ENGINEERING DESIGN(KG22803)

Bachelor Of Oil And Gas Engineering

Chapter 5: Introduction to
AutoCAD

By: Dr. Emma Suali

Faculty of Engineering
Course objective Program outcome
CO3: Document the design
process and present the design
outcome through presentation, PO3:Design/development of solutions
report, logbook, and CAD drawing.
(P4, PO5) PO5: Modern Tool Usage – Instil modern
CO4:Design mechanical computational techniques and tools
components to satisfy the target which include prediction and modelling,
functional requirements against to solve complex engineering activities,
design constraints (C3, PO3) with an understanding of the limitations;
CO3,CO4,CO5
Contents

5.1 What is CAD?

5.2 Type of CAD software
5.3 Aspect of CAD
5.4 Introduction to AutoCAD 2022
1. What is CAD?

• CAD (Computer Aided Design) is the use of computer software

to design and document a product’s design process.
• Engineering drawings have been in use for more than 2000
years.
• However, the use of orthographic projections was formally
introduced by the French mathematician Gaspard Monge in the
18th century.
• CAD enables design engineers to layout and to develop their work on
a computer screen, print and save it for future editing.

CAD software enables

• Efficiency in the quality of design
• Increase in the Engineer’s productivity
• Improve record keeping through better documentation
and communication
•Engineering drawing entails the use of
graphical symbols such as points, lines,
curves, planes and shapes.
•Essentially, it gives detailed description about
any component in a graphical form.
CAD also applies for:
• Numerical method, optimizations etc.
• 2D/3D drafting
• 3D modeling for visualization
• Modeling curves, surfaces, solids,
mechanism, assemblies, etc.
CAD also applies for: Analysis
• Stress (deflection analysis, i.e. numerical methods,
FEM (Finite Element Method)
• The FEM is a particular numerical method for
solving partial differential equations in two or three
space variables (i.e., some boundary value
problems).
CAD also applies for:
• Simulation of actual use
• Optimizations
• Applications
• CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-
aided manufacturing) integration implies that
an engineer can use the system both for
designing a product and for controlling
manufacturing processes.
• Process planning
 Front view Side view

Top view

Example of 3D image drawn using AutoCAD

 Saves
time

Code re- Easy to

use edit

Advantage
of
Decrease AutoCAD Decrease
design in error
effort percentage

Improve Easy to
accuracy share
 Work is
prone to
viruses
Work could
Work can be
be easily
lost
hacked

Time taking
process to Disadvantage Need regular
know how to of AutoCAD updating
operate

Time and
Costly for
cost of
new system
training

Need less
employment
2. Types of CAD Software
Since its introduction in late 1960’s, CAD software has
improved. A broad classification of CAD is:
• 2D CAD
• 3D CAD
• 3D Wireframe and Surface Modelling
• Solid Modelling
Another way of classifying CAD software - in terms of their
operating parameters.
• Single-file-mode systems - This type of CAD software allows
only a single user to work on a single file at a time.
• Referenced-file-mode systems - In this type of CAD software,
users can work on their own files with the files of other users
attached as a background.
• Collaborative-mode systems - These CAD systems allow a team
of users to collaboratively work with each other's data and see the
changes other users make to the data as they go (i.e. AutoCAD)
can be used in different modes of a operation.
3D CAD can be further classified as:
• Wire-frame models – they create skeleton like models with lines
and arcs. Since they appear to be made of wires, and everything
in the background is visible, they are called wire-frame models.
• Surface models – unlike wire frames, these models are created
by joining 3D surfaces. Since nothing in the background is
visible, the surface models are quite realistic.
• Solid models – they are considered to be the most useful CAD
models. Although they appear to be the same as surface models,
they also have additional properties like weight, volume and
density, just like actual physical objects. These models are
commonly used as prototypes to study engineering designs.
 AutoCAD versus other CAD software

Drafting Parametric Integrated Integrated

solid/ simulation manufacturing
modeling
AutoCAD Yes No No No
SolidWorks Yes Yes Yes No
Autodesk
Inventor
Solid Edge
Siemens Yes Yes Yes Yes
PLM NX
Catia Pro-
Engineer
3. Aspects Of CAD

• Modeling
• Display/visualization
• Application
3.1 Modeling
▪ Definition of objects
▪ Relation between objects
▪ Properties
▪ Orientations in suitable coordinate system
▪ Modification of existing definition (editing)
 Requirements Of Modeling
• Solids are modeled by storing information of
constituent surfaces
• This help in
– Displaying surfaces(3D)
– Computing solid properties
– Modeling by storing info on bounding
curves or by storing their geometric
definitions
3.2 Display Visualization Aids
• Display of model objects
• Mapping objects onto screen coordinates
• Surface display, shading
• Projections
• Hidden line removal when multiple
surfaces are displayed
4. Introduction to AutoCAD 2022
• The default AutoCAD filename
extension is DWG.
• The DWG file format is a binary file format
created and used by AutoCAD.
 AutoCAD Fundamentals
Learning objectives
❖ Create and Save AutoCAD drawing files
❖ Use the AutoCAD visual reference commands
❖ Draw, using the LINE and CIRCLE commands
❖ Use the ERASE command
❖ Define Positions using the Basic Entry methods
❖ Use the AutoCAD Pan Realtime option
Section 1: Controlling the Display in Drawings
We use the F button to connect a line segment back to the starting
point. According to Relative Coordinate system the origin point will be
continuously changed from next point to next point.

Use the escape key [ESC] on the keyboard or select another command
to cancel a command.
Snaps make it easier to connect endpoints of different
lines together
 The CAD Database and the User Coordinate System

There are three types of coordinate display: static,

dynamic, and distance and angle.
•Static display. Updates only when you specify a point.
•Dynamic display. Updates as you move the cursor.
•Distance and angle display. Updates the relative distance
(distance<angle) as you move the cursor.
Two types of coordinate systems
Grid helps us with measuring and having even spaces
The rule for creating CAD designs and drawings is that they
should be created at full size using real-world units.

The CAD database contains all the definitions of the

geometric entities and the design is considered as a virtual,
full-sized object.
Exercise 1
When using Pan, the coordinates do not change
CONTENTS
1. Managing drawing with layers and properties
2. Working with hatch,text and dimensions
3. Isometric drawing
 i. Managing
object
properties

v.Using the ii.Using

quick access Match
tools in the
Layers panel 1. Properties
Managing
drawing
with layers

iv.Drawing iii. Using

management enquiry
using layers commands
i. Managing object properties
• In AutoCAD, you can change
properties such as color, lineweight
(to do with the thickness of a line),
linetype, and transparency.

• These properties are required to

properly display drawing types.
The properties of an object can be changed from the
Properties panel of the Home tab, as shown in the following
figure:
In a similar way, we will apply the
CENTER linetype to the two
perpendicular lines at the center of the
circle using the following steps:
1. Select both of the perpendicular lines that
intersect at the center of the
circle.
2. Now go to the linetype menu of the
Properties panel and select the
CENTER linetype from the linetype list.
3. The linetype will be applied to both
perpendicular lines. Once the linetype is
applied, you can press the Esc key to remove
the line from the selection set:
ADDING LINEWEIGHT
Lineweight determines the thickness of a line and you can
configure it using the lineweight menu of the properties panel,
as shown in the following figure:
ADDING COLOR
1. Select all objects that you see in the drawing area then expand the color menu.
2. Select the green color box from the Index Colors area as shown in the following figure.
3. Press the Esc key once you have applied the colors to the selected drawing:
 Changing properties using the PROPERTIES
palette
1. To open the PROPERTIES palette,
select an object from the drawing area.
Now, right-click and select Properties
from the context menu or type PR
and press Enter to open the
PROPERTIES palette.
ii. Using match properties

You can use Match Properties to copy the

properties of an object and transfer those
properties to another object in the
drawing. The Match Properties tool is
found on the Properties panel and you
can activate it using the icon shown in the
following figure, or you can also use its
command alias, MA:
Here, I will use a simple example of this circle, which is green, has the HIDDEN
linetype, has a lineweight of 0.05, and has a scale of 3 on the linetype. Now we can
use match properties to transfer these properties to another set of objects– in this case
to a rectangle and a circle, as shown in the following figure:
iii. Using inquiry commands
Quick
The first tool in this list, Quick, was added in the 2021 version of AutoCAD, and you
can use it to measure dimensions quickly in a drawing. To use this tool, select it from
the Measure flyout and move it in your drawing.
iv. Drawing management using layers
Example of
object’s name in
your drawing
Example of
object’s name in
your drawing
Example of
object’s name in
your drawing
Layer lock
To make objects on any layer non-editable, you can lock the layer. The
lock option on the layer is right next to the freeze option on the layer
drop-down menu as well as on the LAYER PROPERTIES MANAGER
palette
v. Using the quick access tools in the layers panel
 i. Filling an
area with
Hatches

v. Working ii. Adding

with color
multileaders 2. gradients
Working with
hatch, text
and
dimensions

iv.Working iii. Adding

with text to a
dimensions drawing
i. Filling an area with Hatches
ii. Adding color gradients
iii. Adding text to the drawing
Changing text formatting
Double-click on the text that you added in the previous example and the
Text Editor will once again show up and the text will become editable.
You can now add to or remove the existing piece of text as well.
iv. Working with dimensions
• Using the Lines tab
• The Dimension lines panel has settings for changing the Color,
Linetype, and Lineweight of dimension lines only. You can also
change the Baseline spacing of the dimension, which is the
gap between the dimension lines of the baseline dimension
using its respective field, and hide the left or right sides of
dimension lines using the Suppress checkboxes:
Using the Symbols and Arrows tab
The Continue dimension tool
This method of dimensioning is also called chain dimensioning as dimensions are
added like chain links, one after the other. The Continue dimension tool is on the
Dimension panel of the Annotate tab, as shown in the following screenshot
Modifying dimensions
So far, we have seen different methods of adding dimensions to our drawing. In this
section, we will learn how to modify these existing dimensions using their multifunction
grips.
Let's add a linear dimension on line AB. Now select the dimension and you will
notice multi-function grips (blue square boxes), as shown in the following screenshot:
Adding
tolerances
Isometric drawing
Making isometric drawings
Isometric drawings are 3D drawings that are made with vertical lines of 90 degrees
and horizontal lines at an angle of 30 degrees. An example of an isometric drawing is
shown here:
If you don't see these options in
the status bar, then click the icon
that looks like three horizontal
lines, one on top of the other, at
the far right of the status bar and
select the Grid and Isometric
Drafting options, as shown here.
You can change the alignment of the cursor using F5. Every time you press the F5
key, not only will the cursor change, but also the plane on which the isometric
drawing will be made will change. Figure 7.45 shows the different types of cursor
alignments that you will get when pressing F5. Keep the grid active from the status
bar to see this effect clearly with respect to the background.
Now, move the cursor vertically
down, type 0.5 and press Enter again,
then move the cursor to the right so
that the tracking vector again shows
330 degrees. Then, type 1 and press
Enter again, and finally move the
cursor vertically up, type 0.5, and
press Enter again. You will reach
point M of the drawing. The drawing
so far should look like Figure 7.49.

With the Line command still active,

move your cursor to the right so that
the angle for the tracking vector shows
330 degrees, then type 2 and press
Enter. Now, you will reach point N of
the drawing. From here, click point
D to join the line to the existing vertex
and press Enter to exit the Line
command.
So, now we will
add details to the
drawing:
CONTENTS
1. 3D modeling workspaces
2. Navigation and switching views
3. Adjusting visual styles
4. Configuring multi-viewports
5. Exploring the User Coordinate System (UCS)
SUBSECTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO 3D WORKSPACE
By default, AutoCAD has three workspaces:
❖Drafting & Annotation-contains the main 2D drafting
❖3D Basics
❖3D Modeling
Switching
between
workspace
1.2 Exploring the 3D Basics workspace
Starting with the Home tab, you can find two panels that are present in the standard Drafting &
Annotation workspace, the Draw panel and the Modify panel. The Layers panel is also present but it is
modified to be Layers & View. There are also other panels that contain 3D modeling tools, as shown in
the following figure:
The next tab is called Visualize, and
contains a collection of commands related
to adjusting the viewports and rendering.
The following figure shows the different
panels contained in the Visualize tab:
1.3 EXPLORING THE 3D MODELING WORKSPACE
There are three types of 3D objects in AutoCAD:
• solids,
• surfaces, and
• mesh objects.

Each type has a dedicated tab in the 3D Modeling

workspace, starting with Solid tab, which is shown in the
following figure:
SUBSECTION 2
In 2D drafting, the whole drawing exists on one plane, so the
drawing area view was normal to that plane and the only
navigation tools needed were panning and zooming.
In 3D modeling, you will need to create details that may exist on
any angle of the three main axes, and even creating a single
part or detail of a model may require switching back and forth
between different viewing angles. Therefore, an understanding
of navigation and switching between different views is essential
for efficient 3D modeling, so in this section, the basic navigation
and view switching tools will be presented.
2.1BASIC NAVIGATION
2.2 THE VIEWCUBE
AutoCAD also features a navigation tool called the ViewCube.
2.3 THE VIEWCUBE
 2.4 CREATING A CUSTOM NAMED VIEW
• During the creation of 3D models, you may come across a part of a detail
in your model where the best view angle to work from is a general angle
that is not one of the standard views available in the ViewCube or the list
of preset views.
• To make things worse, you may also need to switch back and forth
between two different general angles during the model creation, which
would be a hideous process of adjusting the view angle using the middle
mouse button or dragging the ViewCube every time you want to change
the view.

• To avoid this, you can add your own general angle view that is the best
for your model as an entry to the views list, and just click on it for a
quick view switch.
3. ADJUSTING VISUAL STYLES
THE DIFFERENT AVAILABLE VISUAL STYLES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
❖No Face Style
❖Realistic Face Style
❖Warm-Cool Face Style
4. USER COORDINATE SYSTEM (UCS)
In AutoCAD, there is an immovable reference coordinate
system called the World Coordinate System (WCS). In
addition to that, there is a User Coordinate System (UCS)
that can be moved or rotated as desired. In this section,
the tools related to manipulating the coordinate system will
be discussed starting with the options for the UCS icon
appearance, after which we will have a look at how to
manipulate the UCS.
At the end of the section, the Dynamic UCS function will be
presented.
Rotating the UCS
As discussed at the beginning of the section, during the
modeling process, you might need to draw a 2D shape
(that will be extruded or swept, for example) on a
generally inclined XY plane. Any transformation can be
broken down to rotation and translation motions, so in this
section and the next one, we will discuss how to rotate and
translate the UCS.
You can rotate the UCS around any of the three main axes
by using the UCS rotation buttons found in the Coordinates
panel. The following figure shows the location of the
buttons:
Aligning the UCS with objects
In many cases, you may need to place a 2D object to be extruded on top of
another existing object. To do this, you can move and rotate the UCS as
shown in the previous sub-sections, or you can just align it with the
desired object in one step.
CONTENTS
1. Creating Boxes
2. Creating Cylinders
3. Creating Cones
4. Creating Spheres
5. Creating Pyramids
6. Creating Wedges
7. Creating a Torus
8. Creating polysolids
HOW TO START DRAWING 3D IN AUTOCAD
❖Change workspace to 3d modelling or 3d basic
❖Click Application and select New, then click Drawing
❖Choose acad3d
Creating Boxes
Thank you