLED is the difference between the saturation
temperature and the actual subcooled temperature.
➢Example: Find the degrees subcooled of liquid water at 50oC and
19.94 MPa.
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

WET MIXTURE is a mixture of saturated vapor and saturated liquid.

➢Example: Steam @ 15 MPa and 310oC is a wet vapor since 310oC is
less than 342.24oC (tsat @ 15 MPa).
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
QUALITY OF WET VAPOR is the fraction or percentage by weight
that is saturated vapor. It is the ratio of the mass of saturated vapor
to the total mass of the mixture.
𝑚𝑔
𝑥=
𝑚𝑡
x – quality of wet vapor
mg – mass of vapor
mt – mass of the mixture (wet vapor)
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PERCENTAGE MOISTURE is the fraction or percentage by weight
that is saturated liquid. It is the ratio of the mass saturated liquid to
the total mass of the mixture.
𝑚𝑓
𝑦=
𝑚𝑡
y – percentage moisture
mf – mass of liquid
mt – mass of the mixture (wet vapor)
 PROPERTIES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE

CRITICAL POINT is a point that represents the pressure and

temperature at which liquid and vapor can coexist in equilibrium.
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURE

v = vf + xvfg vfg = vg - vf
u = uf + xufg ufg = ug – uf
h = hf + xhfg hfg = hg - hf
s = sf + xsfg sfg = sg - sf
x=1-y
 DETERMINING THE PHASE OF
THE WORKING SUBSTANCE
If Pgiven > Psat then it is a compressed liquid.
If Tgiven < Tsat then it is a subcooled liquid.
If Pgiven < Psat then it is a superheated vapor.
If Tgiven > Tsat then it is a superheated vapor.

Note: the properties of liquid and vapor at a given temperature and

pressure can be found in STEAM TABLE and MOLLIER CHART.
 PROCESSES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
ISOMETRIC PROCESS – is an internally reversible constant volume
process of a pure substance.
ISOMETRIC PROCESS
FORMULAS
 PROCESSES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
ISOBARIC PROCESS – is a constant pressure process of a pure
substance.
ISOBARIC PROCESS FORMULAS
 PROCESSES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS – is an internally reversible constant
temperature process of a pure substance.
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
FORMULAS
 PROCESSES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
ISENTROPIC PROCESS – is a constant entropy process of a pure
substance. It is a process in which no heat is transferred.
ISENTROPIC PROCESS
FORMULAS
 PROCESSES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
ISENTHALPIC – is a constant enthalpy process of a pure substance.
It is a process in which no work is being done and is utilized in
getting the quality of the steam.
ISENTHALPIC PROCESS
FORMULAS
 PROCESSES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
POLYTROPIC PROCESS – is reversible process during PVn = C, where;
n is a constant.
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
FORMULAS
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
What will best describe water at 200oC with pressure of 1.65 MPa? (Subcooled Liquid)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
What will best describe water at 1 MPa with and s = 6.672 kJ/kg-K? (Superheated Vapor)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
What will best describe water at 250oC and specific volume of 34.2 x 10-3 m3/kg? (Wet Mixture)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 0.0856 m3 drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor at 370 deg C. Compute the
mass of liquid if it has the same volume as vapor. (19.3 kg)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 0.0856 m3 drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor at 370 deg C. Compute the
volume of the vapor if it has the same mass as the liquid. (0.0591 m3)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the work done by a system in which 1 kg-mol of water completely evaporates at
100oC and 1 atmosphere pressure. (3050 kJ/kg)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts A and B by partition. On one
side is steam at 0.60 MPa, 200oC; on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350oC. Find the final stored
energy of the mixture. (2798 kJ/kg)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts A and B by partition. On one
side is steam at 0.60 MPa, 200oC; on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350oC. Find the specific
volume of the resulting mixture. (0.1118 m3/kg)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts A and B by partition. On one
side is steam at 0.60 MPa, 200oC; on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350oC. Find the final
enthalpy of the mixture. (3055 kJ/kg)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts A and B by partition. On one
side is steam at 0.60 MPa, 200oC; on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350oC. Find the pressure of
the resulting mixture. (2.30 MPa)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts A and B by partition. On one
side is steam at 0.60 MPa, 200oC; on the other side is steam at 4 MPa, 350oC. Find the equilibrium
temperature of the resulting mixture. (317 C)
 CARNOT CYCLE

CARNOT CYCLE – is the most efficient thermodynamic cycle. It

consists of two isothermal and two isentropic process.
ANALYSIS OF CARNOT CYCLE
ANALYSIS OF CARNOT CYCLE
ANALYSIS OF CARNOT CYCLE
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider two Carnot heat engines operating in series. The first engine receives heat from the
reservoir at 2400 deg K and rejects the waste heat to another reservoir at temperature T. The
second engine receives heat by the first one, convert some of it to work, and rejects the rest to a
reservoir at 300 deg K. Calculate the temperature T if the thermal efficiencies of both engines
are the same. (849 K)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A Carnot cycle operates between the temperature limits of 300 deg K and 1500 deg K, and
produces 600 kW of net power. What is the rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the
heat addition process? (0.5 kW/K)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200 deg K at a rate of 500 kJ/s and rejects the
wasted heat to a sink at 300 deg K. If the power output of the engine is 200 kW, what is the
second law efficiency of this heat engine? (53%)
THE END