ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION
CLASS 12 PHYSICS
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 Electromagnetic Induction Chapter no . 6t Class 12 Physics
Magnetic flux : - The total number of
magnetic field lines of force passing normally through an

area placed in a
magnetic field is equal to the
magnell: flux linked with that area
-
·

area
Consider an element of area di on an rectangular shape as shown in figure .
surface
if the magnetic field at this element is 5, the magnetic flux through the element is q
dOp =
B .
d* =

BdACOSO -

flux the surface

Total
Magnetic through
&B / B dE / BCACOSO
=
= .
# -

NOTE : ->
Magnetic Flux is a scalar quantity .

->
sI unit of magnetic flux is tesla-metre" (1Tm] ,
called as weber (1Wb)

Electromagnetic Induction .

If the magnetic flux through a circuit changes , an emp and a current are induced in the
circuit This phenomena is called as
Electromagnetic Induction

a
.

·
Favaday's Law

il J n Magnetic
n
# First Law : Whenever the number of magnetic lines of force ( v flux) passing through a

circuit changes an emf called induced emf is produced in the Circuit The induced emt

gr
3
.

,
Su

persists as long as there is change or of flux cutting .

·
Second Law : The
magnetic flux through
magnitude
the Circuit
of induced emt in
.
Mathematically
a

,
a
circuit is equal to the time rate of
the induced emf is given by
change of

3 =

-dD or For closely wound coil of N turns 2 =

-

Nd0B
It E
-

LEN'S
me sign indicates
LAN :
the
-
direction
It states
of 3
PHYSICS
and hence direction of Current in the circuit
that the direction of the induced current is such that it
.

opposes the change that has induced it .

NOTE If a Current is induced by an increasing flux

:
it will weaken the
, original flux If
.

a current
is induced by flux , it will the original flux
a
decreasing strengthen .

⑰
When North Pole of Magnet
is moving m
->

sawe
u
Toward from
-
Eund
coil
u
Then direction of induced
current in the coil is Anticlockwise
The direction of induced
current in the Coil is Clockwise :

Do
yourself
 *
Motional Electromotive Force : The emf induced across the ends of a conductor due to its
motion in a
magnetic field is called motional emf .

shows PQRS in which

B Figure a
rectangular conductor
the conductor PQ is free to move .
The rod 40 is moved
towards the left with a constant velocity v .

The magnetic flux enclosed by the Loop PORS will be

Pi =

B .
=

PB= BACOSO A =
In

SO %B =

Blucoso 0=0 B1IA (in same direction)

Di =
Blx
And the induced emf is given by 2 = -
d0B
It
E
So
- (B(n) = 3 BldH
= = -

is with time
changing
--

Since i
·

Here (t
(speed of
c -x the Conductor PQ) Hence & Bly
= =

X
t
Another Method For Motional EMF

Jan
When the rod moves with speed y , the charge will also be moving with speed v in the magnetic Field B

il
.

The Covent force on this charge is qVB in magnitude , and its direction is towards & All charges experience

n
:

the same force , in magnitude and direction , irrespective of their position in the rod pp The work done .

in moving from P

gr
is
the charge to G
Su

crf is emf is work done per unit qVBL 3 BY

b
W qVB) and
= =
=
=

,
a
charge
a
.

Energy
let r
consideration
be the resistances of movable arm
: A quantitative Study
PD of the
#

rectangular
war -
B

d
jang
PHYSICS
consider .
The
remaining arms OR ,
RS and sp have
negligible
resistances compared to S r . Thus overall resistance of loop is U .

and does not is moved The Current i in the loop

·
change as 40 .

1S I
2
I
B
Due to
magnetic field , there will
=
=

Sand
be a force on the arm PG This .

C
force is = IIB put value of i
So F =

B'
I
-

the
is P =
FX
arm Q is being pushed with a Constant speed y, the power required to do this

p
= theagen that does throworeasmechanical where does this mechanical
energy go ?

Relation between the charge flow through the Circuit and the change in magnetic flux .

191 (2)
From
Faraday's law have learnt
Abi However Iv AQU AP: 1D
we =>
= =
=

It r

*
Eddy Current : When a
changing magnetic flux is applied
to a piece of conducting material , circulating currents called

eddy Current are induced in the material .

These eddy current often have large magnitudes and heat

up the conductor .

Advantages of Eddy Current

·
Magnell- braking in trains
·
Electromagnetic damping °@π⑦
·
Induction furnace ⑱
⑱@⑧
8

·
Electric Power meters .
 ductance

I
I

Self Inductance Mutual Inductance

Whenever the electric current passing through · Whenever the current
passing through a coil or

a coil or circuit changes , the magnetic flux circuit changes , the magnetic flux linked with a

linked with it also

change, an emf is induced
neighbouring coil or circuit will also change .

in the coil the circuit which opposes the emf will be induced in the
or Hence an
neighbouring
that causes it This phenomenon is coil circuit This phenomenon is called "mutual
change .
or .

called "self induction" and the emf induced induction'

is called back emt Current .
so produced is called
induced current .

x Coefficient of Self Induction * Coefficient of mutual induction ·

Number of flux linkages with the Coil is proportional to Total flux linked with the secondary due to current

the current : i
.
e NC : or No=11 in theprimary is N2G2 and N20I
,

10 coefficient of self induction N242= Mi ,

N
coefficient of mutual
Hence L= =

-> M
= =

induction

a
.

l J n
·
By Faraday's law induced emf e -Ned ACC to Faraday's law

i
=

,
clt
ie e
=- Lo e Nd02 e
Mo
= =

n
= -
.

at
lel=L
-

if if di-lamp then led M

gr
-lamp then =
Su

at
Hence coefficient of self induction is equal to Hence Coefficient of Mutual induction is equal
the emt induced in the coil when the rate of to the emf induced in the

a secondary coil when

of
change
current in the coil is unity · rate of
change of current in primary coil is unity .

·
Si unit of L =

Henry (H)
~

PHYSICS
of a solenoid :
Inductance Let us find the inductance of a uniformly wound solenoid having
-

N turns and
length 1 Assume that I is much longer than the radius of the windings and that the core of
·

the solenoid is air Magnetic field due to a current i is uniform and given by
.

B u. ni=> B : number of
(H) I per unit length
M. turns
=
=
=

The magnetic each turn is Bi=BA Across-sectional

flux through N.
Ai where area of the solenoid
=

,
.

L
N 1 MA-L= MA N=n L= MoA=> L= MoMA Al=V(volume of
= =

L the Solenoid)

i (increasing)
Energy stored in an inductor
->
#

An
increasing current in an inductor causes an emt.
.-WWIVJ1- -

between its terminals .

Work needs to be done
against the
backent (2) in establishing the Current .

This work done is stored as magnetic potential energy e (di/dt

=

For the Current : at any instant in a circuit the rate of work done pen unit time is
,
d =

(e)i => > Lidi

= I cli=Lid
ot dt

For Total work done

"dW="fLidi->(=Lldt-> N=1 li
k U Potential stored in an inductor
energy
=

= .

Magnetic energy density (u)

unit volume
M=
energy stored per

u 0 u
1
=
=
=

Y
Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoid .

Figure shows solenoids, of Ne turns and Radius ve surrounding a long solenoid

a

of Length 1
,
radiusv, and number of turns N , (length of both solenoid is sames .

N
,4, =
Miz Iz -0

coils , is
The resulting Flux linkage with
N
,
B
,
=
(N , ) B A
, ,
B =
Moniz
2
A
,
ir N
,
=

n
,
l
i .
e N, P
,
=

n. MoRzic str,
① ⑧
From eq we
get
Miz Ie
=

Mon , UzLIciTr =
Miz Mon , zITr @
!
⑧@
⑧
similarly Mc= Mon , n, Tr, L

Ja
⑧

n
"⑳...For

l
also Miz=Mzi=M= MuMon , niTr a medium of Relative permeability

i
Ur i e U
=

Molly

n
.

combination of inductances

gr
I
Su

In Series Isunex mis Then L =

1, + 12+ 13
↳I ↳2 23

In Parallel
Xment
12
men >
is
" =
a
-
-

-
-

, o
is
·

may
NOTE :
increase or decrease the flux due to the self induction .
PHYSICS
If the flux from one inductance links another , mutual inductance term becomes important This mutual interaction
The equivalent inductance of the pair of coils in
.

series is L =
L +12 I2M
, ,

A C
Generator (Dynamol : A dynamo converts mechanical energy
.

(rotational kinetic energy) into electrical energy .

It consists of a coil rotating in a magnetic field .

Due to rotation of the
coil magnetic flux linked with it changes ,
so an emt is induced in the
coil ·

strong magnetic
field
principle : when a closed coll is rotated rapidly in a ,

the number of magnetic flux-lines passing through

the coil
changes
induced in the coil and current flows in
emf is a
continuously .
Hence , an
the circuit connected to the coil .

working
angular speed
c
When the coll is rotated with a constant ,

-> 8.
⑧
and
the
angle o between the
magnetic Field vector B the area

n coil at instant t is 0 at
any
=

vector of the
O 0 at + 01
(assuming
=
=

effective to the
As a result the area of the coil exposed
field with time
magnetic lines
changes
.
NOTE 8
armature coil rotates the
magnetic flux linked with
changes
.

As the ,

Hence ,
an emf is induced in the coll and current flow in it .

Suppose at t=o , plane of coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field .

The Flux linked with it at any time I will be given by

4 =
NBACOSNt

%01 = -

10 sincut
A(coswt=-
a
At

i l J n
q(NBACOSNt
n
e = -

gr
Su

=>
e= NBAwsinct

Or e
=

esinct
a
where 20
=

NBAWPHYSICS
of induced
=

max value emfo