Fundamentals of Database

Dr. Adil Yousif

Lecture 1

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Course Content
No List of Topics
1 Introduction to Databases: Databases and Database Users

2 Database System Concepts and Architecture

3 Structured Query Language Statements (SQL)

4 Data Modeling Using Entity Relationship Model (E/R)

5 Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraint

6 Functional Dependencies

7 Normalization

8 Object Oriented Database

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References

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Evaluations
Parentage Method
30% Midterm Exam

10% Lab Assignments

10% Assignment & Quizzes

10% Lab Final Exam

40% Final Exam

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 Fundamental of Database
Databases and Database Users

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OUTLINE
◼ Types of Databases and Database Applications
◼ Basic Definitions
◼ Typical DBMS Functionality
◼ Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY)
◼ Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
◼ Types of Database Users
◼ Advantages of Using the Database Approach
◼ Historical Development of Database Technology
◼ Extending Database Capabilities
◼ When Not to Use Databases

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What is data, database, DBMS
◼ Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning;
raw
◼ Database: a highly organized, interrelated, and structured set of data
about a particular enterprise
◼ Controlled by a database management system (DBMS)
◼ DBMS
◼ Set of programs to access the data

◼ An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

◼ Database systems are used to manage collections of data that are:

◼ Highly valuable

◼ Relatively large

◼ Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same time.

◼ A modern database system is a complex software system whose task is to

manage a large, complex collection of data.
◼ Databases touch all aspects of our lives
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Types of Databases and Database
Applications
◼ Traditional applications:
◼ Numeric and textual databases
◼ More recent applications:
◼ Multimedia databases
◼ Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
◼ Biological and genome databases
◼ Data warehouses
◼ Mobile databases
◼ Real-time and active databases
◼ First part of book focuses on traditional applications
◼ A number of recent applications are described later in the book
(for example, Chapters 24,25,26,27,28,29)

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Recent Developments (1)
◼ Social Networks started capturing a lot of
information about people and about
communications among people-posts, tweets,
photos, videos in systems such as:
- Facebook
- Twitter
- Linked-In
◼ All of the above constitutes data
◼ Search Engines, Google, Bing, Yahoo: collect their
own repository of web pages for searching purposes

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Recent Developments (2)
◼ New technologies are emerging from the so-called
non-SQL, non-database software vendors to
manage vast amounts of data generated on the
web:
◼ Big data storage systems involving large clusters of
distributed computers (Chapter 25)
◼ NOSQL (Non-SQL, Not Only SQL) systems (Chapter
24)
◼ A large amount of data now resides on the “cloud”
which means it is in huge data centers using
thousands of machines.

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Basic Definitions
◼ Database:
◼ A collection of related data.

◼ Data:
◼ Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.

◼ Mini-world:
◼ Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database.
For example, student grades and transcripts at a university.
◼ Database Management System (DBMS):
◼ A software package/system to facilitate the creation and maintenance
of a computerized database.
◼ Database system:
◼ The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the
applications are also included.

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Impact of Databases and Database
Technology
◼ Businesses: Banking, Insurance, Retail,
Transportation, Healthcare, Manufacturing
◼ Service industries: Financial, Real-estate, Legal,
Electronic Commerce, Small businesses
◼ Education : Resources for content and Delivery
◼ More recently: Social Networks, Environmental and
Scientific Applications, Medicine and Genetics
◼ Personalized applications: based on smart mobile
devices

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A simplified architecture for a
database system
View level: what application
programs see; views can also hide
information (such as an instructor’s
salary) for security purposes.

type instructor = record

ID : string;
name : string;
dept_name : string;
salary : integer;
end;
Physical level:
describes how a
record (e.g.,
instructor) is stored.

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A simplified architecture for a
database system

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A simplified architecture for a
database system

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A simplified architecture for a
database system

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What a DBMS Facilitates
◼ Define a particular database in terms of its data types,
structures, and constraints
◼ Construct or load the initial database contents on a
secondary storage medium
◼ Manipulating the database:
◼ Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
◼ Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content
◼ Accessing the database through Web applications
◼ Processing and sharing by a set of concurrent users and
application programs – yet, keeping all data valid and
consistent

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Other DBMS Functionalities
◼ DBMS may additionally provide:
◼ Protection or security measures to prevent
unauthorized access
◼ “Active” processing to take internal actions on data
◼ Presentation and visualization of data
◼ Maintenance of the database and associated
programs over the lifetime of the database
application

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Application Programs and DBMS
◼ Applications interact with a database by generating
- Queries: that access different parts of data and
formulate the result of a request
- Transactions: that may read some data and “update”
certain values or generate new data and store that in
the database

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Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
◼ Mini-world for the example:
◼ Part of a UNIVERSITY environment
◼ Some mini-world entities:
◼ STUDENTs
◼ COURSEs
◼ SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
◼ (Academic) DEPARTMENTs
◼ INSTRUCTORs

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Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
◼ Some mini-world relationships:
◼ SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
◼ STUDENTs take SECTIONs
◼ COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
◼ INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
◼ COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
◼ STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs
◼ Note: The above entities and relationships are typically
expressed in a conceptual data model, such as the entity-
relationship (ER) data or UML class model (see Chapters 3, 4)

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Example of a Simple Database

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The relational model

E.F. “Ted” Codd

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 Questions

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