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Mod 5 Notes

1. The document describes two chemical equilibrium reactions - the cobalt(II) chloride equilibrium and the iron(III) thiocyanate equilibrium. 2. Factors that can shift the equilibria are described, such as adding reagents, heating/cooling, which cause the equilibria to shift left or right and change color. 3. A demonstration of dynamic equilibrium is presented, where water is transferred between two cylinders in cycles to show how the system reaches equilibrium over time.

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34 views

Mod 5 Notes

1. The document describes two chemical equilibrium reactions - the cobalt(II) chloride equilibrium and the iron(III) thiocyanate equilibrium. 2. Factors that can shift the equilibria are described, such as adding reagents, heating/cooling, which cause the equilibria to shift left or right and change color. 3. A demonstration of dynamic equilibrium is presented, where water is transferred between two cylinders in cycles to show how the system reaches equilibrium over time.

Uploaded by

rsorani8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 5

Cobalt (II) Chloride equilibrium

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq)(pink) + 4Cl-(aq) ⇌ [CoCl4]2-(aq)(blue) + 6H2O(l) - ΔH>0

1. Add HCl, and the equilibrium shifts right, turning it blue


2. Add Silver Nitrate, forming a white precipitate (AgCl) + equilibrium shifts left, turning it pink
3. Add distilled water, and equilibrium shifts to the side with more aqueous moles turning it pink
4. The heating shifts right, as the forward endothermic reaction is favoured, turning it blue
5. Cooling shifts left, as the reverse exothermic reaction is favoured, turning it pink

Iron (III) Thiocyanate equilibrium

Fe+3 (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇌ FeSCN+2 (aq) + ∆H

1. Add HPO4 2- (aq) which will react with the Fe 3+ (aq) to form the colourless complex ion FeHPO4 + (aq) this will shift
equilibrium left turning it yellow
2. Add Potassium Thiocyanate, and equilibrium shifts right turning it dark red
3. The heating shifts left turning it yellow
4. Cooling shifts right turning it red

Modelling dynamic equilibrium

1. Label two 100mL measuring cylinders A and B


2. Fill measuring cylinder A with 100mL water
3. Transfer 10mL of water from measuring cylinder A to measuring
cylinder B using a 10mL graduated pipette
4. Transfer 5mL of water from measuring cylinder B to measuring
cylinder A using a 5mL graduated pipette
5. Record the volume of water in each of the measuring cylinders
6. Repeat steps 3-5 until 50 cycles have been completed

Static Dynamic

- Irreversible reaction that proceeds in one direction - Reversible reaction that doesn't go to completion
- Reactants continue to produce products until limiting - Rate of forwards and reverse occur at the same rate
reagent is used up and time
- Rate of forwards and reverse = zero - Occurs when reaction in a closed system (matter
- Occurs in an open system where energy and matter cannot enter, however, energy in the form of
can enter or leave the system pressure/ heat can enter/leave)
- Occurs when macroscopic properties (colour, PH,
temp, Pressure) remain constant
Non Equilibrium system Equilibrium system + Reaction rate

● Enthalpy (H): is the change in energy of a reaction Collision theory: All particles are constantly moving & when
● Entropy (S): is the measure of randomness, chaos they collide with correct orientation and sufficient kinetic energy
and disorder of a reaction system to overcome the EA, they will break bonds of reactants and
● When Gibbs free energy: G < 0 reaction is form new bonds of products
spontaneous (combustion reactions), G = 0 the
reaction is at equilibrium, G > 0 the reaction is Reaction rate is the speed at which chemical reaction occurs
non-spontaneous (photosynthesis reactions) - and depends on frequency/ likelihood of collisions, orientation
however still occurs since biological catalysts or of particles and whether energy of particles is grater or equal to
sunlight overcome barrier Ea

● The Ea can be lowered through a catalysed


pathway, which provides an alternate route for the
reaction to occur. This allows more particles to have
enough energy to break reactant bonds and form
products

Q is used to determine if in equilibrium Equilibrium value determines position

- Q < Keq forward reaction favoured - Keq > 1 equilibrium lies to right
- Q = Keq reaction is @ equilibrium - Keq = 1 equilibrium reached
- Q > Keq reverse reaction favoured - Keq < 1 equilibrium lies to left

● Only temperature impacts Keq value; for exothermic reactions Increase in Temp = Decrease, for an endothermic increase
in temperature = increase - the reason being is that temperature lowers the activation energy for both reactions, creating
more/fewer reactants or products
● Common ion effect: two solutions mixed that contain same ion, reducing solubility as equilibrium shift left
Solution Equilibria

Dissociation of salts

● Soluble: If the strength of ionic bonds is greater than the strength of ion-dipole
bonds
● Insoluble: if the strength of ionic bonds is weaker than the strength of ion-dipole
bonds

Endothermic Dissolution

● Dissolution is endothermic if the energy absorbed during solvent separation and


dissociation is greater than what is released during ion hydration.
● An endothermic dissolution would decrease the temperature of the surrounding
environment. Thus, the beaker in which the dissolution occurs will feel colder.

Exothermic Dissolution

● Dissolution is exothermic if the energy absorbed during solvent separation and


dissociation is less than what is released during ion hydration.
● An exothermic dissolution would increase the temperature of the surrounding
environment. Thus, the beaker in which the dissolution occurs will feel warmer.

ATSI removing toxins from Cycad fruits

● Cycad fruits contain neurotoxins that need to be removed. The first step involves
chopping seeds to increase surface area and then placing the sarcastic flesh in a
finely woven mesh bag. Then leaching occurs by which the mesh bag is placed in
a flowing stream of water by which the hydroxyl functional group allows it to
continuously dissolve, as the open system avoids dynamic equilibrium to be
established

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