Charity I.

Mulig-Cruz
Purpose of the Methodology
●

Explains the procedure used in the study

● Includes research design, research setting,
sampling design, research instrument, data
collection, data analysis
Must provide enough information (including
the materials used in the study) that will make
the study reproducible
Research Design
●

Describes the research mode

Quantitative, qualitative, or mixed mode
Experimental or descriptive
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) or
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

Most investigatory projects use

the quantitative experimental
mode.
Research Design
QUANTITATVE RESEARCH
is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical
data. It can be used to find patterns and averages,
make● predictions, test causal relationships, and
generalize results to wider populations.
 Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative
research, which involves collecting and analyzing
non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio).
●
 Quantitative
research is widely used in the natural
and social sciences: biology, chemistry,
psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc.
Research Design
QUANTITATVE RESEARCH
is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It
can be used to find patterns and averages, make
●
predictions,
test causal relationships, and generalize results
to wider populations.
•Quantitative research question examples
•What is the demographic makeup of Singapore in 2020?
•How●has the average temperature changed globally over
the last century?
•Does environmental pollution affect the prevalence of
honey bees?
•Does working from home increase productivity for people
with long commutes?
Research Design
QUALITATVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing
●
non-numerical
data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be
used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or
generate new ideas for research
 Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative
research, which involves collecting and analyzing
●
numerical
data for statistical analysis.
 Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities
and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology,
sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.
Research Design
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
•Qualitative research question examples
•How does social media shape body image in teenagers?
•How do children and adults interpret healthy eating in the
Philippines?
•What factors influence employee retention in a large
organization?
•How is anxiety experienced around the world?
Research Design
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 aims to accurately and systematically describe a
population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what,
where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
 A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of
research methods to investigate one or more variables.
Unlike in experimental research, the researcher does not
control or manipulate any of the variables, but only
observes and measures them.
Research Design
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 Experimental research is a form of comparative analysis
in which you study two or more variables and observe a
group under a certain condition or groups experiencing
different conditions. By assessing the results of this type
of study, you can determine correlations between the
variables applied and their effects on each group.
Experimental research uses the scientif ic method to f ind
preferable ways of accomplishing a task for providing a
service
Types of experimental research design
1. Pre-experimental research
A pre-experimental research study is an observational approach to performing an
experiment.
It's the most basic style of experimental research. Free experimental research can
occur in
one of these design structures:
• One-shot case study research design: In this form of experimental research,
experimenters
subject a single group to a stimulus and test them at the end of the application.
This allows
researchers to gather results for performance by individuals or entities subject to
the stimuli
being tested.
• One-group pretest-posttest design: In this type of research, researchers apply a
test both
before and after the application of the stimuli. This provides a comparison of
performance
with and without application for researchers to make judgments about the effects of
the
stimuli on the subjects.
• Static group comparison design: In a static group comparison, researchers assess
two
different groups, with only one group receiving the stimuli the researchers are
assessing.
Testing occurs at the end of the process, allowing the researchers to compare the
results
from the subjects who received the stimuli against those who didn't.
Types of experimental research design
2. Quasi-experimental research
Quasi-experimental research is similar to true experimental
research, and experimenters can apply it in similar ways.
The primary distinction between the two is a lack of
randomization when assigning participants to groups in a
quasi-experimental study. This usually occurs because of
rules or regulations that prevent researchers from applying
random allocations in some settings, such as a research
study at a university.
Types of experimental research design
3. True experimental research
• the main method of applying untested research to a subject. Under
true experimental conditions, participants receive randomized
assignments to different groups in the study. This removes any
potential for bias in creating study groups to provide more reliable
results. There are a few design structures a researcher may use
when performing experimental research, which differ based on the
number and style of groups used:
Posttest-only control group design
In this design structure, a researcher divides participants into two
groups at random. One group acts as a control and doesn't receive the
stimuli being tested, while the second group does receive the stimuli
researchers are assessing. Researchers perform tests at the end of
the experiment to determine the practical results of being exposed to
the stimuli.
Research Design
Complete sequence of steps or procedures
that need to be followed when obtaining the
needed data during investigation.
● Serves as a guide during the actual
experimentation.
●
Minimizes the cost of experimentation while
maximizing the gathered info relevant to the
problem.
●
Research Design
Basic Principles
Replication
●

Done to estimate variations among observations in

groups with the same treatments

Randomization
●

Done to create equivalent groups; average out

differences among groups; reduces possible biases

Local Control
●

Done when balancing, grouping and blocking of

experimental units is used

Control of Extraneous Variables

●

Done to ensure that groups are identical except in the

absence (control group) or presence (experimental
group) of treatment.
Research Design
Things to identify
Subject of the study/Experimental Unit
Variables
Controls
Experimental & control groups
Instruments & devices to be used
Statistical tools needed for analysis
Research Design
Variables
Independent, dependent, extraneous variable
Discrete or continuous variable

Level of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Rational
Sampling
●

The process of choosing a representative portion of a

population.
Reasons for sampling
Limited resources
Some procedures require items to be destroyed
Samples can be studied more thoroughly
Reduce errors in collection and handling of data
Not possible to study the whole population Types
of Samples
Probability or Non-probability Sample Factors to
consider during sampling
Homogeneity of the population
Population size
Sampling Methods
●

Simple Random Sampling

Lottery sampling, table or random numbers Stratified
Random Sampling
Used when the population consists of groups of
different characteristics. Done so that the stratum
size
in the sample is proportional to the population.
Cluster Sampling
Done by selecting clusters of units in a population &
then obtaining an SRS of these clusters
Multistage Sampling
Consists of two or more stages of sampling
Convenience Sampling
Data Collection & Record Keeping
●

Journal

Diary for the project.

● Records day to day thoughts and activities; information from
library/online research; pictures/drawings of experiments;
results of experiments; conversations/correspondences
pertaining the study
● For personal use only
●

Logbook

Will be shown as part of the display

● Where important data/information/ideas from the journal will
be transferred
● Contains descriptions & data from the experiments; library
references; sketches and experimental designs; photographs;
sources of help and information
●