Module 1: History of Civil Engineering

Introduction
This lesson discusses the history of Civil Engineering and its practices. This also includes
the brief history of Civil Engineering in the Philippines and its accredited professional
organization, the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. (PICE). At the last part of this
module, an introduction to the BS Civil Engineering Curriculum as well as the Program
Educational Objectives (PEOs) and the Student Outcomes (SOs) were included.

Learning Outcomes
Intended Learning Outcome 1: Summarize the history of Civil Engineering and the profession

Topic Outcomes:
1. Recognize the important parts of the history of the Civil Engineering.
2. Identify the remarkable historical structures.
3. Discuss the history of the accredited professional organization for Civil Engineers.
4. Familiarize with the BSCE Curriculum.

History of Civil Engineering

It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil engineering,

however, that the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this
earth. Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and
used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the demonstration of ancient age civil engineering.
Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the
beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of
Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and
2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq)
when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus
causing a need for the construction of shelter. During this
time, transportation became increasingly important leading
to the development of the wheel and sailing.
Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engg and architecture, and
the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person,
often used interchangeably. The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might
be considered the first instances of large structure constructions.
 Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first documented
engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for King
Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis. With simple tools
and mathematics he created a monument that stands to
this day. His greatest contribution to engineering was his
discovery of the art of building with shaped stones.
Those who followed him carried engineering to
remarkable heights using skill and imagination.
Ancient historic civil engineering constructions
include the Qanat water management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than 71
km,) the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman
engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T’ien under orders from Ch’in
Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the
Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil
structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges,
dams and roads.
Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan built in 691
BC; Li Ping's irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC); Julius Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine
River built in 55 BC, numerous bridges built by other Romans in and around Rome(e.g. the pons
Fabricius); Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France) built in 19 BC; the extensive system
of highways the Romans built to facilitate trading and (more importantly) fast manoeuvring of
legions; extensive irrigation system constructed by the Hohokam Indians, Salt River, AZ around
600 AD; first dykes defending against high water in Friesland, The Netherlands around 1000 AD;
El Camino Real - The Royal Road, Eastern Branch, TX and Western Branch, NM (1500s AD).
Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the
height of the Inca Empire is considered an engineering
marvel. It was built in the Andes Mountains assisted by
some of history’s most ingenious water resource
engineers. The people of Machu Picchu built a mountain
top city with running water, drainage systems, food
production and stone structures so advanced that they
endured for over 500years.
A treatise on Architecture, Book
called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was
published at 1AD in Rome and survived
to give us a look at engineering education in ancient times. It was probably
written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his
patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and
construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters,
rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by
advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale
were incremental.
 One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical
problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC,
including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical
solutions such as Archimedes’ screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in
the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.

Educational & Institutional history of civil engineering

In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian
as opposed to military engineering. The first engineering school, The National School of Bridges
and Highways, France, was opened in 1747. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John
Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues
formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met
informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more
than a social society.
In 1818, world’s first engineering society, the Institution of Civil
Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer
Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution received a
Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognizing civil engineering as a
profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as: “Civil engineering is
the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is
intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and
mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide
ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to
knowledge of structures, material science, geography, geology, soil, hydrology, environment,
mechanics and other fields.”
The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was Norwich
University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in Civil Engineering in
the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree
to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905.[1]

Civil Engineering in the Philippines and A Brief History of Philippine Institute Civil
Engineers, Inc. (PICE)

Civil Engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the design constructions,
including works like roads, bridges, pipelines, railways, canals, dams, sewage systems, airport and
etc. Civil Engineering also deals with the maintenance of the physical and natural built of the
environment, durability, and the safety in the field structure. Civil Engineers are united through
the mandate of organization of Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers and is usually called PICE.
This organization aims to build strong foundation among all Civil Engineers in the Philippines.
Civil Engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the design constructions,
including works like roads, bridges, pipelines, railways, canals, dams, sewage systems, airport and
etc. Civil Engineering also deals with the maintenance of the physical and natural built of the
environment, durability, and the safety in the field structure. Civil Engineers are united through
the mandate of organization of Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers and is usually called PICE.
This organization aims to build strong foundation among all Civil Engineers in the Philippines.

Brief History of PICE

December 11,1973 PICE was issued a certicate of

registration to culminate and fulfill the vision to merge the two
separate organizations in the country, Philippine Society of Civil
Engineers (PSCE) and Philippine Association of Civil
Engineers (PACE).
PSCE
Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) was the
first Civil Engineering organization in the country formed by a
group of Civil Engineers mostly from the government sector and
was headed by Engr. Marcial Kasilag who holds the 1st slot in
the PRC Registry of Civil Engineers. PSCE was formed during
the late twenties.
PACE
In 1937, another group of Civil Engineers came and formed the Philippine Association of
Civil Engineers (PACE). They came mostly from private sector and Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes
led the said group and be the first president of the organization. The main objectives of the
organization is to ascend the standards of the profession, inspire research and engineering
knowledge and technology to members, foster good fellowship among members, and promote
better relationship and communication with other technological and scientific societies.
PSCE and PACE as one
Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) proved that they are more active than
Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) resulting to migration of members from PSCE to
PACE. Under the administration of the late PACE president Cesar A. Caliwara when he exerted
more effort to merge the two organization, calling both panel of representative to convene and
commence a series of conversation to make a new and united organization that will benefit the
entire Civil Engineers and Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) came and formed.

PICE Objectives and Goals

PICE aims to conscientiously advance the interest

and promote the welfare of members, promote prestige and
public awareness of the profession, and enhance social
responsibility and community involvement of Civil
Engineers. PICE also observes integrity, professionalism,
excellence, social responsibility and leadership as their core
values that must be develop and exercise among the
members of the organization.[2]
Introduction to BS Civil Engineering as a Bachelor Program and as a Profession

Curriculum Description
Civil Engineering is a profession that applies the basic principles of science in
conjunction with mathematical and computational tools to solve problems associated with
developing and sustaining civilized life on our planet.
The Civil Engineering curriculum is designed to prepare graduates to apply knowledge
of mathematics, calculus-based physics, chemistry, and at least one additional area of basic
science, consistent with the Program Educational Objectives; apply knowledge of technical
areas appropriate to civil engineering; conduct civil engineering experiments and analyze and
interpret the resulting data; design a system component, or process in more than one civil
engineering context; explain basic concepts in management, business, public policy, and
leadership; and explain the importance of professional licensure.
The BSCE Curriculum of Batangas State University (BatStateU) has a total of 188 credit
unit usually completed with eight (8) semesters and two (2) Midterm classes.
BatStateU – Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering has five (5) options of tracks/
specializations namely:
1. Structural Engineering
2. Construction Engineering and Management
3. Water Resources Engineering
4. Geotechnical Engineering
5. Transportation Engineering

Program Educational Objectives

The graduates of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering within three to five years after
graduation shall:
1. successfully participate as partners in nation-building in engineering projects
involving structural, geotechnical, water resources, transportation and construction
management; and
2. adhere to professional, moral and ethical standards in the practice of civil engineering

Student Outcomes
1. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by applying
principles of engineering, science and mathematics.
2. An ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specific needs with
consideration of public health, safety and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social,
environmental and economic factors.
3. An ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.
4. An ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations
and make informed judgments which must consider the impact of engineering solutions
in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts.
5. An ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership,
create collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals , plan tasks and meet
objectives.
 6. An ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret
data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions.
7. An ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning
strategies.

References:
[1] http://www.thecivilengg.com/History.php
[2] https://steemit.com/engineering/@rigor/civil-engineering-and-a-brief-history-of-pice
 Civil Engineering Laws and

Code Civil Engineering Laws of

Ethics and Code of Ethics
 Republic Act No. 544

(As Amended by R.A. 1582)

An Act to Regulate the Practice of Civil Engineering in the Philippines which was
approved on the 17th of July, 1950. It was amended by RA 1582, which was also approved on the
16th of June 1956.

The Act has been re-introduced by Senator Panfilo M. Lacson as Senate Bill no. 2770. The
Senator brought to life the Act as he explained that civil engineers are currently confronted with
broader issues and they have to integrate the socio-economic and environmental issues with the
technical aspects of the construction projects.

“The Civil Engineer is constantly challenged to design and build developments in a manner
that is environmentally sound, socially acceptable, and globally competitive.”

Objectives of Republic Act 544:

1. To attune the law to the needs for national development.

2. To strengthen the profession and enable the civil engineers to cope with the formidable
challenges brought about by globalization and cross-border practice.
3. To continually upgrade the level of competence of the civil engineers through:

-peer recognition

-continuing professional development

-strengthening the accredited professional organization

4. To define more clearly the practice of civil engineering in the Philippines by foreign
nationals.
5. To promote the growth of the consulting sector by making it cognizant of the
international philosophy of multi-disciplinary consultancy services.
6. To remove a provision that makes contracting of multi-disciplinary consultancy
services unnecessarily difficulty, complicated and impracticable and which now
 adversely affects the infrastructure of the government to the extent that work and
payment to contracted parties on projects are suspended.
7. To make the law better serve and safeguard public interest by establishing a clear,
precise and practicable delineation of professional and corporal contractual
accountability in the civil engineering practice.

Article I

TITLE OF THE ACT AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

Section 1. Title of Act.” This Act shall be known as the “Civil Engineering Law.”

Section 2. Definition of Terms.”

(a) The practice of civil engineering within the meaning and intent of this Act shall embrace
services in the form of consultation, design, preparation of plans, specifications, estimates,
erection, installation and supervision of the construction of streets, bridges, highways, railroads,
airports and hangars, port works, canals, river and shore improvements, lighthouses, and dry
docks; buildings, fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water supply and
sewerage works; demolition of permanent structures; and tunnels. The enumeration of any work
in this section shall not be construed as excluding any other work requiring civil engineering
knowledge and application.

(b) The term “civil engineer” as used in this act shall mean a person duly registered with
the Board for Civil Engineers in the manner as hereinafter provided.

Article II

BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

Section 3. Composition of Board.” Within thirty days after the approval of this Act there
shall be created a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers, hereinafter referred to as the Board, to
be composed of a chairman and two members who shall be appointed by the President of the
Philippines, upon recommendation of the Commissioner of PRC. The members of the Board shall
hold office for a term of three years after appointment or until their successors shall have been
appointed and shall have qualified. The first members of the Board appointed under this Act shall
hold office for the following terms: One member for one year; one member for two years; and one
member for three years. Each member of the Board shall qualify by taking the proper oath of office
before entering upon the performance of his duties. Any member of the Board may be removed by
the President of the Philippines, upon recommendation by the Professional Regulation
Commission for neglect of duty, incompetency, malpractice, unprofessional, unethical, immoral,
or dishonorable conduct, after having been given opportunity to defend himself in a proper
administrative investigation: Provided, That during the process of investigation, the President of
the Philippines, upon the recommendation of the PRC, shall have the power to suspend such
member under investigation and shall appoint a temporary member in his place. Vacancies in the
Board shall be filled for the un expired term only.

Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers is vested with
authority, conformable with the provisions of this Act, to administer oaths, issue, suspend and
revoke certificates of registration for the practice of civil engineering, issue certificates of
recognition to civil engineers already registered under this Act for advanced studies, research,
and/or highly specialized training in any branch of civil engineering subject to the approval of the
PRC, to investigate such violations of this Act and the regulations, there under as may come to the
knowledge of the Board and, for this purpose, issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum to secure
appearance of witnesses in connection with the charges presented to the Board, to inspect at least
once a year educational institutions offering courses in civil engineering, civil engineering works,
projects or corporations, established in the Philippines and, for safeguarding of life, health and
property, to discharge such other powers and duties as may affect ethical and technological
standards of the civil engineering profession in the Philippines. For the purpose of this Act, the
Director of Public Works and/or his authorized representative in the provinces and chartered cities
shall be ex-officio agents of the Board and as such it shall be their duty to help in the enforcement
of the provisions of this Act. The Board may, with the approval of the Professional Regulation
Commission issue such rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary to carry out the
provisions of this Act. The board shall also adopt a code of ethics in the practice of civil
engineering and have an official seal to authenticate its official documents.

Section 5. Qualifications of Board Members.” Each member of the Board shall, at the time
of his appointment:

a. Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;

b. Be at least thirty years of age and of good moral character;

c. Be a graduate of civil engineering from a recognized and legally constituted school,

institute, college or university.

d. Be a registered civil engineer duly qualified to practice civil engineering in the

Philippines;

e. Have practiced civil engineering, with a certificate as such, for a period of not less than
ten years prior to his appointment.

f. Not be a member of the faculty of any school, institute, college, or university where civil
engineering course is taught, nor have a pecuniary interest in such institutions;

g. No former members of the faculty of any school, institute or university where civil
engineering is taught can become a member of the Board unless he had stopped teaching
for at least three consecutive years.

Section 6. Fees and Compensation of Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall charge
for each application for examination the sum of P100 (one hundred) payable to the collecting and
disbursing officer of the PRC upon filing of said application, and for each certificate of registration,
fifty pesos. Each member of the Board shall receive a compensation of fifteen pesos for each
applicant examined. A civil engineer in the service of the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines appointed as member of the Board shall receive the compensation as herein provided,
in addition to his salary in the Government. All authorized expenses of the Board, including the
compensation provided for herein, shall be paid by the collecting and disbursing officer of the PRC
out of such appropriation as may be made for the purpose. (See RA 6511 & PD 223)
 Section 7. Annual Report.” The Board shall, at the end of each fiscal year, submit to the
PRC a detailed report of its activities and proceedings during the period covered by the fiscal year
ended.

Article III

EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION

Section 8. Examination Requirement.” All applicants for registration for the practice of
civil engineering shall berequired to pass a technical examination as hereinafter provided.

Section 9. Holding of Examination.” Examination of candidates desiring to practice civil

engineering in the Philippines shall be given in the City of Manila of each year, provided that such
days do not fall on official holidays, otherwise the examinations shall be held on the days next
following.

Section 10. Subjects of Examination.” Applicants for certificate of registration as civil

engineer shall be examined, in the discretion of the Board, on the following subjects: mathematics,
including algebra, plane and spherical trigonometry, analytics, descriptive and solid geometry,
differential and integral calculus, and rational and applied mechanics; hydraulics; surveying,
including highway and railroad surveying; plane, topographic and hydrographic surveying, and
advance surveying; design and construction of highways and railroads, masonry structures,
wooden and reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, towers, walls, foundations, piers, ports,
wharves, aqueducts, sanitary engineering works, water supply systems, dikes, dams and irrigation
and drainage canals.

Section 11. Executive Officer of the Board.” The Commissioner of Professional Regulation
Commission shall be the executive officer of the Board and shall conduct the examinations given
by the said Board. He shall designate any subordinate officer of the Professional Regulation
Commission to act as the Secretary and custodian of all records including examination papers and
minutes of the deliberation of the Board.
 Section 12. Qualifications for Examination.” Any person applying for admission to the
civil engineering examination as herein provided shall, prior to the date of the examination,
establish to the satisfaction of the Board that he has the following qualifications

: a. Be at least twenty-one years of age;

b. Be a citizen of the Philippines;

c. Be of good reputation and moral character;

and d. Be a graduate of a four-year course in civil engineering from a school, institute,

college or university recognized by the Government or the State wherein it is established.

Section 13. Oath of Civil Engineers.” All successful candidates in the examination shall be
required to take a professional oath before the Board of Civil Engineers or other Government
Officials authorized to administer oaths, prior to entering upon the practice of the civil engineering
profession.

Section 14. Seal and Use of Seal.” All registered civil engineers shall obtain a seal of such
design as the Board shall authorize and direct: Provided, however, That the serial number of the
certificate issued by the Board shall be included in the design of the seal. Plans and specifications
prepared by, or under the direct supervision of a registered civil engineer shall be stamped with
said seal during the life of the registrant’s certificate, and it shall be unlawful for anyone to stamp
or seal any documents with said seal after the certificate of registrant named thereon has expired
or has been revoked, unless said certificate shall have been renewed or re-issued.

Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”

1. Registration shall not be required of the following persons:

a. Officers or enlisted men of the United States and Philippine Armed Forces, and
civilian employees of the Government of the United States stationed in the
Philippines while rendering civil engineering services for the United States and/or
Philippines.
 b. Civil engineers or experts called in by the Philippine Government for
consultation, or specific design and construction of fixed structures as defined
under this Act, provided that their practice shall be limited to such work.

2. Any person residing in the Philippines may make plans on specifications for any of the
following:

a. Any building in chartered cities or in towns with building ordinances, not

exceeding the space requirement specified therein, requiring the services of a civil
engineer.

b. Any wooden building enlargement or alteration which is to be used for farm

purposes only and costing not more than ten thousand pesos.

c. Provided, however. That there shall be nothing in this Act that will prevent any
person from constructing his own (wooden or light material) residential house,
utilizing the services of a person or persons required for the purpose, without the
use of a civil engineer, as long as he does not violate local ordinances of the place
where the building is to be constructed.

3. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent draftsmen, student clerk-or-work, superintendents,
and other employees of those lawfully engaged in the practice of civil engineering under
the provisions of this Act, from acting under the instruction, control or supervision of their
employer.

4. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent any person who prior to the approval of this Act
have been lawfully engaged in the practice of “maestro de obras” to continue as such,
provided they shall not undertake the making of plans supervision for the following classes
of work:

a. Building of concrete whether reinforced or not.

b. Building of more than two stories.

c. Building with frames of structural steel.

 d. Building of structures intended for public gathering or assemblies such as
theaters, cinematographs, stadia, churches, or structures of like nature.

5. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent professional architects and engineers to practice
their professions.

Section 16. Refusal to Issue Certificate.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall not issue a
certificate to any person convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of any criminal offense
involving moral turpitude, or to any person guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any
person guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any person of unsound mind. In the event
of a refusal to issue a certificate to any person, the Board shall give to the applicant a written
statement setting forth its reason for such action, which statement shall be incorporated in the
records of the Board.

Section 17. Suspension and Revocation of Certificates. “The Board shall have the power,
after due notice and hearings to suspend or revoke the certificate of registration for any cause
mentioned in the preceding section.

Section 18. Re-issue and Replacement of Certificates. “The Board may, after the expiration
of one year from the date of certificate of registration is revoked and for reasons it may deem
sufficient, entertain an application for a new certificate of registration from the registrant
concerned. Such application shall be accomplished in the same form prescribed for examination,
but the Board may, in its discretion, exempt the applicant from taking the requisite examination.

Section 19. Transitory Provisions.” As soon as this Act takes effect, any person desiring
to practice the profession of civil engineering shall be required to obtain a certificate of registration
in the manner and under the conditions hereinafter provided. All civil engineers duly licensed
under the provisions of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as amended, at the
time this Act takes effect, shall be automatically registered under the provisions hereof. Certificates
of registration held by such persons in good standing shall have the same force and effect as though
the same have been issued under the provisions of this Act. All graduates in civil engineering from
a school, institute, college, or university recognized by the Government who have passed the civil
service examination for senior civil engineer and have been practicing or employed in the
Government as such during five years are exempted from taking examination.
 Article IV

ENFORCEMENT OF ACT AND PENAL PROVISIONS

Section 20. Enforcement of the Act by officers of the law.” It shall be the duty of all duly
constituted law officers of the national, provincial, city and municipal governments, or any
political subdivisions thereof, to enforce the provisions of this Act and to prosecute any person
violating the same.

Section 21. Registration required.” Unless exempt from registration, no person shall
practice or offer to practice civil engineering in the Philippines without having obtained the proper
certificate of registration from the Board for Civil Engineers. *

Section 22. Penal provisions.” Any person who shall practice or offer to practice civil
engineering in the Philippines without being registered in accordance with the provisions of this
Act or any person presenting or attempting to use as his own the certificate of registration of a
registered civil engineer, or any person who shall give any false or forged evidence of any kind to
the Board, or any person who shall impersonate any registrant civil engineer of different name or
any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended certificate of registration, or any
person who shall use in connection with his name or otherwise assume, use or advertise any title
or description tending to convey the impression that he is a civil engineer, without holding a valid
certificate of registration, or any person who shall violate any of the provision of this Act, shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine of not less than five
hundred pesos nor more than two thousand pesos, or to suffer imprisonment for a period of not
less than six months not more than one year, or both, in the discretion of the court.

Article V

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 23. Preparation of plans and supervisions of construction by registered civil

engineer.” It shall be unlawful for any person to order or otherwise cause the construction,
reconstruction, or alteration of any building or structure intended for public gathering or assembly
such as theaters, cinematographs, stadia, churches or structures of like nature, and any other
engineering structures mentioned in section two of this Act unless the designs, plans, and
specifications of same have been prepared under the responsible charge of, and signed and sealed
by a registered civil engineer, and unless the construction, reconstruction and/or alteration thereof
are executed under the responsible charge and direct supervision of a civil engineer. Plans and
designs of structures must be approved as provided by law or ordinance of a city or province or
municipality where the said structure is to be constructed.

Section 24. The practice of civil engineering is a professional service, admission to which
must be determined upon individual, personal qualifications. Hence, no firm, partnership,
corporation or association may be registered or licensed as such for the practice of civil
engineering: Provided, however, That persons properly registered and licensed as civil engineers
may, among themselves or with a person or persons properly registered and licensed as architects,
form, and obtain registration of, a firm, partnership or association using the term “Engineers” or
“Engineers and Architects,” but, nobody shall be a member or partner of such firm, partnership or
association unless he is duly licensed civil engineer or architect, and the members who are civil
engineers shall only render work and services proper for a civil engineer, as defined in this Act,
and the members who are architects shall also only render work and services proper for an
architect, as defined in the law regulating the practice of architecture; individual members of such
firms, partnership or association shall be responsible for their own respective acts.

Section 25. Reciprocity requirements.” No person who is not a citizen of the Philippines at
the time he applies to take the examination shall be allowed to take it unless he can prove in the
manner provided by the Rules of Court that, by specific provision of law, the country of which he
is a citizen, subject, or national either admits citizens of the Philippines to the practice of the same
profession without restriction or allows them to practice it after an examination on terms of strict
and absolute equality with citizens, subjects, or nationals of the country concerned, including the
unconditional recognition of degrees issued by institutions of learning duly recognized for the
purpose by the Government of the Philippines: Provided, That if he is not a citizen of the
Philippines, and was admitted to the practice of a profession in the Philippines after December 8,
1941, his active practice in that profession, either in the Philippines or in the state or country where
he was practicing his profession, shall not have been interrupted for a period of two years or more
prior to July 4, 1946, and that the country or state from which he comes allows the citizens of the
Philippines by specific provision of law, to practice the same profession without restriction or on
terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens, subjects or nationals of the country or state
concerned.

Section 26. Roster of civil engineers.” A roster showing the names and places of business
of all registered civil engineers shall be prepared by the Commissioner of PRC periodically but at
least once a year. Copies of this roster shall be placed on file with the PRC and furnished to all
department heads, mayors of all chartered cities, to the Director of Public Works, to such other
Bureaus, government entities or agencies and municipal and provincial authorities as may be
deemed necessary and to the public upon request.

Section 27. Repeal.” All laws, parts of laws, orders, ordinances, or regulations in conflict
with the provisions hereof; including parts of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-
five, as amended, as pertains to the practice of civil engineering, are hereby repealed, except the
provisions of Act Numbered Thirtyone hundred and fifty nine amending Act Numbered Twenty-
nine hundred and eighty-five, pertaining to the practice of “maestro de obras.”

Section 28. Construction of Act.” If any part or section of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional, such declarations shall not invalidate the other provisions hereof.

Section 29. Effectivity.” This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved, June 17, 1950 (As amended by R.A. No. 1582, approved on June 16, 1956).
 CODE OF ETHICS OF ENGINEERS

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering
profession by:

I. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare;
II. being honest and impartial, and servicing with fidelity the public, their employers
and clients;
III. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; and
IV. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.

THE FUNDAMENTAL CANONS

1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional duties.

2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.

3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.

4. Engineers shall act in professional maters for each employer or client as faithful agents
or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.

5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and
shall not compete unfairly with others.

6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity and
dignity of the profession.

7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and
shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their
supervision.

Approved by the Board of Directors, October 5, 1977

 Code of Ethics for Civil Engineers

Basic Perceptions:
1. From the dawn of human history till the present day, civil engineering has contributed to
ensuring human beings’ safety and enriching their quality of life through constructing,
maintaining, and managing social overhead capital. The current industrial civilization has
especially been supported by great technological achievements, which has remarkably
improved the lives of mankind. However, along with the expansion and diversification of
technological advancement, the influence caused by these phenomena upon nature and
societies has drastically increased in its complexity and magnitude. Civil engineers should
deeply recognize these facts and adhere to the ethical principles of self-disciplined moral
obligation when applying advanced technology.

2. The present generation is responsible for ensuring the sustainability of life-supporting

conditions for generations to come. It is an honorable mission for the present civil engineers
to create and preserve the environment that enhances the coexistence of nature and mankind.

Code of Ethics

A Civil Engineer Shall

1. Apply his/her technical skills to create, improve, and maintain "beautiful national land," "safe
and comfortable livelihood," and "prosperous society", thus contributing to society through
his/her knowledge and virtue with an emphasis upon his/her dignity and honor.

2. Respect nature while giving the highest priority to the safety, welfare, and health of
generations today and in the future, and shall endeavor to preserve and work with nature and
the global environment for the sustainable development of mankind.

3. Value traditional technology rooted in indigenous cultures, engage in research and

development of advanced technology, promote international cooperation, deepen mutual
understanding of other cultures, and enhance welfare and safety of human beings.
4. Perform civil engineering work from a broad perspective based on his/her specialized
expertise and experience regardless of his/her organizational affiliation.

5. Publish reports and express opinions based on his/her accumulated expertise and experience,
and live up to his/her own beliefs and conscience.

6. Disclose all relevant information concerning public safety, health, welfare, and sustainable
global development, in an effort to carry out irreversible civil engineering work that is of
long-term and large-scale in nature.

7. Keep a fair and impartial attitude to the public, clients of civil engineering work, and
himself/herself while performing work sincerely.

8. Act as an honest agent or trustee of the employer or client in regard to technical work.

9. Treat everyone fairly without any discrimination against race, religion, sex, or age.

10. Perform work in compliance with applicable laws, ordinances, rules & regulations, contracts,
and other standards, and shall not give, ask, nor receive directly or indirectly any undue
compensation.

11. Understand the function, forms, and structural characteristics of civil engineering facilities
and structures. In their planning, design, construction, maintenance, and disposal, apply not
only advanced technology but traditional technology as well while preserving the ecosystem
and the beauty it contains, while staying mindful to preserve historical heritage.

12. Strive to enhance his/her own expertise, study diligently concepts and engineering methods,
and contribute to technological development through informing academic societies of the
results of these efforts.

13. Endeavor to cultivate human resources by effectively utilizing his/her own personality,
knowledge, and experience while providing support for others to enhance their professional
proficiency.
14. Actively explain the significance and role of his/her own work and respond sincerely to any
criticism of such explanation. Further, evaluate objectively the work completed by
himself/herself and by others, and express positively individual opinions.

15. Live up to the Code of Ethics stipulated by the Society while continuously seeking to enhance
the social status of civil engineers. In particular, members of the Society shall take the
initiative of professional dignity by observing this Code of Ethics.

(Promulgated on May 7, 1999, by the Board of Directors, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers)
References:

Japan Society of Civil Engineers. (1999, May 07). Code of Ethics for Civil Engineers. Retrieved
from: https://www.jsce.or.jp/outline/soukai/85/rinnri-e.htm

Lazo, S. (2019, Sept. 30). 7.0. R. A. 544 Civil Engineering Law. Retrieved from:
http://sknlazoce.blogspot.com/2019/09/70-ra-544-civil-engineering-law.html?m=1

RSU. (n.d.). CE-5226, Civil Engg Laws, Ethics and Contracts. Retrieved from:
http://rsucivilengineering.weebly.com/ce5226-lawsethics.html
Responsibilities of
a Civil Engineer
 LESSON 9
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CIVIL ENGINEER
As Civil Engineering students, it is necessary for us to know how people on our chosen
profession works in the actual workplace or their specific fields of specializations. Having
knowledge about their roles and responsibilities would greatly contribute to our quest of being one
of these engineers in the future. But before we delve deeper into the core of this lecture, let us first
define the words that compromises our topic for better understanding of the lesson.

WHAT IS A RESPONSIBILITY?
According to Business Dictionary, a responsibility is a duty or obligation to satisfactorily
perform or accomplish a task, which is either assigned by someone or created by one’s own
promise or circumstances, that one must fulfill, and which has consequent penalty for failure.

WHAT IS A CIVIL ENGINEER?

Established by John Smeaton in 1750, the term “civil engineer” was coined to determine
engineers working on civil projects and contrast them with the military engineers. Civil engineer
is denoted as the person who practices the application of civil engineering, which was then defined
as a profession that deals with planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating
infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as the development
of existing infrastructures.
From the previous lectures, it was mentioned that civil engineers have one of the world’s
most important jobs for they build our quality of life. Being a civil engineer does not only circle
around the construction of infrastructures, it goes beyond the design and resilience of the structures
that one tends to build. It encompasses improvement and innovation towards the development of
the quality of life.

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WHAT DOES A CIVIL ENGINEER DO?
Duties & Responsibilities of a Civil Engineer
Civil Engineers are in-charge of structural design and the overall supervision and
management of constructions. They are responsible for safety of the workers and the public safety
during construction and estimating the required resources needed for the building construction and
also compute its equivalent cost. Civil engineers are also considered to be good project managers,
handling the workflow of construction projects and allocating the right resources at the right time
and at the right place.

General Responsibilities of a Civil Engineer

One general responsibility of the civil engineer is to analyze various factors concerning a
construction job.
• Analyze the proposed site location as well as the entire construction job which is to be
completed at such a site. They will analyze the process for completing the construction job
every step of the way.
• The civil engineer must also plan the construction project that will be taking place in
conjunction with the results they found due to their analysis of the proposed project.
• During the process and at the end, the civil engineer must inspect the product to ensure that
all rules, regulations and guidelines have been explicitly followed.

Specific Duties of a Civil Engineer

• Carry out planning of building as per its functional needs, as suggested by clients or user.
He has to plan the building as per the byelaws.
• Communicate with team members as well as customers and vendors to ensure maximum
cohesion and fluidity on projects.
• They will write detailed reports stating what is acceptable and what needs to be changed
prior to beginning the project.
• Once the proposed changes have been made, the civil engineer will review the plans and
project site once again to ensure that all changes have been made as required.
• They analyze photographs, drawings and maps to inform the direction of projects as well
as the overall budget constraints.

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 • The civil engineer will follow the project from start to finish and make any necessary
changes along the way. They will ensure that procedure is being followed and check on
safety features of the project during the time it is being completed.
One who is a civil engineer is also the key contact person regarding the construction project
in many cases. They will answer questions directed towards them by individuals involved with the
construction project and the general public as well. While answering questions, they will also be
responsible for backing up their statements with reports, graphs, charts and surveys.

CIVIL ENGINEERING JOB TITLES AND THEIR CORRESPONDING

RESPONSIBILITIES
The previous lessons introduced us to the different specializations in the field of civil
engineering. Although they are all share the same general objective, their specific works vary.
Thus, each specialization requires specific responsibilities that a civil engineer holds.

Structural Engineering
• Design and assess major projects, such as buildings, bridges, or dams, to ensure their
strength and durability.
• Must consider many factors like construction materials, expected loads and special issues
such as wind considerations.
A Structural Operation Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ preparing reports, designs and drawings
➢ making calculations about loads and stresses
➢ selecting appropriate construction materials
➢ providing technical advice
➢ obtaining planning and/or building regulations approval
➢ liaising with relevant professional staff such as architects
➢ monitoring and inspecting work undertaken by contractors
➢ administering contracts
A Junior Structural Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ building system concepts and documentation process from schematics through
construction.

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 ➢ functioning as team leader on small structural projects.
➢ the interface and coordination with other disciplines on smaller projects.
➢ prepare and document required code research for projects

Construction Engineering
• Manage construction projects, ensuring that they are scheduled and built in accordance
with plans and specifications.
• Responsible for the design and safety of temporary structures used during construction.
• Oversee budgetary, time-management, and communications aspects of a project.
A Surveyor Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ conduct physical site surveys using a variety of equipment and tools
➢ prepare sketches and notes, and perform electronic data collection
➢ coordinate field staff and process field data
➢ interface with civil engineers, landscape architects, cartographers, or urban
planners
➢ verify the accuracy of survey data, including measurements and calculations
conducted at survey sites
➢ calculate areas of land parcels and easements using mathematics and computer
software
A Field Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ maintaining the equipment and infrastructure of the site
➢ conduct extensive research to diagnose the problems that the client is facing
➢ installation of new, complex technology
➢ safety testing of machinery
➢ building inspector
➢ review plans to ensure they meet building codes, local ordinances, zoning
regulations, and contract specifications
➢ approve building plans that are satisfactory
➢ monitor construction sites periodically to ensure overall compliance
➢ use survey instruments, metering devices, and test equipment to perform
inspections

5
 ➢ inspect plumbing, electrical, and other systems to ensure that they meet code
➢ verify alignment, level, and elevation of structures to ensure building meets
specifications
➢ issue violation notices and stop-work orders until building is compliant
➢ keep daily logs, including photographs taken during inspections
➢ provide written documentation of findings

Geotechnical Engineering
• Work to make sure that foundations for built objects ranging from streets and buildings to
runways and dams, are solid.
• Focus on how structures built by civil engineers, such as buildings and tunnels, interact
with the earth (including soil and rock).
• Design and plan for slopes, retaining walls, and tunnels.
A Geotechnical Staff Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ works independently when on specific assignments of limited scope with Senior
review
➢ Works with other engineers and clients to ensure that client specifications are
followed
➢ Prepare proposals for moderately complex projects
➢ Identify Business Development opportunities
➢ Prepare engineering reports that gives professional opinions and practical
geotechnical solutions
A Senior Geotechnical Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ Assist in creating and updating engineered drawings using AutoCAD
➢ Perform calculations using a variety of design software
➢ Assist in preparing geotechnical recommendation letters and reports
➢ Prepare and submit daily reports for any work performed on a job site
➢ Provide revenue/billing projections for ongoing jobs
➢ Contact clients via phone and email to discuss potential and ongoing projects
➢ Prepare and submit written proposals for new work
➢ Work collaboratively with other CS departments for design-build projects

6
 ➢ Interpret and explain contracts, scopes, plans, and technical details to internal and
external contacts

Water Resource Engineering

• Responsible for handling all of the engineering on water resources and preparing services
and analyses on behalf of their organization.
• In charge of performing water resources calculation and suggest changes to the current
resources model.
• Design documents and plans with detailed specifications for water resources projects.
• Responsible for limiting scope of work, as well as creating budgets and schedules….
• Follow strict safety protocols to prevent accidents during construction.
• Overseeing drainage system repairs, as well as conducting hydrologic modeling to increase
accuracy during engineering activities.
A Senior Water Resource Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ regularly evaluate designs for water detention systems, storm drains, flood control
facilities, or other hydraulic driven water conveyances systems
➢ assist in the development or implementation of storm water monitoring
➢ oversee and develop watershed master plans and flood mitigation studies
➢ analyze storm water or floodplain drainage systems to control erosion, stabilize
river banks, and repair stream channels
➢ prepare environmental documentation for water resources and regulatory program
compliance
➢ design programs and strategies related to water resource issues such as quality,
quantity, and regulatory compliance issues for client review and approval
➢ perform pre-design services, such as feasibility, preliminary engineering reports or
environmental impact studies and assessments
A Project Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ serve as project manager for large complex projects
➢ maintain effective communications with client, client’s staff, and regulatory
agencies

7
 ➢ evaluate and analyze design decisions to ensure objectivity, soundness of design,
and impact of those decisions on schedule, budget, and needs
➢ responsible for collecting, correlating, and preparing recommendations and
conclusions for reports
➢ participate in the preparation and implementation of design contracts
➢ remain up to date on applicable regulations and related technological advancements
➢ investigate new areas of technology or new applications of existing design and
construction techniques
A Design Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ develop drawings by modifying or replicating prior projects
➢ ability to create drawings from sketches
➢ ability to ensure designs are in accordance with company and client production and
design standards
➢ a team player and be able to work independently

Transportation Engineering
• Ensure that all transportation projects are completed on time and stay within budget.
• Responsible for all aspects of transportation project scheduling, planning, and pricing.
• Monitor design and planning phases for highways, bridges, traffic controls, and lighting.
• Responsible for delegating tasks for transportation projects.
A Senior Civil Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ serve as senior project manager, program manager, or client manager for high
profile projects and clients
➢ work directly with clients
➢ determine project scope, schedule, and fees
➢ mentor, train, and oversee some individuals
➢ prepare master plans and designs for public and private infrastructure systems
➢ perform design computations and plan detailing for compliance with codes,
manuals, and design consideration for clients

8
 A Project Manager is responsible for the following:
➢ manage and deliver quality transportation projects on-time, within budget and to
the satisfaction of the client
➢ manage and be accountable for project management performance, including
meeting or exceeding performance metrics
➢ assigns project tasks to designers and engineers and coordinates a team effort to
support the project
➢ review designs, studies, investigations performed by other engineers for
conformance to municipal standards and requirements
➢ participate in construction support activities including responses to requests for
information (RFIs), submittal reviews, construction site visits, and design revisions/
management of change
➢ attend design review meetings and interact with clients
A Project Design Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ assist with planning and design for roadways
➢ perform analysis and design calculations in accordance with applicable design
codes
➢ prepare 3D models of proposed designs
➢ prepare contract specifications and special provisions
➢ perform & organize quantity calculations

Environment and Energy

• Help with the growing challenges of land use, pollution, resource regulation and
environmental laws.
• Vital to helping form public policy to regulate the land, air and water resources for
generations to come.
• Design, evaluate, or manage control systems for erosion and water as well as waste
processing facilities.
• Monitor for pollution by testing air and water quality and coming up with model
projections. In some cases, they may work on animal housing and care.

9
A Senior Civil Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ coordinating and overseeing complex projects and provide liaison functions with
licensing and permitting group, system planners, system protection engineers, asset
experts, vendors, project managers, construction and operating personnel,
consultants and contractors
➢ reviewing complex civil design drawings for conformance to client standards and
applicable federal, state and local ordinances. Providing technical support during
permitting and construction of projects
➢ resolving complex technical problems and provide solutions
➢ evaluating and review drawings and documents used for construction and bid
purposes
➢ maintaining and applying working knowledge of client's standards for business
controls and meet management’s expectations for effective internal business
controls
A Senior Civil Design Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ prepare and oversee detailed civil engineering design that includes civil/site,
roadway, drainage, stormwater management, utility design and coordination
➢ generate professional plans, specifications, technical calculations, exhibits, and
reports
➢ mentor junior staff and assist project managers with project staff resourcing
➢ attend and lead project team and client meetings
➢ support the development and management of project scopes, budgets and schedules
➢ conduct site observations, existing conditions backchecking, and written field
reports
A Project Engineer is responsible for the following:
➢ collaborate with management and stakeholders and keep them informed on all
issues affecting project timeline and budget
➢ manage change orders, ensuring they are completed accurately and tracked as
required, expedite material as needed, and estimate the impact of project changes
➢ provide interpretation of plans and specifications

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 ➢ assemble complete submittal packages and other required project documentation
information
➢ analyze and resolve more complex questions and problems as needed

CIVIL ENGINEERS’ RESPONSIBILITY TIMELINE

1. Analyze the site location and the surrounding area
This includes a search and investigation, verifying its feasibility for construction
purposes.
2. Design a plan
Civil Engineers must design a plan, outlining the key variables and what needs to
be changed prior to the construction.
3. Develop a detailed design layout
Civil engineer must develop a detailed design layout, keeping the requirements of
the client in mind. The design and any subsequent reports need to be reviewed and
approved, and any potential risks and challenges of the project identified.
4. Follow laws and code of ethics
Civil engineers must also be certain to follow land use laws and regulations every
step of the way. Following the completion of the proposal it will need to be submitted to
those officials that supervise the tendering process, ensuring that all rules, regulations and
guidelines are fulfilled. It’s paramount that all safety measures are met whilst the project
is being undertaken.
5. Monitor staffs and employees
Whilst the project is underway it is the responsibility of the civil engineer to
monitor the staff onsite. They must keep an open dialogue with architects, consultants and
subcontractors. Should any issues arise, they have the responsibility of resolving them.
Their input, and leadership where necessary is essential to secure the smooth execution of
a vast selection of projects.
6. Preparation of reports and schedule
One must ensure that the site have adequate resources to complete the tasks.

11
 7. Ensure health and safety
For highly dangerous work site, civil engineer will take up the role of safety
engineer. He has to ensure that the work carried out by the workers and other related
activities are as per the safety regulation of the site. Civil engineers must observe and
implement safe working practices.

8. Quality assurance
As we know, quality is a parameter that has to be kept in practice from the initial
stage of planning to the end of the project. Civil Engineer assures that the work is
completed and delivered without any defect and delay.

THE 5 MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS FOR A CIVIL ENGINEER

“Engineers: solving problems you didn't know you had in ways you don't understand."
Civil Engineering is arguably one of the world’s oldest professions. From bridge design to
water treatment, the work of Civil Engineers has a daily impact on the lives of most people in the
world. We can therefore see how important it is for Civil Engineers to possess certain qualities and
skills. Here are the 5 most important:
1. Technical Skills.
A good Civil Engineer should have a level of Mathematics and Physics that allows
for the identification and solving of engineering problems. Let’s put it this way, if a
Structural Engineer wasn't able to accurately work out how much weight is being
distributed throughout a bridge, I for one wouldn't like to be driving anywhere near that
bridge.
Civil Engineers also need to be skilled in design techniques and working with maps,
drawings and models, as well as CAD software. They need to be able to predict any
possible future problems and find solutions for them.
2. Project Management.
When problems arise, it is common for people involved in the project on all levels
to look to the engineer for guidance and resolution. It is important that a Civil Engineer is
able to step up to the task and manage a diverse team of professionals whilst maintaining
the confidence of clients.

12
 Civil Engineers also need to evaluate the work of others and ensure their work is in
compliance with within any applicable laws, regulations and standards. They also need to
make sure that they work within set budgets and time-frames.
3. Communication Skills.
In Civil Engineering - perhaps more so than other Engineering fields - the ability
to communicate effectively is a highly sought, after skill. Whether dealing with
Management or a client, Engineers need to be able to clearly communicate ideas and give
direction leaving no ambiguity. They must also be able to listen and benefit from the ideas
of others in the team.
4. Creativity.
It could be said broadly that the role of Civil Engineers is applying Engineering
principles to develop solutions within the built environment. More often than not, this
requires a certain level of creativity. Engineers need to be able to innovate and improve on
solutions. From finding ways to reduce CO2 emissions or making a trampoline bridge,
creativity is the key.
5. Critical Thinking.
Civil Engineers often face complex problems and need to find efficient solutions
for them. They need to be able to assess the pros and cons of all possible solutions, and
they need to be decisive in order to choose the best one.
Civil Engineers generally require a very broad skill set and this list is in no way exhaustive
but these 5 were what we saw to be the most important skills for a Civil Engineer.

SUMMARY
To sum it all up, civil engineers holds a responsibility in ensuring the quality of a project,
may it be in any specialization under it. From the excellence of its design, proper construction
management, and maintaining the physical and naturally built environment. Civil engineers do not
focus only on the preeminence during the time of planning, designing, and construction, they
foresee projects that could withstand future endeavors and could refine resilience overtime.

13
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 Civil Engineering,
Sustainability and the Future
I: INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING

What is Sustainability?

Definition: “Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their need.”- Brundtland Report

Plus, sustainability is a value that is shared by individuals and organizations demonstrating

policies, everyday activities and behaviors that are vital in developing the current environmental
and social circumstances. It is subjective and value laden, and achieving it involves balancing a
complex system of issues. It enhances the safety, welfare, and quality of life for all of society. In
general, sustainability establishes the kind of future that people will offer to the next generation.

“Sustainable Development is now absolutely central to Civil Engineering and we must organize
ourselves accordingly” – ICE Council 17 December 2002

The term sustainability originated from the German word “Nachhaltigkeit”, which means
sustainable yield/production. In 1713, “Nachhaltigkeit” appeared in a handbook about forestry,
where it had established the idea of never harvesting more than what the forest can give. Hence,
in the beginning mid-19th century, the German term was then translated to English.

Notable Remarks About Sustainability

“Lack of a precise definition of the term 'sustainable development' is not all bad. It has
allowed a considerable consensus to evolve in support of the idea that it is both morally and
economically wrong to treat the world as a business in liquidation.” - Daly (1991)

“Sustainable development involves devising a social and economic system, which ensures
that these goals are sustained, i.e. that real incomes rise, that educational standards increase, that
the health of the nation improves, that the general quality of life is advanced.” - Pearce, Makandia
& Barbier (1989)
 “The most common definition of sustainability today is that of sustainable development.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - Brundtland Commission of the United
Nations (1987)

Sustainability in Civil Engineering (Brief Overview)

It is the utmost responsibility of a Civil Engineer to promote sustainability. Traditionally,

experts have been relating the concept of sustainability in biological systems (the Earth), livelihood
(economy) and human systems (society) which is essential to planning and construction. When an
engineer violates the concept of Sustainable Development in a project, it would account to
jeopardizing the well-being of the public and potentially damaging the environment. Doing this is
not only an unethical move but also a crime against the practice of civil engineering.

National Society of Professional Engineers | Code of Ethics

Under the NSPE Code of Ethics, it is stated that “Engineers shall at all times strive to serve
the public interest by adhering to the principles of sustainable development in order to protect the
environment for future generations.”

II. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (More In-Depth

Information)

Relationship Between Civil Engineering and Sustainable Development

· Civil Engineer as a profession in the 19th century - “is the art of directing the great sources
of power in nature for the use and convenience of man” - Thomas Tredgold

· Civil Engineer as a profession in the 21st century - “is the art of working with the great
sources of Power in nature for the use and benefit of society”
The challenge of improving the daily lives of people in developing communities:

· Calls for a new generation of global engineers who can operate in environments vastly
different from those in the developed world.

· Creative and innovative engineers in unfamiliar cultural settings.

· Deal with a multitude of technical and nontechnical issues beyond their accustomed practice.

Sustainable development involves achieving objectives in three realms:

1. ecological (sustainable scale)

2. economic (efficient allocation)

3. social (just distribution

Questions of just distribution and other questions of equity are often left off the table or
downplayed when engineers and corporate leaders consider sustainable development issues.
Indeed, almost all the effort of engineers and engineering organizations on the issue of sustainable
development has been focused on striking a balance between economic development and
environmental protection.

Sustainable Development Goals and Civil engineering

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

1. No Poverty 10. Reduced inequalities

2. No Hunger 11. Sustainable cities and communities
3. Good Health 12. Responsible consumption
4. Quality Education 13. Climate Action
5. Gender Equality 14. Life below water
6. Clean Water and Sanitation 15. Life on land
7. Renewable Energy 16. Peace and justice
8. Good jobs and Economic Growth 17. Partnerships for the goals
9. Innovations and Infrastructure
 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are seemingly everywhere at the moment, and
are emerging in industry news across most sectors. However, there are some business leaders who
are as yet unconvinced of their utility, who perhaps think they're yet another public relations
exercise or corporate responsibility checklist.

What are the UN SDGs?

The UN Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 goals comprising 169 targets
launched in 2016 for the world to achieve by 2030.

Spearheaded by the UN through a deliberative process involving its 194 Member States,
as well as global civil society, the SDGs build on the Principles agreed upon under a resolution
popularly known as ‘The Future We Want’.

Goal 11 ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’ includes some of the following targets:

● By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services
and upgrade slums.
● By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory,
integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.
● Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
● By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying
special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management.

As is clear from these targets, the goals are a solid set of instructions for governments,
businesses and civil society on how to move from the path we're currently on, to the one which
prevents social and environmental collapse.

Investors are embedding the goals into investment strategies for a number of reasons:

1. Companies forward-looking and planning for a sustainable future.

2. Companies offering solutions to the goals of delivering long-term value creation.

3. Financial institutions are based on long-term strategies

 4. Governments worldwide are incorporating delivery of the SDGs into policy making and
legislative process.

5. Provide a framework which sits across all areas of sustainability and allows easy
benchmarking and comparison.

6. Effectively communicated to companies, consumers, shareholders, and governments.

Opportunities for the Construction and Engineering Sector

The construction and engineering sectors have a hugely important role to play in delivering
the infrastructure for a sustainable future, and companies embracing a problem-solving, forward-
facing, solutions-focused, transparent culture can be assured of continued investor support.

III: IMPORTANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE CIVIL

ENGINEERING

Sustainable development is a vital part for the conservation of the environment for it
focuses on people's welfare. If the harmful effects are ignored, then the main goal of development
work will never be effectively achieved. The following are importance of sustainable development:

1)Proper Use of Means and Resource

Sustainable development disciplines civil engineers to use wisely all the available means
and resources (sands, minerals, fossil fuels, electricity and etc. With this, the benefits from
conservation of means and resources will be optimized without wastage. Consequently, it
will be helpful for the conservation and promotion of the environment.
2) Development of Positive Attitude
Sustainable development changes how we see things for it influences someone's
knowledge, attitude and skills. Furthermore, it makes a civil engineer to become aware and
take into account the preservation of the environment. As a result, it creates a feeling that
a civil engineer cannot automatically own natural resources and just uses it for his personal
will. In addition, it assists to maintain a natural and social environment.
3) Development of Fundamental Parts
 Sustainable development for civil engineering emphasizes the progress of health, tourism
and social reforms for the development of the society and human beings. However, the
promotion and conservation of the environment should be organized ahead of time in an
integrated way.
4. Development Based on People's Participation
People's participation has a huge part in the development work in a construction to achieve
the goal of sustainable development. Since those local people will be the one to use and
utilize the project, their interest in development work and environment conservation should
be created. With this, the public involvement at all levels of environment protection and
promotion also increases.
5. Limitation of Development
Everything should have its limitations. Most people use limited but effective uses of
resources to satisfy their needs. However, due to the too much aim of development which
comes from greed, the over-use of limited and non-renewable resources is increasing. So
in civil engineering, it is important that development works should be conducted as per
carrying capacity.
6. Long Lasting Development
Without damaging or destroying the earth's means and resources, a sustainable civil
engineering development aims to achieve the objective of economic and social
development. It includes the attempt to incorporate the idea of maintaining the present
work while conserving the natural resources for future generation.

IV. ISSUES ON CIVIL ENGINEERING SUSTAINABILITY

Numerous environmental impacts associated with engineering processes are of concern

and must be addressed in efforts to attain engineering sustainability. These include impacts to the
atmosphere, the lithosphere and the hydrosphere, and can be exhibited in many forms (e.g., damage
to the ecosystems, health, aesthetics). Some important environmental impacts associated with
engineering processes of concern regarding engineering sustainability follow:
 ● global climate change (mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions which cause global
warming)
● ozone depletion (due to destruction of the atmospheric ozone layer and subsequent
increases in ultraviolet reaching the earth's surface)
● acidification, and its impact on soil and water (due to acidic emissions)
● abiotic resource depletion potential (due to extraction of non-renewable raw materials)
● ecotoxicity (due to exposure to toxic substances that lead to health problems)
● radiological impacts (such as radiogenic cancer mortality or morbidity due to internal or
external radiation exposure)

To be comprehensive and meaningful, the consideration of the environmental impact of an

engineering activity must consider the entire life cycle of the activity, from acquisition of the
resources, to their utilization and ultimate disposal.

Table 1 — The areas which are assessed

Section Coverage
1. Project The need for environmental risk assessments and environmental management;
management training; the influence of contractual and procurement processes; delivery of
social and environmental performance; construction issues; and minimizing
releases to the environment.
2. Land use Design for minimum land use (i.e. footprint); legal requirements; flood risk;
historical factors; land contamination and remediation.
3. Landscape Consideration of landscaping issues in design; amenity features; loss and
mitigation of features; implementation, management and aftercare.
4. Ecology and Applies to sites of high ecological value; protected species; conservation and
biodiversity enhancement; habitat creation; monitoring and maintenance for biodiversity.
5. The historic Baseline studies and surveys; conservation and enhancement measures to be
environment considered; information and public access.
6. Water Control of a project’s impacts on water resources; legal requirements; water-
resources use efficiency; enhancing the water environment.
7. Energy and Life-cycle and carbon analysis; energy consumption and carbon emissions in
carbon use, excluding embodied energy.
management
8. Material use Impacts of materials used; resource-use efficiency and waste; responsible
sourcing of materials such as timber; minimizing use and impacts of
hazardous materials; embodied energy; durability of materials; maintenance
and future deconstruction.
9. Waste Waste minimization; legal requirements; waste from site preparation; on-site
management waste management.
10. Transport Location of a project in relation to transport infrastructure; minimizing the
traffic impacts of a project; construction transport; minimizing workforce
travel.
11. Effects on Minimizing potential nuisances from construction and use; controlling noise
neighbors and vibration; air and light pollution; visual impact; site tidiness.
12. Relations Consultation with communities; community-relations programs and their
with the local effectiveness; engagement with relevant local groups; human environment,
community and aesthetics and employment.
other
stakeholders

V: SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT

Since the beginning of time, civil engineering has played its role in our society and daily
living before it was even called ‘civil engineering.’ It has become the pillar of our economy. Even
though they’re considered as the pillar and their projects can be seen almost everywhere, only few
recognize their existence and the same thing goes to the waste being produced on a project. Civil
engineering isn’t just about making plans or structural designs. As the pillar of the economy, civil
engineers don't only develop to meet the needs of the economy but they also pay attention to the
environment preservation, resource conservation, as well as practice sustainable development
strategies.
Concept and Content

Sustainable development is initially pertaining to everything around us, specifically,

nature. It sparked a wide discussion that causes a wide range of definition and interpretations. As
mentioned earlier, sustainable development can refer to many areas such as resource conservation
or resource management strategy. This strategy is vital for sustainability since it deals with the
acquisition of a reasonable amount of resources without leaving a negative impact on its source
for future usage.

From time to time, defining the nature of sustainable development can vary because it
raised a concern worldwide resulting in differences in interpretation and discussion about
sustainable development issues.

Ecological sustainability. This is one of the main and major concerns that is greatly
affected by irresponsible practice of sustainable development. Under it, is the management of
waste and the utilization of natural resources. Responsible waste disposal and reasonable
utilization of natural resources can benefit the biosphere. It is not only good for everyone and
everything, but for the future generation as well.

Sustainable development of human society. Similar to ecological sustainability, this aims

on improving the quality of human life and the environment without exceeding the bearing
capacity of the ecosystem. It mainly concerns the development of human health by creating a better
living environment. Reducing the carbon footprint or carbon dioxide emissions of a building can
have a positive impact on the environment and to human health.

VI: APPLICATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING

Ensuring sustainability for the future is one the duties and responsibilities of a civil
engineer which is why it can be applied into different fields of civil engineering. There are five
main branches of civil engineering and they include: Structural Engineering, Geotechnical
Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Transportation Engineering, and Water Resource
Engineering. These branches of civil engineering have the capacity to apply and incorporate
sustainability to improve our quality of life.
 Structural Engineering. Deals with the design and analysis of structures and ensures the
safety of buildings through its ability to handle stresses, forces, and loads and ability to endure
natural phenomena such as typhoons and earthquakes.

Example 1: Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in Istanbul, Turkey. It is one of the

earthquake-proof buildings in the world. It has 300 base isolator systems that can withstand up to
8.0 magnitude of earthquake and reduce lateral seismic loadings by 80%.

Example 2: Suzlon One Earth in Pune, India is a net zero energy building. It is rewarded
by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design of the platinum certification because of
its generation of electricity. 80% of the building is powered by wind turbines and the 20% is
powered by solar panels.

Geotechnical Engineering. They study the soil, foundations, and bearing capacities on
structures before they are constructed. They also evaluate the earth materials under or near an
existing building.

In a study written by Misra (2011), geotechnical engineering is one of the branches of civil
engineering that uses large quantities of natural and manufactured raw materials compared to
others. The application of sustainability in this field focuses on introducing new environment
friendly materials and reusing waste materials.

Multiple materials that are used in geotechnical engineering:

1. lignosulfonate -promotes surface vegetation, soil stabilization, and substitute for hazardous
coal.
2. The use of recycled materials such as asphalt pavement and cement-stabilized quarry fines as
pavement bases, glass-crushed rock blends for pavement sub-base, shredded scrap tired as
light-weight fill material, and pulverized fly ash to improve thermal properties of emergency
piles are some of the practices that geotechnical engineers do to promote sustainability.

Environmental Engineering. It studies environment-friendly designs, reduction of

pollution and sewage management. They monitor ecosystems and research ways to improve
sanitation - transportation and cleaning of wastewaters.
 One of the most popular issues faced in society is the increasing consumption and
concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere due to the use of fossil fuels. Therefore,
environmental engineers work together to design and create systems that will use renewable energy
resources. Plenty of organizations were gathered in combining sustainable development with a
well-balanced energy management which includes renewable energy. Hydropower plants and
wind power plants are among the most popular renewable energy sources.

Transportation Engineering. They are responsible for planning, constructing, and

manage transportation that are safe, comfortable, convenient, and economically compatible with
the area.

It has a reputation for being unsustainable due to various reasons such as noise pollution,
air pollution, water pollution, and others. Engineers study the different ways in reducing the
negative impacts of transportation. One of their main focuses is to technologically change vehicles
and fuels to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, improve urban and suburban ways for efficient
traffic control, and innovative transportation management for different alternatives for
transportation.

Water Resource Engineering. They design and construct hydraulic structures such as
dams, canals, and water distribution systems. They study bodies of water to maintain and benefit
from it without damaging or disrupting its characteristics.

Sanitation of water sewage is the top priority of water resource engineering. It is one of the
challenges faced by everyone in the world which is why green infrastructures are often advocated
as an alternative to engineering work. Such green infrastructures include “The NYC Green
Infrastructure Plan”, a cost effective green infrastructure to address New York City’s combined
sewage overflow problems. Another application of water resource engineering the development
and mitigation of flood disaster risks by altering hydraulic characteristics and confining flood
inundation. River canalization/ training is often used to reduce floor but also support navigation
VII: FACTORS TO CONSIDER ENSURING SUSTAINABLE OUTCOME

Many other sustainability factors relate to engineering processes, and consequently need
to be considered in the quest for engineering sustainability. These factors are sometimes related
and often overlap. Some of these follows:

● Economic affordability. Engineering services that are required to provide basic needs
must be economically affordable by all societies and people.
● Equity. All societies need to be able to access engineering services, regardless of
geographic location, to achieve engineering sustainability
● Meeting increasing resource demands. It must cope up with the increasing demands of
resources.
● Safety. Engineering must be safe in terms of injury, and cause as few negative health
effects as reasonably possible in the short and long terms to be sustainable.
● Community involvement and social acceptability. People and communities must be
involved in major engineering-related decisions if engineering sustainability is to be
attained, as the support of these groups is critical to success of any initiatives, and such
support almost always requires consultation and involvement in decision making.
● Meeting human needs. The human dimensions of the new technologies must be
addressed to achieve engineering sustainability.
● Appropriate land use. The use of land for engineering-related activities needs to be
balanced with other needs, such as agriculture and recreation.
● Aesthetics. Ensuring engineering products are aesthetically appealing is an important
aspect of engineering sustainability, given the importance of gaining support of individuals
and their communities for sustainability initiatives to succeed.
● Lifestyles. Modifying lifestyles and tempering desires that are engineering-driven can help
in the quest for engineering sustainability. Given that aspirations of people tend to increase
continually; this aspect of engineering sustainability is often very challenging.
● Population. Sustainable engineering needs to account for population growth or address it
in other way

Enhassi et. Al. (2016), on the other hand, classified the factors affecting the project’s
sustainable performance into five phases including Inception phase, Design phase, Construction
phase, Operation phase and Demolition phase. Each phase contains Economic sustainable factors,
Social sustainable factors, and Environmental social factors.

The table below represents the factors in each classification:

PHASE Economic Social Environmental

Sustainability Sustainability Sustainability Factors
Factors Factors
Inception Phase ● Scale and ● Employment ● Ecology preservation
business scope ● Infrastructure ● air pollution Assessment
● Effects on local capacity-building ● Water Pollution
economy ● Community Assessment
● Capital budget Amenities ● Noise Assessment
● Finance plan ● Workers Health ● Waste generation
Safety
Assessment
Design Phase ● Consideration of ● Safety Design ● Designer
life cycle cost ● Security ● Life cycle Design
● Standardization consideration ● Environmentally
● Materials Choice conscious design
● Modular and
standardized design
Construction ● Labor cost ● Direct ● Noise pollution
Phase ● Materials cost employment ● Workers’ health and
● Energy ● Working safety
Consumption conditions ● Recyclable/Renewable
● Water cost ● Public awareness contents
● Site security ● Improvement of ● Reusable/Recyclable
infrastructure element
● Legislation
Operation ● Training cost ● Provision of ● Chemical wastes
Phase ● Local economy services ● Water Pollution
 ● Provision of ● Waste generation
facilities
Demolition ● Labor cost ● Communication ● Environment-friendly
Phase ● Energy to the public demolition method
consumed for ● Operational ● Special waste treatment
operating safety
demolition ● Jon opportunity
● Waste disposal
cost

VIII: IMPACTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

According to Gausman and Moore (2018), Sustainable Engineering has positive impacts. The
following are the positive impacts of SD:

● By having a building that is sustainable through focusing on its carbon footprint,

greenhouse gas, which is the number one contributor to climate change, will be lessened.
● By using other resources other than electricity, solar panels for instance, reduces sun
exposure and subsequent heat that can reduce cooling cost.
● Having a building constructed around sustainable principles grows in value the longer it is
in existence.

IX: ROLES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainability, as stated in the Policy Statement 418 – The Role of Civil Engineers in
Sustainable Development, is a “set of economic, environmental and social condition which is also
known as “The Triple Bottom Line” in which all of society has the capacity and opportunity to
maintain and improve its quality of life indefinitely without degrading the quantity, quality or the
availability of economic, environmental and social resources.”
 According to the ASCE Code of Ethics, it states that "Engineers shall hold paramount the
safety, health, and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable
development in the performance of their professional duties."

Civil engineers have an important role in sustainable development through planning,

designing, and building infrastructure that suffices the basic human needs and solves the
environmental problem. With this role, civil engineers must actively participate in working with
multidisciplinary teams towards providing a sustainable future.

ASCE Principles of Sustainable Development

Principle 1: Do the Right Project.

The project’s effects such as economic, environmental, and social on the affected
community must be assessed and understood by all stakeholders before proceeding with a project.
Considering both structural and non-structural solutions to the needs being addressed.

Principle 2 - Do the Project Right.

The civil engineer must:
• actively engage with stakeholders;
• secure public understanding;
• accept the project’s costs and benefits with regards to economic, environmental and
social; and
• design projects that address sustainability holistically.

ASCE Steps Towards Sustainable Project

• Perform Life Cycle Assessment from Planning to Reuse.

Use rigorous life cycle methodologies that quantify the economic, environmental,
and social effects of the project.
• Use Resources Wisely.
Minimize the usage of non-renewable resources, involve progressive reductions in
resource use, and evaluate the feasibility of restoration and/or return of depleted resources.

• Plan for Resiliency.

 There is a requirement in planning for the impacts of natural and man-made
disasters as well as in changing conditions of the project.

• Validate the Application of Principles.

Using the metrics and rating tools, civil engineers must guide the project
development and validate the application of principles for sustainable infrastructure.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING

AND ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE
 Civil Engineering and Environmental Science

Civil engineers change the world. They influence our lives more than many other
professions, because infrastructural facilities and buildings are an essential part of every
civilization. How we will live tomorrow is inspired by their imagination and knowledge. Civil
engineers analyze, model and realize. They create safe airports, network settlements, design water
supply concepts and sewer systems, restore rivers or set up wind power plants on the open sea.
Today, civil engineers and environmental scientists are creatively and innovatively mastering the
rapidly growing demands of business, culture, environmental influences or new materials.

What is Civil Engineering?

The civil engineering profession is concerned with the built environment. Civil engineers
plan, design, and construct major facilities, including highways, transit systems, airports, dams,
water and wastewater treatment systems, tunnels, energy facilities, harbors, canals, buildings, and
bridges. Civil engineers manage our air, water, and energy resources and protect society from
natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes, and the hazards society itself generates in the form of
toxic wastes.

Because these functions are often crucial to the day-to-day lives of most people and the
facilities involved are physically substantial, civil engineers bear an important responsibility to the
public. Their role is often more than just technical, requiring also a high degree of communicative
skills and an ability to deal with people.

Civil engineers can be found in industry, consulting firms, and government. This is one of
the few areas of engineering in which the engineer often deals directly with the public and public
agencies in every phase of major infrastructural projects.

Civil engineers are responsible for the design and construction of society’s infrastructure,
such as buildings, highways, bridges, mass transit systems, dams and locks, and municipal water
and sewage treatment systems. Civil engineering is frequently referred to as the “the people-
serving profession.”
What is Environmental Science?

Environmental scientists have a variety of job responsibilities, including collecting and

analyzing air, water and soil samples, monitoring compliance with environmental laws and
regulations, assisting industrial companies in complying with environmental regulations, and
addressing public meetings on local environmental challenges.

Environmental science is a field of science that studies the interactions of the physical,
chemical, and biological components of the environment and the relationships and effects of these
components with the organisms in the environment. It is interdisciplinary field which means it
incorporates information and ideas from multiple disciplines. It includes the field of biology,
chemistry, and geology is included in environmental science. It also includes fields of social
science specifically geography economics and political science and humanities specifically
philosophy and ethics. It also covers more concepts and many points of views.

Three Main Goals of Environmental Science:

1. Learn how the natural world works.

2. Understand how we as humans interact with the environment.
3. Determine how we affect the environment.

The environment is an evergreen subject because it matters a lot to our daily lives. It’s where
we live, eat, breathe, and bring up our children. Our life support systems entirely rely on the well-
being of every organism living on planet earth. This is why a lot has been written and spoken about
the protection and conservation of the environment. There are even high-value courses dedicated
to the study of the environment. A typical example is an environmental science.
Environmental science is a field that deals with the study of the interaction between human
systems and natural systems. Natural systems involve the earth itself and life. Human systems are
primarily the populations of the earth.

“Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical,

biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, plant science,
zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography, and
atmospheric science) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
 Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the
Enlightenment. Today it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to
the study of environmental systems.”

Environmental science is the academic field that takes physical, biological, and chemical
sciences to study the environment and discover solutions to environmental problems. Sciences
used in environmental science include geography, zoology, physics, ecology, oceanology, and
geology.
Environmental science also branches out into environmental studies and environmental
engineering. It provides an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental
problems.
• Environmental studies are the study of social sciences to understand human interactions
with the environment.
• Environmental engineering is the focus on analyzing and deducing problems with the
environment and the effect of man-made programs on the environment, and for finding
solutions to help protect and preserve the environment by disposing of pollution in the air,
water, and land.
Environmental science involves different fields of study. Most often, the study of
environmental science includes the study of climate change, natural resources, energy, pollution,
and environmental issues.
In environmental sciences, ecologists study how plants and animals interact with each other,
chemists study the living and non-living components of the environment, geologists study the
formation, structure, and history of the earth, biologists study the biodiversity, physicists are
involved in thermodynamics, computer scientists are involved in technical innovations and
computer modeling and biomedical experts study the impact of environmental issues on our health
and social lives.
The growing complexity of environmental problems is creating a need for scientists with
rigorous, interdisciplinary training in environmental science. Environmental scientists and
specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment and human
health. They must have a solid background in economics, sociology, and political science.
 Environmental science explores the planet’s systems of energy and materials and attempts to
understand the effects of human-made systems of technology on the quality of life. By studying
the Earth’s resources, it has been recognized that certain substances and conditions of the world
must be monitored on a regular basis. Using this information, methods to control the use of
technology and more effectively steward the resources of nature, can be developed. Such topics as
carbon dioxide levels, toxic chemicals, radioactivity, and endangered species are of interest to this
major.
Though the study of the environment is as old as any human endeavor, the modern field of
environmental science developed from the growing public awareness and concern about
environmental problems in the 1960s and ’70s. The publication of books such as Rachel Carson’s
Silent Spring (1962) and Paul R. Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb (1968), together with nuclear
proliferation and growing concerns over the anthropogenic release of toxins and chemicals, raised
awareness about the need to study the effects of human actions on the environment. The
burgeoning field of environmental science took on the task of quantifying the effects of disasters
such as the 1979 Three Mile Island accident or the impact of atmospheric sulfur dioxide and other
emissions on acid rain.
Kte’pi (2018) described environmental science as an interdisciplinary academic field that
draws on ecology, geology, meteorology, biology, chemistry, engineering, and physics to study
environmental problems and human impacts on the environment. Environmental science is a
quantitative discipline with both applied and theoretical aspects and has been influential in
informing the policies of governments around the world. Environmental science is considered
separate from environmental studies, which emphasizes the human relationship with the
environment and the social and political dimensions thereof. For example, whereas a researcher in
environmental studies might focus on the economic and political dimensions of international
climate-change protocols, an environmental scientist would seek to understand climate change by
quantifying its effects with models and evaluating means of mitigation.
Environmental scientists have a variety of job responsibilities, including collecting and
analyzing air, water and soil samples, monitoring compliance with environmental laws and
regulations, assisting industrial companies in complying with environmental regulations, and
addressing public meetings on local environmental challenges.
Relationship between Civil Engineering and Environmental Science

Both civil and environmental engineers develop and design projects that can help the world
we live in. Some of the projects may overlap; for example, when developing a water supply system,
civil engineers focus on the design and building, while environmental engineers develop the
system for cleaning the water and reducing waste. At other times, these engineers will work on
very different projects. Civil engineers create highways, tunnels, and bridges. Environmental
engineers use research and engineering practices to develop ways to protect the environment.

Civil engineers are turning the world around. More than many other occupations, they
shape our lives, since infrastructural facilities and buildings are an integral part of any society. It's
motivated by their creativity and experience how we will live tomorrow. Civil engineers analyze,
model and realize. They create safe airports, network settlements, design water supply concepts
and sewer systems, restore rivers or set up wind power plants on the open sea. Today, civil
engineers and environmental scientists master the fast-growing demands of industry, society,
environmental pressures or new materials in a imaginative and inventive way.

More specifically, civil, chemical, mechanical, nuclear engineers have direct interference
with environment and nature, while on the other hand computer engineer or electronics engineers
doesn't have that much of influence on the environment as their counterparts.

What is the difference between a degree in environmental science and environmental engineering?

They both address environmental issues,

however, there are differences in their approach
to improving and remediating the effects on the
habitat. The environmental scientist takes an
analytical perspective. He/she focuses on what
caused the particular condition, whereas the
engineer looks at how to correct the problem.
For example, the scientist looks at the cause and results of water contamination. The engineer takes
the scientist’s information and determines what needs to be done to remove the contaminants.
 Environmental scientists venture into a variety of areas that affect the earth’s resources. As
scientists, they collect drinking water or atmospheric samples for analysis in a laboratory. They
provide the results, which they convey to engineers, the court of law, local community, or
governmental agencies. Environmental engineers’ responsibilities overlap with their counterparts.
Their knowledge finds solutions for these adverse environmental issues. Using engineering
principles, they determine the means to clean up water, design sewage treatment plants, and reduce
factory emissions.

Significance of Civil Engineering

Civil engineering profession is concerned with the built environment. They plan, design,
and construct major facilities, including highways, transit systems, airports, dams, water and
wastewater treatment systems, tunnels, energy facilities, harbors, canals, buildings, and bridges.
They manage our air, water, and energy resources and protect society from natural catastrophes,
such as earthquakes, and the hazards society itself generates in the form of toxic wastes.

Because these functions are often crucial to the day-to-day lives of most people and the
facilities involved are physically substantial, civil engineers bear an important responsibility to the
public. Their role is often more than just technical, requiring also a high degree of communicative
skills and an ability to deal with people.

Moreover, they are deemed as problem solvers, innovators, entrepreneurs, and global
leaders. Civil engineering is all about sustainably helping people and the natural world. The work
of civil engineers is everywhere. The roads and bridges we travel on, sure. The buildings we live,
work and play in, too. But also, systems that bring us clean water and take away waste. Strategies
that help us recover from disasters. Energy innovations to power the future. Technologies for green
buildings. New materials and sensors for smart infrastructure systems. Projects to alleviate
poverty. In other words, civil engineers design the systems, technologies and structures that ready
our modern world for a growing, aging human population and make life better in our communities.

Significance of Environmental Science

Environmental science lets us recognize that environmental problems such as climate

change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rains, and impacts on biodiversity and marine
life are not just national problems, but global problems as well. So, concerted effort from across
the world is needed to tackle these problems.

It helps us to understand the impacts of development on the environment. Environmental

science seeks to teach the general population about the need for decentralization of industries to
reduce congestion in urban areas. Decentralization means many people will move out of urban
centers to reduce pollution resulting from overpopulation. The goal is to achieve all this sustainably
without compromising the future generation’s ability to satisfy their own needs.

It helps us to discover sustainable ways of living. Environmental science is more

concerned with discovering ways to live more sustainably. This means utilizing present resources
in a manner that conserves their supplies for the future. Environmental sustainability doesn’t have
to outlaw living luxuriously, but it advocates for creating awareness about the consumption of
resources and minimizing unnecessary waste.

It is important in order for us to utilize natural resources efficiently. Natural resources bring
a whole lot of benefits to a country. A country’s natural resources may not be utilized efficiently
because of low-level training and a lack of management skills.

To shed light on contemporary concepts such as how to conserve biodiversity. Biodiversity

is the variety of life on earth. The present rate of biodiversity loss is at an all-time high.
Environmental science aims to teach people how to reverse this trend by using sustainable wood
products, using organic foods, embracing the 3R’s, reduce, reuse, and recycle, purchasing
sustainable seafood, supporting conservation campaigns at local levels, conserving power, etc.

It makes us learn and create awareness about environmental problems at local, national and
international levels. Environmental problems at local, national, and international levels mostly
occur due to lack of awareness. Environmental science aims to educate and equip learners with the
necessary environmental skills to pass to the community in order to create awareness.
Environmental awareness can be created through social media, creating a blog dedicated to
creating awareness, community-centered green clubs, women forums, and religious podiums.

Possible Careers In The Future

For civil engineering, the future possible and top careers are:
 1. Structural engineer

Working closely with the construction industry, structural engineers play a key role in the
development of new infrastructures. From buildings and bridges to dams and pipelines, engineers
in this field are involved in all stages of a project’s life cycle, including preliminary design and
final inspections.

2. Geotechnical engineer

Geotechnical engineers specialize in the science of soil and rock and its application to new
developments. Engineers specializing in this field typically work on the design, analysis, and
construction of retaining walls, tunnels, roadways, embankments, and building foundations.

3. Environmental engineer

Environmental engineers help solve environmental problems and challenges. These

engineers apply biology and chemistry theory as well as soil science to the areas of waste disposal,
pollution control, recycling, and public health.

4. Marine engineer

Marine engineers apply their civil engineering skills to the design, construction, and
maintenance of marine facilities such as ships, submarines, sailboats, and aircraft carriers.

5. Engineering manager

Civil engineers with significant experience and knowledge can move into leadership roles,
particularly engineering managers, that include senior-level accountabilities such as leading and
managing engineering activities, reviewing projects for technical accuracy, and ensuring projects
proceed on schedule and align with the organizational goals and strategy.

6. Design engineer

Design engineers are responsible for developing schematics, blueprints, and prototypes for
the creation of products, equipment and structures.
 7. Water resource engineer

Water resource engineers focus on the development and maintenance of water resource
management facilities that include wastewater treatment plants, drainage canals, irrigation
systems, and hydraulic structures such as reservoirs, dams, and floodways.

8. Civil engineer

Instead of focusing on a niche such as environmental engineering, civil engineers can

become generalists. Depending on the position, a civil engineer may plan, research, oversee,
maintain, or construct infrastructure systems and projects such as buildings, bridges, and roads.
Their responsibilities for these projects may include managing the initial design and planning
phase, handling the permitting process, conducting material tests and analysis, overseeing
construction operations, and ensuring the completion of repairs and maintenance.

For environmental science, the future possible and top careers are:

1. Environmental scientist

They are responsible for informing and supporting businesses, governments and the
general public on health risks and environmental hazards, analyze samples of soil, water, air, food
and other materials to collect environmental data, assess threats to the environment through
scientific analysis, limit or fix environmental problems such as land or water pollution, etc.

2. Environmental Lawyer

Their task is to analyze and interpret data obtained from case law, literature reviews,
research, and sample findings, convince judges and juries of legal culpability through carefully
constructed arguments which are evidenced persuasively, determine if there is sufficient evidence
to proceed with prosecution, and interpret data through interviews with scientists, often as part of
the court – enabling them to give expert opinions, testify and inform.

3. Environmental Engineer

Their job is to design projects that contribute to environmental protection, inspect

government and private factories and facilities to ensure that they comply with environmental
standards, advise governments and businesses on managing and cleaning contaminated sites,
evaluate the significance of an environmental hazard and advise of treating or containing it, and
search the environmental impact of construction projects.

4. Zoologist

Their task it to develop and carry out experimental studies with animals, collect specimens
and data for scientific analysis, utilize geographic information systems and modeling software to
analyze animal behavior, analyze the impact of human activity on wildlife and habitats, and
develop conservation plans and recommend courses of action on wildlife conservation and
management issues to stakeholders.

5. Conservation Scientist

Their job is to support governments and landowners to decide the most ecological and
prudent use of land, help manage parks, forests, natural areas and private land, monitor forestry
and conservation activities to ensure they are complying with government regulations, create and
implement plans to manage lands and resources.

6. Hydrologist

They are tasked to measure volume, stream flow, pH and pollution levels of bodies of water
and water samples, analyze data on how pollution, erosion drought and other problems impact the
environment.

7. Teacher

They are responsible for planning and teaching lessons, assessing students to identify
weaknesses and strengths, inspiring students to develop their interests and abilities, adapt lessons
to any changes in class size, ability or attitude, and supervise students outside the classroom – for
instance in clubs or trips.
Importance of Environmental Science

1. To Realize That Environmental Problems are Global

Environmental science lets you recognize that environmental problems such as climate
change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rains, and impacts on biodiversity and marine
life are not just national problems, but global problems as well. So, concerted effort from across
the world is needed to tackle these problems.

2. To Understand the Impacts of Development on the Environment

It is well documented and quantified that development results in Industrial growth,

urbanization, expansion of telecommunication and transport systems, hi-tech agriculture, and
expansion of housing. Environmental science seeks to teach the general population about the need
for decentralization of industries to reduce congestion in urban areas. Decentralization means
many people will move out of urban centers to reduce pollution resulting from overpopulation.
The goal is to achieve all this sustainably without compromising the future generation’s ability to
satisfy their own needs.

3. To Discover Sustainable Ways of Living

Environmental science is more concerned with discovering ways to live more sustainably.
This means utilizing present resources in a manner that conserves their supplies for the future.
Environmental sustainability doesn’t have to outlaw living luxuriously, but it advocates for
creating awareness about the consumption of resources and minimizing unnecessary waste. This
includes minimizing household energy consumption, using disposals to dispose of waste, eating
locally, recycling more, growing your own food, drinking from the tap, conserving household
water, and driving your car less.

4. To Utilize Natural Resources Efficiently

Natural resources bring a whole lot of benefits to a country. A country’s natural resources may
not be utilized efficiently because of low-level training and a lack of management skills.
Environmental science teaches us to use natural resources efficiently by:
 • Appropriately putting into practice environmental conservation methods
• Using the right tools to explore resources
• Adding value to our resources
• Making sure machines are maintained appropriately
• Thorough training of human resources
• Provision of effective and efficient supervision
• Using the right techniques to minimize exploitation
• To understand the behavior of organisms under natural conditions

Behavior is what organisms manifest to respond to, interact with, and control their
environment. An animal exhibits behavior as the first line of defense in response to any change of
environment.

So, critical look at organism’s behavior can offer insightful information about animal’s needs,
dislikes, preferences, and internal conditions providing that your evaluation of those observations
firmly hinge on knowledge of species’-natural behavior.

5. To Shed Light on Contemporary Concepts Such as How to Conserve Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth. The present rate of biodiversity loss is at an all-time
high. Environmental science aims to teach people how to reverse this trend by:

• Using sustainable wood products

• Using organic foods
• Embracing the 3R’s, reduce, reuse, and recycle
• Purchasing sustainable seafood
• Supporting conservation campaigns at local levels
• Conserving power
• Minimizing the consumption of meat
• Utilizing eco-friendly cleaning products
• To understand the interrelationship between organisms in population and communities
 • Organisms and humans depend on each other to get by. Environmental science is important
because it enables you to understand how these relationships work.

For example, humans breathe out carbon dioxide, which plants need for photosynthesis. Plants,
on the other hand, produce and release oxygen to the atmosphere, which humans need for
respiration.

Animal droppings are sources of nutrients for plants and other microorganisms. Plants are
sources of food for humans and animals. In short, organisms and humans depend on each other for
survival.

6. To Learn and Create Awareness About Environmental Problems at Local, National and
International Levels

Environmental problems at local, national, and international levels mostly occur due to
lack of awareness. Environmental science aims to educate and equip learners with the necessary
environmental skills to pass to the community in order to create awareness. Environmental
awareness can be created through social media, creating a blog dedicated to creating awareness,
community-centered green clubs, women forums, and religious podiums.

Other Roles:

Very much an ‘interdisciplinary’ subject, environmental science degrees challenge

students to combine skills and knowledge from a variety of different fields. This could mean
exploring aspects of biology, chemistry, physics, geography, Earth and marine sciences, and also
social sciences. The idea is to combine multiple perspectives and data sources, to build up a fuller
understanding of natural and human environments.

Fieldwork is an important part of most environmental science degrees, which often include
trips to a variety of different countries and world regions, giving those who study environmental
science the opportunity to experience different habitats, climates, land formations and societies. It
is also expected to spend a fair amount of time in the lab, learning how to carry out different types
of tests and analysis. In addition, students often undertake voluntary work in an environment-
related role, which provides valuable experience to prepare them for future environmental science
careers.

Despite the emphasis on science courses in each major, some environmental science
programs offer a reduced concentration. A degree in sustainability, for example, highlights the
policies, laws, and applications pertinent to sustainability. Your career is less oriented to field work
and more to the management of resources. In this type of program, your study plan includes
economics, business ethics, urban ecology, and environmental law.

Infrastructure projects are likely to have an impact on the surrounding environment,

whether noise, air pollution, pollution of aquifers, deforestation, etc. There are likely to be
environmental standards incorporated into the law or regulation of the host country. Designing
buildings and maintenance systems to be sustainable, green or ecological means maximizing
available resources such as lighting and ventilation, reducing energy and water consumption and
using materials that are renewable and reduce harmful effects to the environment.

Major Environmental Laws

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000

In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and
environment. The law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and disposal of
solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.

REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). It
provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a
multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.
REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality
guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible
associated impacts to the economy.

REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE

CONTROL ACT OF 1990

The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk
to human health. It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes
and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide
advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)

STATEMENT OF 1978

The Environment Impact Assessment System was formally established in 1978 with the
enactment of Presidential Decree no. 1586 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational
and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection. EIA is
a planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers, the proponents and
the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the environment. The
process assures implementation of environment-friendly projects.
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https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/constructing-future-8-top-civil-
engineering-careers

Cirjak, A. (2020). 5 major fields of environmental science. Retrieved on August 30, 2020 from
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/5-major-fields-of-environmental-science.html
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https://scholarship.law.duke.edu › ...PDF, Water Supply and Pollution Control Aspects of

Urbanization
 Structural
Engineering
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

Civil and Sanitary Engineering Department

CE 401 – Civil Engineering Orientation

Structural Engineering
Sub-discipline of Civil Engineering

Overview
Structural Engineering is a specialty inside the field of civil engineering which
centers on structural framework / systems, and on planning those structures in order to
withstand the pressure and/or stresses from their environment and to assure the security
and steadiness of the system all throughout its use. Thus, the structural engineers are
responsible for making sure of the durability of an infrastructure - buildings and
structures don’t fall down and bridges don’t collapse.
This engineering specialization involves the analysis and formation of different
structures such as buildings, dams, tunnels, towers, and other infrastructure. Structural
engineering serves as the base foundation for sustaining the built environment where the
structures are durable, secure and cost-effective.
Structural engineering is based on the concepts of physics and mathematics. It
requires the application of knowledge of physical laws as well as scientific studies into
the strength of various materials, as well as the required mathematics and measurements
needed to make the structure functional. Any key aspects in which structural engineering
influences projects include the construction of the structure and the study of the project.
This knowledge and its application are crucial because it specifically influences
the stability and longevity of buildings and systems. For example, structural engineering
facilitates precise measurement of safe weight limits on bridges, the storm force winds in
a factory or building can withstand, or the severity of tremors a skyscraper can endure
during an earthquake.
 Structural engineers are also responsible for ensuring that materials and
equipment are used effectively. For example, they must be able to evaluate the optimum
grade of material that guarantees protection and functionality without unduly rising costs.
Structural engineering must therefore be able to work within the architectural aesthetics
needed by the project. Thus, this field of work plays a key role by integrating aesthetic
appeal, functional purpose and financial capital in a manner that meets both needs.

History
Structural engineering has been applied since mankind commenced building of
structures. Structures are designed, with the aim to accomplish the desired functions of
creation, ensuring the visualization of all the loads that could be applied on the structures,
and adequate safety of structures.

Pre-Scientific Revolution (27th Century BC – Early 18th Century A.D.)

• 27th Century BC: Imhotep, the first-named architect in history, built the step
pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser.
• 26th Century BC: The Great Pyramid of Giza was built.
• 3rd Century BC: Archimedes invented the sciences of mechanics and
hydrostatics.
• 17th Century: The foundations of modern structural engineering were laid by
Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton.
• 1676: Robert Hooke provides a scientific understanding of elasticity of materials
and their behavior under load.
• 1687: Isaac Newton set out his Laws of Motion, providing for the first time an
understanding of the fundamental laws governing structures.
• 1750: Euler and Bernoulli developed the Euler–Bernoulli Beam Equation – the
fundamental theory underlying most structural engineering design.

18th and 19th Century

• 1804: The first fire-proof building was built in England (Belper North Mill)
• 1858: Henry Besseme successfully completed the conversion of cast iron into cast
steel.
 • 1885: Home Insurance Building or the first metal-framed building in the world
was built in Chicago.
• 1983: The Soviet Union successfully built seven massive skyscrapers known as
the “Seven Sisters of Moscow”
• 1956: The paper Stiffness and Deflection of Complex Structures was published by
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences.

Information Age
• 1965: The United States government developed the NASA Structure Analysis or
NASTRAN in favor of its aerospace industry – NASA.
• 1969: The first generation of finite element analysis (FEA software) was initiated
by MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation which was labeled as MSC NASTRAN.
• 1973: The remarkable landmark, Sydney Opera House was completely
constructed which is considered as the first milestone for structural engineers to
have saved almost 10 years of work.
• 1982: The most widely used CAD program was introduced by Autodesk Co.
named AutoCAD.
• 2002: The Autodesk Co. released a white paper entitled, “Building Information
Modeling” that made it popular after a decade of existence.

The Major Areas

Oftentimes, people do think a career in structural engineering means a life
overseeing aspects of building construction and while that may be true of many in the
profession; structural engineers can end up working in a range of varied and exciting
disciplines.
Here are just a handful of the wide-ranging professional fields a structural
engineering career can bring:

• Buildings
This is the most obvious, structural engineers help design and construct
buildings so they stay standing after the scaffolding has been taken away; but
 buildings come in many forms. A new home might require a structural engineer’s
input, but so will a skyscraper, a new opera house or football stadium.

• Aeronautical
Aircraft, satellites, and even space vessels need to be developed. The role of a
structural engineer is fundamental in this process. Not only do they have to create
a structure that can withstand the rigors of its environment, but also one that
operates consistently under those conditions. Aeroplanes don’t just get you from
A to B, they’re also places of comfort and safety, and much of this is down to
how their structures have been designed.

• Oil and gas

A career in the oil and gas industry can see a structural engineer work on a range
of projects. Whether it’s a pipeline, a rig, or a gas or oil field, the one thing that’s
common across exploration of this kind is that the structures are vast. So be
prepared to work on massive projects whether you end up designing, testing, or
inspecting the equipment.

• Nautical
Passenger vessels, cargo ships, and boats of all other kinds might form the bulk of
the engineering done at sea, but a structural engineer who works in the nautical
field could as easily develop and maintain other, non-moving structures - like
wind turbines - or even those to support oceanography.

• Bridges
Whether it’s a footbridge over a stream, a rail bridge over a gorge, or a road
bridge spanning an expanse of ocean, each project will require a structural
engineer to work on the design so the bridge both works with its environment.
The engineer’s designs will help ensure the bridge carries its load as safely on
days when the conditions are extraordinary as it does when things are run-of-the-
mill.
Broad Benefits of Structural Engineering
Structural engineering, an eminent part of civil engineering, has appeared as a
penetrating part of the construction process. During the 19th and 20th centuries, when
steel was used on a wide scale to construct huge structures, structural engineering started
to become central to construction activities.

Day by day the technology advances and CAD has been introduced for design and
final analysis. Therefore, structural engineering has become a part and parcel of
construction procedure for both building and non-building structures. Accurate design,
risk analysis, effective cost and material estimation make such companies the ultimate
resource to make creative use of structural elements.

The major factors on which the importance of structural engineering for building
structures and foundations bases are as follows:

• Structure Design Support

A skilled structural engineer has the capability to offer detailed information
regarding foundations, floors, type of roofs, beams, quantity of steel needed,
alignments directing to durability, retaining walls, suspension of bridges and
more. In designing individual elements and the structure as a whole- structural
engineering plays a key role.
• Structural Analysis
Use of complex designs and amalgamated materials in modern structures require
effectual structural analysis for design reliability, safety, strength, material
specification and stress design focused on experiential and practical basis. Skilled
structural engineers detail capabilities of structures concerning support and
performance satisfying building design codes, tasteful features, specifications and
customer needs.
• Safety Evaluation

Credentialed structural engineers assist in predicting safety and assess capacity

and stability of a structure against static and dynamic loading. Thus, the process
 of planning the design and building the structure keeping in view the safety and
security of workers, visitors and customers become hassle-free and less
dangerous.
• Assessment

Proper structural estimation guides builders to test design efficacy, chalk out
material required, and assess costs while aiding creative and effective utilization
of resources.

In one-word, proficient structural engineers achieve dynamic results by enjoining

the science of mathematics and physics to analyze structures and work out the
best possible design solutions.

Essential Qualities of a Structural Engineer

Structural engineering involves analysis and design of structures that can
withstand any operating and environmental loading conditions. Structural engineers work
closely with other professionals in the construction industry. They engage in every phase
of the project; from the onset to its completion. To be a great structural engineer, one
must have these qualities:

• Creative
Structural engineers use their skills and knowledge to design structures that are
strong and flexible to withstand pressures. Their input ensures that structures do
not bend or collapse and put people at risk. Creativity is a key quality in creating
structures that are safe, functional and cost-effective.

• Team Player
A structural engineer works alongside a team of other construction professionals
such as architects, civil engineers and other discipline engineers. These
professionals must work together and have cordial relations from the beginning of
the project to the end. A great engineer should be able to blend in the team to
ensure that the project is successful and completed in time.
 • Problem Solver
There are various conditions that an engineer might come across in the course of
any given project. Some of these conditions, unfavorable site conditions,
constraints from existing structures and unique design conditions. In some cases,
structural engineers are called upon to make sure that old buildings can withstand
forces that weren’t put into consideration during their construction. Qualified
engineers should be able to come up with quick solutions to these problems.

• Meticulous
The slightest error in the designing or construction of a structure may cause it to
collapse. An experienced structural engineer should pay attention to details. Key
considerations should be observed especially in designing the framework of a
structure.

In conclusion, with these qualities and the right educational qualification,

there is no doubt that structural engineers will exploit their talents and endeavor in
their career. In addition, experience gained in the initial stages of the profession
will also lead to growth in the profession.

Structural Engineers and their…

i. Roles and Responsibilities

The role of the structural engineer is a key component within the construction
process. It is a part of the broader discipline of civil engineering, structural
engineering cares with the planning and in physical integrity of buildings and
other large structures, like tunnels and bridges. Structural engineers have a wide
selection of responsibilities - not least a duty to guarantee the security and
sturdiness of the project on which they're working.

Structural engineers must have a robust grasp of physics, three-dimensional

conceptual skills and artistic problem solving. Outside of a capability to use
 principles of mechanics, mathematics and physics to construct safe and
sustainable buildings, the roles and responsibilities of structural engineers include:

a) Design: Many structural engineers deal primarily within the design of structures -
calculating the loads and stresses the construction will need to withstand the
pressures brought by the environment. Structural engineers should be ready to
think about the various qualities and strengths delivered by a variety of building
materials, and understand the way to incorporate support beams, columns and
foundations.
b) Investigation: Before work can begin, structural engineers are involved within
the investigation and survey of build sites to work out the suitability of the world
for the wants of the upcoming projects.
c) Communication: Structural engineers are going to be required to co-ordinate and
consult other associates of their projects, including engineers, environmental
scientists, architects and landscape architects. They'll even be required to help and
assist government bodies in their own inspections concerning the project.
d) Management: Structural engineers are often liable for the organization and
delivery of materials and equipment needed in developing a project. The
supervision and management of on-site labor can also be a necessity.

ii. Qualifications and Trainings

Graduates will need a degree in civil or structural engineering accredited by the

Institution of Structural Engineers. You can then obtain one among two
recognized professional qualifications with the Institution of Structural Engineers.
You can apply for Incorporated Engineer (IEng) status with a BEng (Bachelor
of Engineering);
• Incorporated engineers maintain and manage applications of current and
developing technology, and may undertake engineering design, development,
manufacture, construction and operation.
 You can apply for Chartered Engineer (CEng) status if you graduated with a
BEng-plus-a-masters or an MEng.

• Chartered engineers (CEng) develop solutions to engineering problems using

new or existing technologies through innovation, creation and alter and that they
may have technical accountability for complex systems with significant levels of
risk.

Both titles will help career prospects, but chartered engineers are often of greater
value to employers. You then get to complete a period of vocational education
with an accredited employer, also as a knowledgeable review, before you'll obtain
either of those titles.

iii. Key skills for Structural Engineers

• Creativity and Originality
• Commercially viable
• Team Working and communication skills
• Excellent mathematical, information technology and analytical skills
• Keen attention to detail
• Project and budget management skills.

A good working knowledge of construction methods, materials and legal regulations is vital.

Number 1 Structural Engineer in the world according to an article entitled “Genius

Skyscraper Engineers You've Probably Never Heard Of”

Fazlur Rahman Khan was the world's most important of all skyscraper engineers, born
on 3rd of April 1929 in East Bengal in undivided India. Khan received his Bachelor of
Engineering for world's most important of all skyscraper engineers at the University of Dhaka in
1950; he taught for two years in Dhaka and then went to the University of Illinois on master’s
degrees, one in theoretical and applied mechanics and the other in structural engineering. In
1955, he did his doctorate in structural engineering under the supervision of Professor C.P. Seis.

Tools and Equipments

Structural engineers design, plan and oversee the construction of new buildings and
bridges, or alterations and extensions to existing properties or other structures. They use
different kinds of tools and equipment to aid their work. Structural engineers are also
responsible for ensuring that materials and equipment are used effectively.

Common Software used by Structural Engineers

As structural engineers are responsible for planning, designing and constructing the
overall structure, they have these tools to create, organize, and utilize their plan, and
design.

1. AUTOCAD. This is the most popular software in the world of

civil engineering. Designed by Autodesk, it helps in creating 2D and 3D
designs, drafting, modeling workflows, architectural drawing, and more.
It allows you to evaluate and understand the project performance,
responds quickly to changes, and maintains data and processes
consistently.

Some of the important features it includes are:

● A powerful set of intuitive design and documentation tools to explore and
visualize 3D concepts
● A user friendly interface that works across a range of integrated devices including
desktop, mobile and cloud
● Eliminates the need of manual drafting to boost accuracy
● Provides the ability to share your work through TrustedDWG™ technology
 2. STAAD PRO. This is a structural design and analysis tool
developed by Research Engineers which was later acquired by
Bentley Systems, a CAD/CAM software company based in
Pennsylvania. STAAD Pro is considered as the best structural
analysis software and adopted by over a million structural
engineers around the globe. It features ease of use and an array of
essential tools required for accomplishing an analytical process on different structures.
STAAD Pro further integrates with a number of other Bentley products. The models
created using STAAD Pro can be imported to OpenSTAAD so as to make the models
transferrable to other third-party tools.

3. SAFE. This software is mostly used in designing

foundation slab systems and concrete floors. SAFE is a
comprehensive package that combines all the aspects of the
engineering design process – from creating layout to detail
drawing production in a single, intuitive environment. It
enables highly advanced local assessment of foundation systems within larger structures
and imports files from CAD, ETABS, and SAP2000.
Some of the other benefits it offers are:

● Wide-ranging templates to quickly initiate a model

● Post-tensioning
● Support conditions and loadings

4. RISA. This is another popular 3D analysis and design

tool for creating general structures such as buildings, bridges,
arenas, industrial structures, crane rails, and more. It is fast,
productive and accurate. It has an intuitive interface that
integrates with many other products like RISAFloor and RISA
 Foundation. It comes packed with the latest steel, cold-formed steel, concrete, aluminum,
masonry and timber design codes. This, in turn, provides the tools you need to manage
the multi-material projects with ease.

5. NAVISWORKS. This is a comprehensive project

review solution mainly used by design, engineering and
construction management professionals to gain detailed
insight into the project and enhance productivity and
quality. It is developed and marketed by Autodesk and allows users to open, combine,
review and share Detailed 3D Design Models in various file formats. It lets you import all
file formats and merge all the files to create a model.

The time when it took several years to construct a building is long gone. With the
help of the structural analysis software tools, construction firms are now speeding up
their design, analysis and construction processes.

Common Tools used by Structural Engineers

1. PPE – Personal Protective Equipment (Boots, Hard Hat, Safety Glasses, Ear Plugs,
and Safety Vest). There is not much to say here that is not abundantly obvious. Having all
of this equipment is standard on construction sites. Make yourself visible and make
yourself safe. Construction sites can be dangerous places. Engineers are used to following
codes. Follow OSHA rules and set a good example.

2. Gloves. Helpful in the cold weather, they are also good to keep your hands clean and
safe. You may be asked to go into old basements that may have had oil spills, sewage
backups, mold, or other nasty items.

3. Flashlight/Head Lamp. You can’t do much in the dark. Smartphone flashlight apps
speed through your battery life very quickly. We prefer the headlamp. It’s lightweight,
always pointed in the direction you need it, and you can put it in your pocket when you’re
done.
4. Tape Measure. We use this one on virtually every site visit we make. Good for
checking rebar size and spacing. Measuring floor joist depths or spans. Get a good one
that can cantilever a long distance without someone holding the other end. You’ll be by
yourself more than you think.

5. Cameras and Photo Reference Card. Take more photos than you think you will
need. Data storage is cheap. Driving back out to a jobsite for a missed photo is far more
expensive. Start with overall photos. You might wish you had taken a photo of something
specific on the outside of a building. Overall photos might give you the opportunity to
zoom in on that item after the fact. Use a reference card to establish scale. You will open
some photos back in your office only to find that you cannot tell if you’re looking at a 1”
wide or ¼” wide crack. A photo reference card, ruler, or even a well-known object
(pencil) will help establish scale

6. Notepad and Pencil. Pencils work in any weather. Take good notes. Document people
that are present at your visit, the type of work going on, the time you arrived and the time
you left.

7. Small Sledgehammer. A small sledgehammer is great for checking the quality of a lot
of materials. A light tap against concrete or masonry can tell you if it is sound material or
if there is a void lurking beneath. You will not need it on every job site. Mostly, leave it
in the car. However, they are invaluable when you do need them.

8. Probe. (screwdriver/steel rod/rebar/Leatherman). We use a screwdriver to check the

soundness of wet wood, quality of mortar joints, the depth of holes, etc.

9. Safety Harness. Get a good harness that is adjustable, but fits you comfortably. You
will not use it often, but when you do, you’ll likely be wearing it for a long period of
time. Careful of using others that may be worn or dirty. Also, remember to keep yours
clean and dry. The harness should be the ‘fall-arrest’ type with a lanyard. There are many
different models depending on the type of work you’re doing. For man-lifts, you just
need one lanyard with a locking carabiner.
 References

Articles

Careers, C. (2011). “Structural Engineers: Roles and Responsibilities”. Retrieved from

https://www.newcivilengineercareers.com/news/structural-engineers-roles-and-
Responsibilities

Essay Examples. (September 2019). The History of Structural Engineering Dates. Retrieved
from https://benjaminbarber.org/the-history-of-structural-engineering-dates/

Inews, (2019, September 11). A brief history of structural engineering. Retrieved from
https://www.lockatong.com/a-brief-history-of-structural-engineering

McFadden, C. (2018). “Genius Skyscraper Engineers You've Probably Never Heard Of”.
Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/15-genius-skyscraper
-engineers-youve-probably-never-heard-of

Pal, D. (2019). “Construction Tools List”. Retrieved from https://www.civileng

gnotes.in/35-construction-tools-their-uses-with-pictures/amp/

Rishabh E. “The 5 Best Civil Engineering Structural Analysis And Design Software Tools”.
Retrieved from https://www.rishabheng.com/blog/top-5-software-for-
civil-engineering-structural-design/

T, A. (2020). “Structural engineer: Job description”. Retrieved from

https://targetjobs.co.uk/careers-advice/job-descriptions/279117-structural- engineer-job-
description
 Online Websites

Patel, S. (2016, March 4). Broad Benefits of Structural Engineering: An Overview. The
Engineering Exchange. https://www.engineeringexchange.com/profiles/blogs /broad-
benefits-of-structural-engineering-an-overview

Structural Innovations in Structural Engineering. (2015, February 17). Five Essentials

Qualities of a Structural Engineer You Should Work With. Structural Innovations,
Engineering and Consulting. https://www.structural-innovations.com/structural-engineer-
essential-qualities/

The Institution of Structural Engineers. (2016, December 1). 5 different fields for
structural engineering. The Structural Engineer Jobs. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-
citation-generator/new/webpage/
 CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING
AND
MANAGEMENT

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

HISTORY

There are few modern feats of engineering achievement that surpass the great pyramids of
Ancient Egypt. The sheer scale of the technological and physical challenge facing the creators of
these superstructures was immense. The management skills by those early engineers were equally
impressive. The demands of the clients (the Pharaohs) had to be fulfilled while co-coordinating,
controlling and monitoring the subcontractors (the artisans) and employees (the slaves), as well as
ensuring the optimum use of material resources (Fraidoon Mazda, 1997).

Construction engineering and management (CEM) is no simpler today and both beginner
and experienced engineers find it difficult to come to terms with this subject. Today’s construction
industry has become more complex than ever before with the emergence of new business demands
and challenges. Sophisticated clients and competitors will force civil engineering firms to adapt
management concepts and theories to construction, and to shift their focus from the traditional
project management approach to new management focus areas.

With the beginning of the 21st century, there is a true need for long-term strategic planning
to take place in civil engineering organizations to provide them with greater chances and abilities
to compete in the global economy. In this era of technological innovation and emerging global
economy, there is a growing need for professionals possessing a unique set of business and
engineering competencies.

CEM is still a relatively new discipline in the civil engineering realm. In the USA, it started
with the development of pioneering master’s programs approximately 45 years ago, followed by
PhD programs 5 years later (Carr, 1997). Today, CEM is an established academic and research
area that builds upon a long series of publications of scholarly work and debate.

INTRODUCTION

Construction Engineering and Management concerns the planning and management of the
construction process for different infrastructure projects such as high ways, bridges, airports,
railroads, buildings, dams and reservoirs. Construction of such projects requires knowledge of
management principles, business procedures and human behavior. Construction Engineers engage
in the design of temporary structures, quality assurance and quality control, building and site layout
surveys, on site material testing, concrete mix design, cost estimation, planning and scheduling,
safety engineering, materials procurement, selection of equipment and cost engineering and
budget.

Construction engineers design and execute processes for building and maintaining the
infrastructure of our world. The tools of the trade for today’s successful construction engineer
include the following: strong math, science, and computer skills; creativity; an aptitude for
applying science and engineering methods to solve problems; a love of building structures; an
interest in working indoors and outdoors; initiative and a strong work ethic; the ability to
collaborate with diverse people; good communications skills; and a desire to learn in a constantly
changing environment.

Construction engineering management, or CEM, involves the application of technical and

scientific knowledge to infrastructure construction projects. While engineering focuses on design
and construction management is concerned with overseeing the actual construction, CEM often
represents a blend of both disciplines, bridging design and management or project execution.
Construction engineering managers may have an educational background at both undergraduate
and graduate levels as well as experience in construction management techniques.

Their skills may be applied widely to the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC)
industry.

Project management responsibility that remains constant is the effective orchestration,

guidance, and control of the construction process from beginning to end. Project management
means managing the construction project.
Construction Engineering, the proper technique of assembling materials, components,
equipment and systems, and the selection and utilization of the best construction technology to do
so.
Management of the construction process, establishing the most effective way to
implement the construction process, including proper scheduling and the coordination and control
of the flow of labor, materials, and equipment to the jobsite.
EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Individuals looking to obtain a construction engineering degree must first ensure that the
program is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).
ABET accreditation is assurance that a college or university program meets the quality standards
established by the profession for which it prepares its students. In the US there are currently
twenty-five programs that exist in the entire country so careful college consideration is advised.

A typical construction engineering curriculum is a mixture of engineering

mechanics, engineering design, construction management and general science and mathematics.
This usually leads to a Bachelor of Science degree. The B.S. degree along with some design or
construction experience is sufficient for most entry-level positions. Graduate schools may be an
option for those who want to go further in depth of the construction and engineering subjects taught
at the undergraduate level. In most cases construction engineering graduates look to either civil
engineering, engineering management or business administration as a possible graduate degree.

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

This program is a combined study of basic civil engineering and construction management
courses. Graduates shall be knowledgeable on the fundamentals of structural and construction
engineering like design and analysis, material testing and quality assurance, building systems,
construction technologies, and surveying. Graduates shall demonstrate a deep understanding of
management principles and its application that are essential in construction projects such as
economics, business, accounting, law, statistics, ethics, leadership, decision making and
optimization methods, process analysis and design, safety, and cost engineering.

The program’s thrust is to create and maintain an educational environment that shall enable
graduates to practice as successful construction engineers and managers for the advancement of
society and to promote professionalism in practice. Within the five years after graduation, the
graduates of Construction Engineering and Management program shall have:

i. Undertaken, singly or in teams, projects that show an ability to solve complex engineering
problems
ii. Had substantial involvement in projects that take into consideration safety, health,
environmental concerns and the public welfare, partly through adherence to required codes
and laws.
iii. Demonstrated professional success via promotions and/or positions of increasing
responsibility
iv. Demonstrated life-long learning via progress toward completion of an advanced degree,
professional development/continuing education courses, or industrial training courses
v. Exhibited professional behavior and attitude in engineering practice
vi. Initiated and implemented actions toward the improvement of engineering practice

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

a. Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering

b. Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

c. Ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability, and sustainability

d. Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams

e. Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems

f. Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility

g. Ability to communicate effectively

h. Broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in the global and
societal context

i. Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning

j. Knowledge of contemporary issues

k. Ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering
practice
l. Knowledge and understanding of engineering and management principles, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments

CAREERS IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

In career path of construction engineering and management there are two options of
working it’s either in office setting which they focus on the design aspect, or out in the field which
they focus on the actual building phase of the project.
Degree of Construction Engineering:
• General contractors (bridges, roads, buildings, healthcare, facilities and centers)
• Owners and Developers
• Mechanical/electrical contractors
• Renewable energies
• Consulting and design firms
• Oil and gas industry
• Aviation industry
• Historical Restoration
Construction engineers are also responsible in:
✓ Planning and overseeing the construction operations of a project
• Conducting site layout
• Scheduling
• Selecting equipment
• Organizing the work crew
• Managing materials
• Safeguarding the Environment
• Building Temporary structures
✓ Designing (both temporary and permanent)
✓ Checking and modifying plans and specifications for constructability, efficiency, and
safety
✓ Developing cost estimates and preparing bids
✓ Utilizing Building Information Modelling (BIM) software for 3D models
 ✓ Managing subcontractor firms
✓ Working with the owner to ensure that the project meets requirements
✓ Solving job site problems, moving between the field and office
✓ Gaining additional education and training

TECHNICAL AND LEADERSHIP BACKGROUND

Construction engineering managers are often called upon to use computers and
construction management software to produce and analyze designs for their projects. They are
responsible for assembling teams of qualified engineers who can ensure completion of a given
project. Construction engineering managers also need to possess the right knowledge for
controlling estimation and planning of associated costs for a project.

WORK RESPONSIBILITIES

Construction engineering managers often work out of a central office but may make
frequent visits to job sites and sometimes engage in on-location work with labor. They also tour
sites regularly to inspect the work being done and to ensure that proper standards in the
construction project are being maintained. The typical workweek for a construction engineering
manager is 40 hours, but many works longer hours in an effort to meet deadlines or solve problems
that arise within a project.

A construction engineering manager also has a host of other responsibilities. He or she is

often called upon to survey the job site prior to the beginning of a project, addressing
environmental issues and local laws or codes that must be followed. Before work commences, an
engineering manager typically prepares a report on their findings and collaborates with others
involved with the project, including governmental agencies, environmental associations,
contractors, and subcontractors.

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND EXPERTISE

 Construction engineering managers must possess a thorough understanding of laws,
regulations, and building codes, especially those that have a direct impact on the project at hand.
They must also be able to estimate the total cost of a given project with consideration to:

• Site inspections
• Drainage, sewage, and elevation level tests
• Equipment and materials
• Labor

Construction engineering managers are also responsible for managing the workings of
various other entities involved in the project. They are responsible for providing expert supervision
from beginning to end while also keeping the project running on or ahead of schedule and within
budget. The job requires strong leadership and interpersonal skills and attention to detail. Like any
other kind of engineer, construction engineering managers need to possess strong problem-solving,
analytical, and mathematical skills.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT JOBS

As with other areas of construction, the job of a construction engineering manager is in

demand and experiencing growth. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
construction industry is expected to see upwards of 20 percent growth over the next 8 to 10 years.
That alone will expand the need for qualified managers at every level of the construction process,
making it a good choice when trying to decide on a career in construction.
REFERENCES

Burger, R. (2018), “What Is Construction Engineering Management?”, Retrieved from:

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/what-is-construction-engineering-management-845371

Carr, R.I. (1997). ”Engineering and construction management: Leadership and opportunity.“
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, 123 (3), 292-296.

Mapua University - Manila (2020), “BS Construction Engineering and Management”, Retrieved
from: http://cege.mapua.edu.ph/content/bs-construction-engineering-and-management

Purdue University (2020), “What is Construction Engineering and Management?”, Retrieved

from: https://engineering.purdue.edu/CEM/aboutus/what-is-cem
Geotechnical Engineering
 I. Introduction

Geotechnical engineering is a specialization within civil engineering that concerned with

the analysis, design and construction of foundations, slopes, retaining structures, embankments,
tunnels, levees, wharves, landfills and other systems that are made of or are supported by soil or
rock. From a scientific perspective, geotechnical engineering largely involves defining the soil’s
strength and deformation properties. It is the study of the behavior of soils under the influence of
loading forces and soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design of foundations,
retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and geosynthetics for waste containment. This branch of
engineering plays a key role in all civil engineering projects built on or in the ground for the
assessment of natural hazards.

Geotechnical engineering or also known as Geotechnics is applied in mostly when planning

an infrastructure such as roads and tunnels as well as bridges and buildings. This discipline
involves numerical data analysis, evaluating the stability of cliffs and slopes,and assessing load-
bearing capacity.

Geotechnical engineering includes specialist fields such as:

1. Soil and Rock Mechanics

2. Geophysics
3. Hydrogeology
4. Geology

The specialism involves using scientific methods and principles of engineering to collect
and interpret the physical properties of the ground for use in building and construction. Its practical
application, e.g. foundation engineering, has come to require a scientific approach.

“Geotechnics” – is a term currently used to describe both the theoretical and practical
application of the discipline.

Recent computational and computer advances are extending our ability to predict the
behaviour of soil and soil-water systems under a wide variety of conditions. In recent years, the
activities of geotechnical engineers have also involved geoenvironmental engineering.
 Geoenvironmental Engineers – design strategies for the clean-up of contaminated soils
and groundwater and develop management systems for contaminated sites.

History of Geotechnical Engineering

The history of geotechnical engineering is quite long but

at the same time it is interesting. Ancestors in the olden days use
soil for an extensive variety of activities from building creation
to irrigation and flood control. But during these times the
practice of geotechnical engineering was applied by trial and
error observational experience in empirical experimentation,
basically, it was more of an art than a science.

By the 18th century as civilization advanced further,

numerous engineering problems related to building foundations
began to emerge.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa which is a tourist attraction today for example presented a very
unique challenge at that time. The tower leaned because it is constructed on a soft ground
composed mostly of clay, fine sand, and shells without using enough stones to make a strong
foundation. This tower plays an important role in history of geotechnical engineering as it serves
as an eye-opener for civil engineers to take more specific approach to set up better foundations of
buildings with respect to soil design and structure.

. The said incident was so significant that it lead the engineers for more careful process of
construction of the Colosseum on 73 A.D at Rome, Italy. It was built over a dried lake, and the
Romans had to make sure it was completely drained before laying foundation over the remaining
clay bed so it will not bend over like the prior case of building a foundation. Since then, the Romans
had the idea of how the state of soil should be observe and analyze before making any step of
construction.

In the late ‘80s, the workforce was challenge by the size of a copper statue with a total
height of 305’6”. The Statue of Liberty cannot stand by itself so a big iron framework was put
inside to support the structure and was decided to be placed in a small island where it can stand
alone without anyone who will be at risk—at the Liberty Island, Upper New York Bay, in New
York City.

Other difficulties related to geotechnical engineering arise continuously, however civil

engineers always came up with better solution and help the development of the field to further
progress.

As time pass by, geotechnical engineering also developed. Builders began taking a more
scientifically based approach, including detailed examination of subsurface materials.

From early 1700s to the early 1900s scientists such as Coulomb, Darcy, Rankine,
Boussinesq, Mohr and Atterberg published fundamental theories on soil mechanics and water flow
through soil. Several prominent organizations and societies
were formed in the early 1900s to advance this field of
engineering. Particular recognition is given to Karl von
Terzaghi who is considered as the "father of soil mechanics and
geotechnical engineering" because of his classic book
Erdbaumechanik (Soil Mechanics) published in 1925. His book
literally revolutionized the field of geotechnical engineering.

He developed the principle of effective stress in soils,

the framework for the bearing capacity of foundations theory,
and the theory for predicting the rate of settlement due to
consolidation of clayey soils.

In 1925, he established the country’s first academic

program in Soil Mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT);

In 1930, his work had led to the appointment of a Special

Committee on Earthworks and Foundations by the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

 International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering ( ISSMGE ) is a
society representing Engineers Academics and Contractors all over the world that actively
participate in geotechnical engineering. The International Society had its origins in the First
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering held in Harvard in 1936.
A total of 206 delegates attended from 20 countries. In order to ensure continuation of this very
successful initiative, an Executive Committee was set up with Karl Terzaghi as President and
Arthur Casagrande as Secretary. In 1997, Council approved a change in name to the International
Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering to reflect more accurately the activities
of the Society. Then it passed its great time expanding itself round the globe. The aim of society
is the promotion of international co-operation amongst engineers and scientists for the
advancement and expansion of knowledge in the field of geotechnics.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Advantages of Geotechnical engineering

1. Geo engineering could be very potent.

By adding higher levels of sulfur dioxide directly into the atmosphere, it might be entirely
possible to offset all of the warming effects that happen because of carbon dioxide. The efforts
would create aerosols that would reflect sunlight straight back into space instead of concentrating
the sun’s rays onto the planet below.

2. It could be extremely affordable.

Under some theories, geo engineering could be accomplished through the use of a simple
2 inch hose that was stretched into the atmosphere. By pumping the sulfur dioxide into the air, it
would then become very feasible to stop the effects of global warming before they can continue to
create chaos within a regional climate.

3. We have proof that geo engineering works.

The reason why this type of plan to stop global warming is so exciting is because we have
documented evidence that it will work. There is historical evidence that shows large volcanic
eruptions have been able to stop global warming cycles in the past. The distribution of sulfur
dioxide into the atmosphere simply replicates the effects that a volcano would create naturally.

Disadvantages of Geotechnical engineering

1. Geoengineering could change weather patterns dramatically.

Any time a scientific proposal to limit the amount of sunshine is brought up, the natural
consequence of taking such an action would be to reduce the amount of rainfall that occurs. We
need rain because it is nature’s natural water filter. If we don’t receive it, then it would be difficult
to raise crops and food resources could become scarce.

2. It won’t solve all our problems.

One of the biggest issues that we have today is ocean acidification. Geoengineering does
not solve this problem whatsoever. We would still be needing to deal with droughts and famines
as they occur, and because there would be weather changes associated with the inclusion of extra
sulfur dioxide, we might actually be dealing with more disastrous effects from the shift climates
then from the immediate issues of global warming.

3. It only cools the equatorial regions effectively.

In order to stop the melting of the ice at the North Pole and South Pole, the planet would
have to be cooled down enough that it would meet pre-industrial levels of warmth to stop the ice
sheets at the Polar Regions from melting. Because extra levels of sulfur dioxide would be required
to accomplish this, it would also create a sky that looked whiter than it did blue.

If we are in desperate shape, then geo engineering could provide us with the options we need to
save our civilization. By weighing the pros and cons of this alternative, we can decide together if
it really is the right course of action to take.

II. Education

WHAT ARE THE QUALIFICATIONS NEEDED TO BECOME A GEOTECHNICAL

ENGINEER?
 The qualifications needed to become a geotechnical engineer include at least a bachelor’s
degree in civil engineering or geotechnical engineering. A program accredited by ABET is
needed in order to gain licensure, which is required to work as a professional engineer (PE). A
few universities offer graduate degrees in geotechnical engineering.

Wih this profession, relevant subjects may include:

1. Engineering Geology
2. Geology
3. Geophysics
4. Geotechnology
5. Mineral/Mining Engineering

RECOMMENDED COURSES
In order to achieve a specialization in the area of Geotechnical Engineering at the
undergraduate level, the following courses are:
Strongly recommended: Recommended:
CIVE 416 Geotechnical Engineering CIVE 446 Construction Engineering
(3 Credits) (3 Credits)
CIVE 451 Geoenvironmental Engineering CIVE 520 Groundwater Hydrology
(3 Credits) (3 Credits)
CIVE 584 Mechanics of Groundwater Flow
(3 Credits)
MIME 322 Rock Fragmentation
(3 Credits)
MIME 520 Stability of Rock Slopes
(3 Credits)

Licensing And Training (In The Philippines):

To become a Licensed Civil Engineer in the Philippines, a graduate of Civil Engineering

needs to pass the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination. The examination is conducted by
the Board of Civil Engineering under the supervision of the Professional Regulations
Commission (PRC).

Aside to the education, a geotechnical engineer must also have a strong understanding to
the other related fields, including construction, math, and several natural sciences, especially
geology. In addition from the varied knowledge base, you must be organized, have excellent
communication skills, and be able to self-manage to fulfill your responsibilities.

WHAT IS A GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER?

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS – are specialists that use engineering principles and

applications to research, investigate, assess construction sites, conduct lab tests,
create design for structures, supervise construction and present reports. Their
ultimate goal is to ensure the project safe and sustainable to the structure's stability
against earthquakes, mud slides and other natural events.

– there skills are used for drilling wells, constructing

production and storage facilities, transporting petroleum products and examining
ground water flow.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER

• Build and maintain relationships with clients and other professionals involved in
the site, throughout each project
• Maintain safety standards on site
• Be mindful of cost implications when you make recommendations

ROLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER

• research and study soil to evaluate its suitability for foundations

• investigate and assess construction sites, conduct lab tests, create designs for structures,
supervise construction, and write and present reports
• work on such projects as designing tunnels, roadways, retaining walls, and earth dams, as
well as helping to create strategies for the clean-up and management of contaminated sites
• they are assigned in the collection of soil samples from the project's intended site, using
bores and test pits.
• determine whether issues like erosion, settlement and slope will pose a safety risk to the
proposed project
 • required to analyse the results of subsurface investigations and field tests with dedicated
software
• required to spend most of their time in the field - and in analysis laboratories. The job
involves lots of travel and plenty of strict deadlines - and work in most weather conditions

SOME SEMINARS ABOUT GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

• Geotechnical Engineering Seminar 2019 – September 23, 2019 at Hotel Cititel, Penang,
Malaysia
• International Conferences (numerical methods, computational mechanics, artificial
ground freezing, wave equation analysis, pressure grouting & etc.)

SOME COMPANIES THAT HIRE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS

• Brown and Greenfield Inc.

• JJ3 Trading group
• Advanced Geotechnical Engineering Services
• AMH Philippines

III. Job Demands and Environment of Geotechnical Engineering

IMPORTANCE OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Geotechnical engineers are responsible for evaluating subsurface and soil conditions and
materials, using the principles of soil and rock mechanics. They are commonly appointed as
consultants on construction projects. Engineers also examine environmental issues such as flood
plains and water tables.

The studies of the geological material properties on a construction site are important to
allow design and construction of stable structures that:

• do not settle,
• deform or crack and
• do not fall down due to foundation failure.
Is it in-demand in the country or internationally?

Geotechnical engineers are in demand. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, civil
engineer employment is projected to grow 11% over the next decade or so, which is higher than
the average job growth rate. All structures require strong foundations, from bridges to buildings to
dams. Therefore, geotechnical engineers are always in demand as long as new construction
projects are being built.

Jobs open for the course

A geo-technical engineer has an important job role in analyzing soil, rock, groundwater,
and other earth materials prior to major construction projects. This analysis can help determine
what materials must be used in the structure’s foundation or overall design, or whether the project
needs additional measures to ensure it is safe.

Thus, there are several job opportunities that a Geotechnical Engineer can get locally, and
even internationally given the fact that there are countless projects requiring the aid of a
Geotechnical Engineer in order to ensure the safety of different infrastructure in different type of
environment.

Geotechnical engineers perform the following functions within the framework of the
following jobs:

Geotechnical or Geological Engineers (General)

- provide analysis and mapping of technical results obtained from seismic surveys, and
investigate subsurface conditions and materials to determine their properties and risks

Geotechnical or Geological Engineer (Oil Sands Projects)

- design open pit walls, mine waste dumps and dam structures used in oil sands mining, and
analyze slope stability, seepage and hydraulic separation on dam structures.

Hydrogeological Engineer

- provide design and analysis of ponds containing discarded oil sands materials, water
extraction from soil and sand, and steam injection into wells; and evaluate underground
 water layers trapped in rocks (aquifers). They also provide advice on environmental
restoration.

Reservoir Geomechanics Engineer (Oil & Gas Operations)

- analyze the strength of soils, drill hole stability, stress constraint, permeability of rock
formations and the degree of trapped hydrocarbons in underground reservoirs

Geomechanics Engineers (Marine Operations)

- analyze the relationship between physical structures and marine geology, anchoring
systems, sediment erosion, slope stability, and foundations for offshore and coastal
structures

Information about International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

FOUNDED: 1936 Cambridge MA USA

The International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) is
an international professional association, presently based in London, representing engineers,
academics and contractors involved in geotechnical engineering. It is a federation of 89 member
societies representing 90 countries around the world, which together give it a total of some 19,000
individual members. There are also 38 corporate associates from industry. The current ISSMGE
President is Professor Charles W.W. Ng of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

ACTIVITIES:

The ISSMGE organizes conferences on subjects including deep foundations, earthquake

engineering and underground construction. Its main events continue to be the quadrennial
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ICSMGE), plus five
quadrennial regional conferences, Young Geotechnical Engineers' Conferences, and specialist
international conferences, symposia and workshops.

In addition to a bimonthly bulletin and various technical committee reports, the society
publishes an official scientific journal in collaboration with Geoengineer.org, the International
Journal of Geo-engineering Case Histories. This is a peer-reviewed online journal that presents
reports of observations and data collected in the practice of geotechnical engineering, earthquake
engineering, environmental geotechnics, and engineering geology.

AIMS:

The aim of the International Society is the promotion of international co-operation amongst
engineers and scientists for the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in the field of
geotechnics, and its engineering and environmental applications. Benefits of membership include:

• possibility to submit papers to many conferences and symposia

• lower conference registration fees
• possibility of membership of one the many technical committees working on specific topics
• access to work of ISSMGE in various fields of activity, including Education,
Communications, Technology Transfer
• opportunities to demonstrate leadership in Technical Committee, conference and other
activities
• opportunities to build lasting world-wide relationships
• a clear demonstration of interest and professionalism in the field of Geotechnics

• Most of the Geotechnical Engineer are from the companies Terracon Consultants, Inc.,
Terracon and Aecom Corporation. Reported salaries are highest at Haley & Aldrich, Inc.
 where the average pay is $87,500. Other companies that offer high salaries for this role
include WSP Global Inc. and Froehling and Robertson Inc., earning around $86,000 and
$77,870, respectively. Terracon Consultants, Inc. pays the lowest at around $63,378.
Stantec Consulting Ltd. and Terracon also pay on the lower end of the scale, paying
$63,875 and $64,547.

•
• Skills in Engineering Design and Project Management are correlated to pay that is above
average. Skills that pay less than market rate include Microsoft Excel, Autodesk AutoCAD
and Construction Site Inspection.
• An entry-level Geotechnical Engineer with less than 1 year experience can expect to earn
an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of $59,545 based
on 153 salaries. An early career Geotechnical Engineer with 1-4 years of experience earns
 an average total compensation of $64,100 based on 584 salaries. A mid-career
Geotechnical Engineer with 5-9 years of experience earns an average total compensation
of $73,967 based on 273 salaries. An experienced Geotechnical Engineer with 10-19 years
of experience earns an average total compensation of $90,254 based on 117 salaries. In
their late career (20 years and higher), employees earn an average total compensation of
$98,760.
• Additional Data:

IV. Projects Involving Geotechnical Engineering

Some projects that involve geotechnical engineering are the following:

Four Seasons Hotel & Legg Mason, Baltimore

MD Geo- Technology Associates, INC.(GTA) consist a group of geotechnical and

environmental consultants which provided geotechnical, environmental assessments and
permitting, geohydrological, and construction phase testing and consultation services for the $580
million, Four Seasons Hotel and Legg Mason Office complex in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor.
The foundation, slurry wall, under-drain system, and mat foundations are constructed for
this high-rise hotel/condominium and office building complex with a 22-story hotel and
condominium tower encompassing 455,000 SF (with capacity of construction to 45 stories), and a
26-story, 600,000-SF office tower located directly adjacent to the harbor waterfront.
Explorations included borings, monitoring wells, seismic Cone Penetrating Soundings, and
packer in-situ permeability tests. GTA performed geotechnical evaluations and analysis and
developed recommendations for the design and construction of mat foundations. They also assisted
the design team in selecting a design that relieves the hydrostatic pressure under the mat that
eliminated the need for costly tie-downs. GTA also prepared a geohydrologic model for the site
and performed analysis using “ModFlow” to assess the seepage into the excavations and under the
foundations after construction. GTA designed and prepared plans and specifications for an
underdrain system to control and collect groundwater below the mat foundation set about 50 feet
below the groundwater levels. GTA prepared specifications for construction dewatering. GTA
monitoring displacements of adjacent high-rise buildings during deep excavation and construction
of the underground parking garage. GTA monitored settlement and inclination of the buildings
using instrumented survey techniques. Also monitored inclination of the parking structures slurry
walls using inclinometers. GTA performed Phase I and II Environmental Site Assessments during
the design phase of the project. An environmental management plan was prepared to provide
guidance and requirements for monitoring and disposal of contaminated materials. GTA provided
construction phase testing and observation for structural slurry wall, tie-backs, mat foundations,
and underdrain system.
During the construction of slurry wall, chromium-contaminated groundwater was
encountered. GTA provided coordination with regulatory agencies and oversight for permitting,
collection, treatment, and disposal of about 1.5 million gallons of contaminated water and
sediments. GTA provided design, specification, and installation details for an instrumentation
program to assess movement of the slurry wall and surrounding structures and pore pressures
changes outside the slurry wall.
The monitoring also included sampling of groundwater and sediments to assess
contamination. GTA’s services allowed the client to identify and implement cost-effective
solutions for geotechnical, environmental, and groundwater control issues. GTA’s prompt
response/recommendations to troubleshoot and resolve issues during construction allowed the
project to proceed without delays.

Retaining Wall at Box Hill, Harford County

MD GTA designed a modular block retaining wall to support the proposed 140,000 +/-
square foot Wegmans grocery store at the Boulevard at Box Hill as well as its associated pavement
areas and subsurface utilities. In conjunction with our design, GTA performed a geotechnical
exploration within the area of the retaining wall to determine the subsurface conditions within the
zone of influence beneath the wall. The design included both internal and global stability analyses
to assess the long-term stability of the fill and underlying Potomac Clay deposit.
GTA also provided construction observation and testing services during construction of the
wall which required over 40,300 square feet of Keystone Standard 21.5-inch block to achieve its
final dimensions of over 1,340 feet long with a maximum exposed height of over 40 feet. The
drainage pipes at the base of the wall and behind the reinforced fill are interconnected and drain
beneath the wall directly into the public storm drain system. The wall backfill consisted of native
sand and gravel and was reinforced with Mirafi geogrid. The structural components of the wall
took less than two months to construct.
 Wilmington Country Club Water Impoundment Structure, Wilmington

DE GTA provided geotechnical engineering for the 21-million-gallon water impoundment

structure at Wilmington Country Club. Services included subsurface exploration and well
installation, groundwater monitoring, slope stability and seepage analysis, and earthwork
recommendations during design and review of the earthwork and engineering consultation during
construction.

Lancaster Newspaper Parking Structure, Lancaster

PA GTA provided geotechnical services for the construction of a six-level precast concrete
parking structure in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The garage required excavations up to 17 feet in
depth within an urban environment with existing structures on two sides of the proposed garage.
Based on the original design, the proposed foundations could not be economically installed using
conventional shoring systems.
GTA designed a permanent shoring system that would also function as a permanent
pressure relief wall. This allowed the proposed footings to be redesigned and conventional shoring
systems to be economically installed. For the permanent pressure relief wall, GTA designed a
soldier pile wall with shotcrete lagging and a soil nail wall with shotcrete facing. GTA provided
observation and testing during construction, including test nail evaluation. GTA designed the
micropile system to support the proposed garage footings on the underlying limestone bedrock.
Two types of micropiles, consisting of 7-inch and 9 5/8-inch diameter, were designed. GTA
provided observation and testing for the test pile. GTA also designed an underpinning system to
support an adjacent structure. The underpinning design used a pit system that extended to depths
of up to 7 feet.

I-495 Emergency Bridge Repairs, Wilmington

DE GTA provided emergency response and corrective action services including subsurface
exploration and geotechnical engineering services to repair BR1-183 on I-495 over Christina River
in June 2014 through its open-ended contract with Walton Corporation. GTA’s engineers and
scientists worked diligently 24/7 for 12 days in order to obtain the necessary subsurface
exploration for the design team.
Working conditions were tight as contractors worked to remove a soil stockpile thought to
cause the bridge’s foundation to tilt and rotate, subsequently closing the bridge for almost four
months. Given the limited access underneath the bridge, it was imperative that the subsurface
exploration and instrumentation be installed prior to the foundation contractor mobilizing to the
site. Staff engineers performed borehole logging for six Standard Penetration Test borings and
approximately 120 feet of rock coring performed by Walton Corporation.
The elevated pore pressures at the project site made for difficult drilling conditions. GTA
performed 12 Cone Penetrometer Test soundings along with pore pressure dissipation tests, and
GTA also monitored pore pressure through monitoring wells, pressure transducers and vibrating
wire piezometers installed during those days. GTA oversaw the installation of that instrumentation,
as well as two in-place inclinometers with automated readings.
The instrumentation was monitored remotely using a data acquisition system. The
instruments were monitored for approximately 12 months by GTA, who performed data reduction
and provided Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) with a monthly summary. GTA
supplemented consolidation testing performed by DelDOT’s in-house laboratory by performing
unit weights and loss on ignition tests of undisturbed samples, 14 Unconsolidated Undrained Tests
and 14 compression tests on rock.

Zayed National Museum in Abu Dhabi, UAE

The Zayed National Museum will be the centrepiece of the Saadiyat Island Cultural District
and will showcase the history, culture and, more recently, the social and economic transformation
of the Emirates. Architecturally, the aim has been to combine a highly efficient, contemporary
form with elements of traditional Arabic design and hospitality to create a museum that is
sustainable, welcoming and culturally of its place. Celebrating Sheikh Zayed’s legacy and love of
nature, the museum is set within a landscaped garden, based on a timeline of his life.

The Tran Thi Ly bridge in Da Nang, Vietnam

The Nguyễn Văn Trỗi–Trần Thị Lý Bridge is a bridge spanning the Hàn River in the city
of Đà Nẵng, Vietnam. The new bridge replaces two older bridges named after Nguyễn Văn Trỗi
and Trần Thị Lý. Wikipedia Address: 02-09 Duy Tân, Hòa Thuận Đông, Hải Châu, Đà Nẵng
550000, Vietnam Width: 36 m Location: Da Nang Body of water: Hàn River

Manchester Metrolink, in Manchester, United Kingdom

 Manchester Metrolink is England's first modern street-operating light rail system. It
includes seven lines that serve the towns of Bury, Altrincham, Eccles, Ashton-under-Lyne, East
Didsbury, Manchester Airport, and Rochdale, meeting at Manchester city centre. Metrolink
incorporates the features of heavy rail and trams.

First Street Tunnel, in Washington DC, United States

The First Street Tunnel is a two-track, soft-earth tunnel built between 1904 and 1906 by
the Washington Terminal Company to serve as the southern approach to Union Station in
Washington, D.C. Wikipedia Tunnel clearance: 17 ft (5.18 m) Owner: Amtrak Opened: 1906 No.
of tracks: 2 single-track tubes Track gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge Constructed:
1904-1906 Length: 4,033 ft (1,229 m).

City Line in Stockholm, Sweden

 The Stockholm City Line is a commuter railway tunnel beneath central Stockholm in
Sweden which is used by the Stockholm Commuter Rail. The line is 7.4 kilometres long, double
track and electrified. Wikipedia Location: Stockholm, Sweden Line length: 7.4 km (4.6 mi)
Stations: 3 Rolling stock: X60/X60B System: Stockholm commuter rail Operating speed: 90 km/h
(56 mph) Owner: Swedish Transport Administration.

Gotthard Base Tunnel

At 57 kilometres, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) is the longest railway tunnel in the
world and represents the centrepiece of the New Rail Link through the Alps (NRLA). It embodies
Swiss values such as innovation, precision and reliability. The Gotthard Base Tunnel provides a
quicker, more reliable link between north and south for both people and goods. SBB is proud to
be operating the longest railway tunnel in the world.
Faster, more frequent and more convenient services as well as new and modernised rolling
stock will considerably increase the transport quality on the north-south axis. Customers will also
benefit from more seats. The improvements will take effect gradually from the end of 2016 and
provide their full benefit from the end of 2020. At the same time, SBB will actively market the
Gotthard region and the mountain route. In total, SBB expects demand for passenger services to
almost double by 2025, with passenger numbers increasing from the current figure of 9,000 people
to approximately 15,000 people per day. More new trains will be provided in order to meet this
increase in passenger demand.

Águas Livres Aqueduct

 The Águas Livres Aqueduct, is a baroque architectural infrastructure commissioned by
King Dom João V, which was built between 1731 and 1799,. It is a hydraulic structure that
stretches over 36 miles, built of cut stone quarried in the Lisbon area, together with limestone
masonry.
It was the last great classical aqueduct to be built all over the world, constituting a system
for the capture and transport of water, which passes through five separate municipalities in
Portugal: Amadora, Lisboa, Odivelas, Oeiras and Sintra. It begins in a rural area, in the
municipality of Sintra, where it cohabits with cultivated fields and pine groves, and, throughout its
length, it crosses urban areas, surrounded by buildings and public roads. In the municipality of
Amadora, it runs parallel to the railway line from Sintra to Lisbon.
AGES is ably managed by the conjugal partnership of Richard C. Tan and Janet Y. Veloso.
The former is a first placer in the May 1980 Civil Engineering Board Examination and a consistent
University Scholar during his post-graduate studies at the University of the Philippines. He has 30
solid years of experience as a practicing geotechnical and pile testing engineer, and had likewise
spent the last twenty-five years either as the company’s project manager or geotechnical consultant
for important geotechnical works, and in conducting pile testing services. He has been likewise
involved, directly or indirectly, with the Department of Public Works and HIghways (DPWH) as
a geotechnical consultant in its various projects. These are some of their newly proposed projects.
 British Embassy-Manila located at Mckinley Hill Village, Taguig
Client: Mace Limited, LONDON
Scope of Work: Foundation investigation

Sakamoto Plant Expansion Project located at Bauan, Batangas

Client: BAUER FOUNDATION PHILIPPINES, INC.
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing
 Iloilo Airport
Client: Trevi FOUNDATIONS PHILIPPINES INC.
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing, Static Testing, Ultrasonic Cross-hole Logging Test

Hanjin Philippines Subic Shop Facility located at Subic Bay Freeport Zone, SBMA
Client: LC BUILDERS & DEVELOPMENT, INC.
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing, Static Load Testing

Panay Powerplant Project located at Brgy. Ingore, Lapaz, Iloilo City

Client: PANAY POWERPLANT CORPORATION
Scope of Work: High Strain Dynamic Testing

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ZipRecruiter Inc. (2018). Retrieved September 04, 2020 from

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2020 from https://www.careerexplorer.com/careers/geotechnical-engineer/
Fatherree, Ben H. (2006). The History of Geotechnical Engineering at the Waterways Experiment
Station 1932–2000. Vicksburg, Mississippi: US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and
Development Center.

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:~:text=Geotechnical%20engineers%20research%20and%20study,and%20write%20and%20pres
ent%20reports

https://www.newcivilengineercareers.com/news/geotechnical-engineers-roles-and-
responsibilities
Water Resources Engineering
Current Fields/Careers of
Civil Engineering
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture, and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Batangas City
CE 401 – Civil Engineering Orientation

I. INTRODUCTION

A. History

Local

During the Spanish colonization in the Philippines, civil engineering was not by virtue of
academic title. There were no schools for civil engineering and the only engineers with academic
degrees were Spaniards. Indio builders were called Maestro de Obras (Master Builders). It is
equivalent as of today to construction foreman.

The first artesian wells were built in Betis, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes. The water
system in Manila (now Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System) had its beginning from
the water works constructed by Fr. Juan Peguero in 1686. The first irrigation system was built in
Tanay, Rizal by Fr. Jose Delgado. Cavite Friar Land Irrigation System is one of the oldest irrigation
systems in the country.

The public supply of fresh water to the city dates from the early 18th century. Before this,
Manila had to be content with a fresh water supply based on cisterns. They did not get running
water until 1878, when the municipal waterworks was established by Governor Domingo
Moriones, through the funding of Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo. In 1882, the first public water
fountain gushed forth its waters, and Manila was successfully provided with fresh water supply.

In 1909, during the American colonial era, Wawa Dam (Montalban Dam) was built over
the Marikina River in Rodriguez, Rizal. It was constructed to provide the water needs for Metro
Manila. It used to be the only source of water in Manila until Angat Dam was built; Wawa was
later abandoned. Furthermore, the first national irrigation systems (NIS) was the San Miguel River
Irrigation System in Tarlac, inaugurated in 1913. Meanwhile, the earliest records of communal
irrigations systems (CIS) was on 1914, mostly located in the Ilocos area and known as the zanjera.

Caliraya Dam was constructed in 1939 during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines.
It was an embankment dam located in Lumban, Laguna. Lake Caliraya initially supplied one of
the oldest hydroelectric plants in the country, and later became a popular recreational area for
water sports and fishing.

In the 1960's, the Philippines became one of the top countries in the world that produces
engineers. Numerous waterworks like construction of dams, improvement of water supply and
irrigation systems were accomplished since then. At present, civil engineers with specialization in
water resources engineering continue to share their expertise and contribute in developing and
improving the water resources management in the country.

International

In Water Resources Engineering, the analysis and synthesis of various water problems was
not limited through the use of different analytical tools in hydrologic engineering as well as
hydraulic engineering but it also focused on the aspects of design and management.

Over the past 9000 to 10,000 years , water resource engineering has progressed as humans
have developed the skills and techniques required to construct hydraulic systems to store and
transport water. Early examples include irrigation networks developed by the Egyptians and
Mesopotaminas, and the Hobokam in North America. The oldest large dam in the world was the
Sadd-el Kafara Dam constructed in Egypt between 2950 and 2690 B.C. The oldest known
distribution of pressurized water (about 2000 B.C.), was in the ancient town of Knossos on Crete.

-Ancient Asia

Asians have already utilized a water supply and sewer system during the Bronze and early
Iron Ages. The Mesopotamians introduced the clay sewer pipes in wells around 4000 BCE, with
the earliest examples found in the Temple of Bel at Nippur and at Eshnunna. It was utilized to
remove wastewater from sites and capture rainwater. The first sanitation systems were built in
prehistoric Iran. The Pyramid of Sahure in ancient Egypt was discovered to have a network of
copper drainage pipes.

The Indus Valley Civilization showed early evidence of public water supply and sanitation.
In the city of Lothal, houses had their own private toilet which was connected to a covered sewer
network made of bricks. The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-
daro and Rakhigarhi. Devices like shadoofs were used to lift water to ground level. Stepwells have
been mainly used in the Indian subcontinent.

The Minoan civilization in ancient Greece used underground clay pipes for sanitation and
water supply. Knossos, its capital, has a well-organized system for bringing clean water, removing
wastewater, and preventing storm sewage canals to overflow. In ancient Rome, public latrines
(toilets) were built over the Cloaca Maxima. They also had indoor plumbing – a system of
aqueducts and pipes connecting homes, public wells and fountains to water sources.

-Medieval Europe

Open drains, or gutters, for waste water run-off, known as kennels, ran along the center of
some streets in London. In Paris, they were called “split streets”, as the wastewater running along
the middle physically splits the streets. In 1370, Hugues Aubird designed the first closed sewer
Paris, measuring 300 meters long; and was constructed on Rue Montmartre (Montmartre Street).
The original purpose of designing and constructing a closed sewer in Paris was more on holding
back the stench coming from the odorous waste water rather than for waste management.

-Islamic Countries

Cities of the medieval Islamic world had water supply systems powered by hydraulic
technology that supplied drinking water along with much greater quantities of water for ritual
washing, mainly in mosques and hammams (baths). They also had sophisticated waste disposal
and sewage systems with interconnected networks of sewers. Al-Karaji, a 10th century Persian
mathematician and engineer, wrote a book entitled “The Extraction of Hidden Waters”, which
presented ground-breaking ideas and descriptions of hydrological and hydrogeological perceptions
such as components of the hydrological cycle, groundwater quality, and driving factors of
groundwater flow. He also gave an early description of a water filtration process.
-The Maya

The Maya civilization was one of the most dominant indigenous groups of Mesoamerica.
They had one of the most sophisticated and complex civilizations in the Western Hemisphere.
Unlike other indigenous populations, they are centered in one geographical block covering the
entire Yucatan Peninsula and modern-day Guatemala; Belize and parts of Mexico, and the western
part of Honduras and El Salvador. The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph, writing,
calendar-making, astronomy, etc.

As America’s first civil engineers, the Maya developed unique water resource technologies
that successfully supported a dense population of 1800 to 2600 people per square mile (O’kon,
2007). The region of Puuc (Pook) in Yucatan Peninsula has no water sources – no streams, lakes,
rivers, or springs – so the Maya developed a way to sustain large populations in this environment.
They become excellent in managing rainwater using massive systems of cisterns called chultuns
to collect and store rainwater.

A chultun is a bottle-shaped cavity, excavated by the ancient Maya into the soft limestone
bedrock typical of the Maya area in the Yucatan peninsula (Maestri, 2019). Archaeologists and
historians report that chultuns were used for storage purposes, for rainwater or other things, and
after abandonment for trash and sometimes even burials. The word chultun probably came from
two Yucatec Mayan words chulub and tun, which mean rainwater and stone. However,
archaeologist Dennis E. Puleston suggested that the term is from tsul (clean) and tun (stone). In
modern Maya language, the term refers to a hole in the ground that is wet or holds water.

This unique engineering accomplishment was one of the technical advancements achieved
by the Maya during their 2000-year history. It enhanced the inconstant natural water supply. They
developed technologies, and sciences that were not "discovered" by the Europeans until the
nineteenth century. The Maya also built canals and dams, wells, and reservoirs, and terraces and
raised fields to control and conserve water.

-U.S Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation

The Army Corps of Engineers was created in 1802 with a purpose to improve navigation
on existing waterways and to explore western water routes for an expanding nation. In 1824, an
act of Congress established the Corps as the nation’s preeminent water resources manager. Water
resources planning was later added to their responsibilities. The Mississippi River Commission
was established in 1879, and the Corps was assigned in charge of planning for an entire river.

In 1902, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was created to deal with the physical and
hydrological conditions peculiar to the western United States. They worked on reclamation of
desert lands for agricultural and municipal uses. Unlike the Corps, the Bureau of Reclamation only
covers sixteen westernmost states. Despite the limitations, the Bureau developed into a powerful
planner and manager of water resources during the 20th century.

Throughout the 20th century, the U.S Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of
Reclamation led the United States in the conservation and development of their water resources.
As the 21st century opened, the Bureau of Reclamation no longer considered itself a construction
agency, but instead a management and planning organization that employs watershed management
and river basin planning to assist states and the private sector in meeting all water needs of an arid
but highly populated West. Meanwhile, the Corps continues to be a construction and engineering
agency, but is also pursuing a number of more environmentally sensitive programs such as wetland
protection, mitigation banking, floodplain management, and watershed planning.
B. What is Water Resources Engineering?

Information about Water

About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water, and the oceans hold about 96.5
percent of it. With that being said, the planet’s water is mostly salt water with just 3 percent fresh
water. The greater part of the freshwater is frozen in glaciers and the polar ice caps, the rest can be
found as ground water. Though fresh water is deemed to be available as a renewable resource, the
supply of pure fresh water is slowly decreasing. The increasing rate of population in the world
exceeds the rate of increase of water supply and this results in the shortage of water in many parts
of the world. It is reported that during the twentieth century, more than half of all the global
wetlands were lost. Water is really essential to human’s daily living and it is also used for
agriculture, industry, domestic purposes and environmental events.

Definition of Water Resources Engineering

Water resources engineering is a profession that deals with the provision of water for the
use of humans and the different development techniques for the prevention from floods. Water
resources engineering also includes planning and management of facilities such as canals for
irrigations, sewers for drainage to avoid waterlogging and all other to control the usage and
preservation of water.

Sokanu (n.d.) stated that water engineers have many responsibilities, be it technical and
non-technical. Significantly, the profession makes it sure that citizens are provided with a
continuous supply of clean, uncontaminated water for drinking, living, and recreational purposes.
Not only they design water management systems, but often oversee the construction and
maintenance of these systems as well, including the demonstration of knowledge in the water
industry and environmental issues. Moreover, they are also acquainted to be in charge of creating
and developing equipment and systems that are applicable for water resource management for
water treatment facilities, underground wells, and natural springs. These systems must be capable
of giving the citizens a safe, clean, unpolluted, and continuous reserve of water which is good for
drinking, living, and recreational purposes. In fact, the increasing population and continuous
demand for more water stimulates this fast-growing industry (Environmental Science, 2020).
II. BODY

A. Branches of Water Resources Engineering or they are also known as:

a. Water and Waste Engineer

b. Water and Sewer Engineer
c. Wastewater Engineer

a. Water and Waste Engineer

In contrast to other water resources engineers, the responsibilities of Water and Waste
Engineers are shifted towards more on the following:

1) Designing or overseeing projects involving provision of potable water, disposal of

wastewater and sewage, or prevention of flood-related damage;
2) preparing environmental documentation for water resources, regulatory program
compliance, data management and analysis, and field work;
3) and performing hydraulic modeling and pipeline design.

They also provide technical direction or supervision to junior engineers, engineering or

computer-aided design (CAD) technicians, or other technical personnel.

b. Water and Sewer Engineer

Water and Sewer Engineer's works are associated with paving and grading drainage design
in project types ranging from large-scale to small work; creating master plan scale, smaller
neighborhoods and site-specific, small scale, and detailed designs. Their expertise also
encompasses all phases of project development, including conceptual planning, stormwater
modeling, detailed design and analysis, utility coordination, government agency permitting, and
project construction. An example of their specific work is designing utility drainage projects,
which require building 3-D surface models to delineate drainage basins; extracting data on surface
area and volumes; then extracting those results into pipe flow diagrams; and finally importing this
information into stormwater models (CMA, 2014).
c. Wastewater Engineer

Lastly, wastewater engineers are responsible for performing activities that can effectively
manage or safely transport water that is no longer usable. This includes wastewater treatment and
detecting the degree to which water is polluted through technologies such as remote sensing. Also,
the profession may provide insight to businesses or government entities on how to better clean or
channel wastewater away from sources like rivers and estuaries so they don’t become
contaminated (UCR, n.d.).

B. Importance of Water Resources Engineering

Resources, by their very nature, are finite. There are only a small handful that are naturally
renewable – such as wind, solar, hydro and biomass. While water may be renewable in terms of
the many different ways it can be used and reused, it’s not as abundant as it once was, which many
earth scientists and climatologists point to as a function of climate change. The Bureau of
Reclamation provides some perspective as to just how limited this resource is in terms of usability,
despite its vastness. If the world’s water supply were roughly 26 gallons, the amount of freshwater
available for safe usage would be the equivalent to 0.003 liters. That’s equal to roughly a half-
teaspoon. This means that allocation of water resources is very imperative and that there should
be someone managing these resources. This is where water resources engineers do their jobs.

Significantly, water resource engineers, as mentioned above may be charged to develop

new systems or processes for private or government entities that can preserve freshwater sources
and find new ones. This may require the assistance of civil engineers in designing water
purification methods through desalination or creating new equipment for contaminant transport
when water is used for irrigation purposes. In addition, understanding what works and what doesn’t
when it comes to water resource management is often a combined effort and may involve a number
of different analyses, including hydrologic, which is the study of the water cycle and directions in
which it flows, which may be influenced by weather and other environmental forces.

In addition, they do develop new equipment and systems for water resource management
facilities. Water resource systems are something we rely on a day to day basis of our life. Some
systems that they have done are those dams that stored water, where they can be released for
irrigation and drinking purposes during drought conditions. And during floods, water which is in
the thousand million cube amount can be diverted from low lying areas can reduce the effect of
damage.

C. Works and Responsibilities of Water Resources Engineers

• Designing sewer improvement plans or flood defence programmes, and associated

structures, such as pumping stations, pipework and earthworks
• Keeping up to date with environmental matters; being aware of policy and developments
• Supervising the operation and maintenance of water and sewage infrastructure
• Using computer simulations to analyze, for example, potential dam failure
• Advising on best management of water in its natural state
• Developing of conceptual and numerical models of the hydrological cycle
• Designing and developmenting of plans using standard methodologies
• Devising flood defence strategies
• Monitoring flood levels at times of high risk
• Development of conceptual and numerical models of the hydrological cycle
• Design and development of plans using industry standard methodologies
• Assessment of uncertainty and risks including extreme events e.g. floods and droughts
• Root cause analysis and problem solving

Some Local Projects by Water Resources Engineers

The Pampanga Delta Development Project (Pampanga, Philippines) by TCGI Engineers

 Small Water Impounding Management (Nationwide, Philippines) by TCGI Engineers

Agno River Basin Flood Control Study (West Part of Central Luzon) by TCGI Engineers

Some International Water Resources Engineering Project

Hoover Dam (USA)

 Water Pipeline Installation (India)

D. Key Skills

• Excellent analytical skills

• Team-working skills
• Root cause analysis and problem-solving skills
• Good time management
• Communication skills
• Technical and commercial reporting skills
• AUTOCAD skills
• IT skills

Like other engineers, water resource engineers have distinct personalities too. They tend
to be investigative individuals - they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. In addition, they
are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also realistic, meaning
they’re independent, stable, persistent, genuine, practical, and thrifty.

E. Education Requirements

The Environmental Science Org. (n.d.) stated that Water Resource Engineers are expected
to obtain at least a Bachelor's degree. Meanwhile, some companies also demand that one attend an
ABET-accredited program to help with the licensure process, a requirement for all engineers. The
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc., or known as ABET is a non-
governmental organization that endorses post-secondary education programs in fields of applied
and natural science, computing, engineering and engineering technology. Obtaining an
engineering license usually includes passing the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam. This field
also requires becoming an intern or Engineer-in-Training for a required amount of time. However,
requirements for obtaining a license in this field may vary from state to state. Most Water
Resources Engineers pursue Masters Degrees. In reality, one out of five Civil Engineers pursue
higher education not only to increase chances of being hired but to increase the possibility of
landing a higher-paying position.

F. Employment and Salary Information

Local

Water Resource Engineers are organized, possessing problem solving skills, and paying
close attention to detail to identify possible water resources issues. With these skill sets, these
engineers have an annual salary ranging from Php 306,000 to Php 560,000. These salaries vary
based on the position and the organization or company of the water resources engineer.

On the other hand, Indeed (2020) stated that the average salary for a Water Resources
Engineer is Php 13,146 per month in the Philippines. Salary was estimated based on 11 salaries
submitted anonymously to Indeed by Water Resources Engineer employees, users, and collected
from past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months.

International

As in most other fields, the overall pay of water engineers is primarily a result of how often
expertise they have and their educational degree. Many water management engineering positions
include a bachelor's degree, at a bare minimum. The more experience you have, such as a Master
of Environmental Engineering degree, the more you expect to gain. According to the latest
estimates accessible from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, environmental engineering professionals
usually earn around $87,600 which was the average in 2018. The top 10%, though, gained nearly
$137,100 and were typically federally employed.

G. Working Environment

Typical water engineers workers privately owned water firms, regulatory bodies, the
conservation body, public health departments of local authorities, private consultants or
contractors and charities.

Water engineers devote much of their time in an office looking over details and developing new
management schemes for water resources. Parts of their day may however be spent on construction
sites, overseeing the construction of their projects. When supervising repairs on specialized
machinery they can often go to more manufacturing settings. Many full-time jobs, often putting in
more than 40 hours a week to adequately supervise projects, and ensure that it runs smoothly.

H. Some Water Resources Engineering Agency and Organizations

Water Resource Engineers and those who wish to become Water Resource Engineers can
look to the following government sites for guidance:

Water Laws & Regulations From the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The EPA is a U.S. government agency that regulates environmental law to protect the
country's natural resources and public health. Water Resource Engineers must be familiar with the
country's laws and regulations surrounding water in order to build safe, legal systems that can
benefit the public.

Water Resource Engineers can also browse through these organizations and websites for
valuable resources:

American Academy of Water Resource Engineers (AAWRE).

This is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the education and knowledge of

ethical practices to Water Resource Engineers. Significantly, they provide a Diplomate, Water
Resource Engineer (D.WRE) certification that helps Water Resource Engineers gain specialized
knowledge in the industry and increase hire ability.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

ASCE, a professional organization for civil engineers, provides education and career
opportunities, conferences around the country, as well as links to professional publications and
other information resources. This can be a valuable resource to civil engineers, including Water
Resource Engineers.

National Water Resource Board.

The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) is a government agency coordinating and
regulating all water resources management development activities. They are tasked to formulate
and develop policies regarding water utilization and appropriation, the control and supervision of
water utilities and franchises, and the regulation and rationalization of water rates. Its main
objective is to achieve a scientific and orderly development of all water resources of the Philippines
consistent with the principles of optimum utilization, conservation and protection to meet present
and future needs.

REFERENCES/SOURCES

About Civil Organization (n.d.). Water resources and irrigation engineering lectures & notes for
civil engineers. Retrieved September 4, 2020 from https://www.aboutcivil.org/irrigation-
engineering-water-resources-lectures.html

Bright Hub Engineering (July 20, 2009). What is Water Resources Engineering? Surface Water.
Retrieved September 4, 2020 from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-
civil-engineering/42737-basics-of-water-resources-engineering/

Career Explorer (November 14, 2019). What does a water engineer do? Retrieved September
4, 2020 from https://www.careerexplorer.com/careers/water-engineer/

CAREERwise (July 27, 2011). Water Resources Engineer | CAREERwise Education. Retrieved
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EnvironmentalScience.org (n.d.). What is a Water Resource Engineer? Retrieved September 4,

2020 from https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/water-resource-engineer

Freeman, MacGillivray (Febuary 10, 2017). Dream Big - Quenching a thirsty World: Water
Engineering. Retrieved September 4, 2020 from

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YGZOK6H7OZ4

Mays, L. (2010). Water Resources Engineering Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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Transportation Engineering
Current Field/Career of
Civil Engineering
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture, and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Batangas City
CE 401 – Civil Engineering Orientation
WRITTEN REPORT

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Learning Objectives
The students should be able to:
1. Develop an understanding of transportation engineering as a field/career of civil
engineering,
2. Recognize the different transportation engineering specialties and the duties associated
with it, and
3. Identify and grasp the responsibilities and necessary skills of an engineer in the field of
transportation.

Introduction
Mobility has always been crucial to human society. In today’s world, the need for efficient
and safe transportation has increased so much that the transportation facilities of a state are
considered a mark of its progress, leading to a direct correlation between the two. Transportation
has consistently played an essential role in the advancement of society as it aids in a country’s
development by facilitating trade between regions, reducing travel time cost, and improving
accessibility, initially with regard to trade routes and harbors, but more recently with respect to
land- and air-based frameworks too.
Consequently, a branch of civil engineering, specifically transportation engineering, is the
one accountable with the design, operation, planning and management of transportation
infrastructure, mobility service, traffic, and travellers for various travel modes with the application
of technology and scientific principles (Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, 2020).
Thus, it is the transportation engineer’s responsibility to plan, design, build, operate and maintain
the systems of transport, in such a way as to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical, and environmentally sustainable movement of people and goods. They
quantify and optimise our mobility infrastructure networks to meet travel and freight demands,
while ensuring safety, equity and sustainability, at minimal levels of congestion and cost.
Respectively, according to Partha Chakroborty and Animesh Das in their book “Principles
of Transportation Engineering” in 2017, the following are the important disciplines in the field of
transportation engineering.
• Traffic Engineering
This area of transportation engineering manages the analysis, design, and operation
of transportation facilities utilized by vehicles of different transportation modes. Such an
examination assumes utmost significance in the case of roadways as the number of vehicles
using the transportation facilities are the highest as well as the most varied in terms of their
type, origins and destinations, purposes, etc. The USA based Institute of Transportation
Engineers, ITE, characterizes traffic engineering as “that phase of transportation
engineering which deals with planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads,
streets and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationship with other
modes of transportation.”
• Pavement Engineering
This area of transportation engineering deals with the structural analysis and design
of the way used by different transportation modes. Specifically, pavement engineering is
concerned with (i) the analysis, structural design, construction, and maintenance
of roadway pavements, runways, taxiways, and rail tracks and their drainage and other
associated structures, and (ii) the materials used in the construction of all such structures.
• Public Transportation
The area of public transportation is concerned with the analysis, design, and
operation of public transportation systems. A public transportation is a transportation
system that operates to move the general public from one point to another. The design of a
public transportation system includes the design of routes (including stop locations), design
of schedules, determination of fare structures, and crew scheduling.

• Transport Planning
 Transport planning deals with planning transportation facilities that will be able to
meet the present and future needs in a sustainable manner. This field focuses on issues like
estimation of future demands, needs and problems; generation of alternative transportation
solutions; studying the financial, economic, and technological implications of these
alternatives; and analyzing their impact on the environment, land-use and demographic
trends of an area. Transport planners are also entrusted with the task of choosing the right
alternative and preparing a plan for its implementation.
• Transport Economics
This area studies the various economic costs and benefits of building and operating
different transportation facilities. The area focuses on (i) identifying the economic costs
and benefits and their incident sectors, (ii) studying the numerous techniques available and
formulating new techniques to estimate these costs and benefits, (ii) analyzing the
financing and cost recovery aspects of transportation projects, and (iv) suggest economic
ways of solving certain transportation problems.
Additionally, the other important disciplines as described by the National Programme on
Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) are enumerated below.
• Geometric design
It deals with physical proportioning of other transportation facilities, in contrast
with the structural design of the facilities. The topics include the cross-sectional features,
horizontal alignment, vertical alignment and intersections.
• Environmental impact assessment
The environmental impact assessment attempts in quantifying the environmental
impacts and tries to evolve strategies for the mitigation and reduction of the impact due to
both construction and operation. The primary impacts are fuel consumption, air pollution,
and noise pollution.
• Accident analysis and reduction
One of the silent killers of humanity is transportation. This discipline of
transportation looks at the causes of accidents, from the perspective of humans, roads, and
vehicles and formulates plans for the reduction.

• Intelligent transport system

 With the conception of smart city transmuting cities into digital societies, making
the life of its citizens easy in every facet, the Intelligent Transport System becomes an
indispensable component among all. Intelligent transportation system offers better
mobility, efficiency, and safety with the help of state-of-the-art-technology.
Accordingly, along with the mentioned disciplines are the basic elements to be considered
in transportation engineering identified by Chakroborty and Das which are briefly described in the
following:
• Driver
Every mode of transportation has a driver who controls the vehicle used in the mode
of transportation. This element assumes maximum importance in the roadways where a
tremendously large number of drivers interact with each other and the facilities wherein
safety should always be considered.
• Vehicle
The vehicles which are used in transportation have certain characteristics (e.g.
turning radius, braking distance, accelerating capabilities, etc.) which influence the design
and operation of the transportation facility.
• Way
Every mode of transportation uses a specified path that is either constructed or
charted. For example, in the case of roadways and railways, the way (road or rail track) has
to be laid out and constructed while in the case of waterways and airways, the ways used
are only charted paths on water bodies or in the atmosphere.
• Control
In order to ensure safety and efficiency of operation, there are system level controls
imposed on the movement of the vehicles. These controls should be static (in the form of
rules or road signs like “No U Turn” or “One-Way”) or dynamic (in the form of rail or road
signals, or instructions from air traffic controllers, etc.).
• Terminal
This is a location where the vehicles of a mode stop for various reasons including
(i) boarding (loading) and alighting (unloading) of passengers (or goods), (ii) resting when
not in use, (iii) refuelling, (iv) maintenance, etc.
• User
 Obviously, any transportation system runs to provide service to its users. The users
are (i) the public at large for transportation modes that cater to passenger transport or (ii)
organizations for transportation modes that cater to goods transport. The transportation
system must be sensitive to the needs of its users.

Transportation Engineering Specialties

Transportation engineering includes different specialties as there are various transportation
systems being used today such as roadways, railways, waterways, and airways.
Highway Engineering
The history of highway engineering gives an idea about the roads of ancient times. The first
mode of transport was by foot followed by the use of animals for transporting both men and
materials. These have led to the development of foot-paths. The earliest large-scale road
construction is attributed to Romans who constructed an extensive system of roads radiating in
many directions from Rome. They mixed lime and volcanic pozzolana to make mortar and they
added gravel to this mortar to make concrete. Thus, concrete was a major Roman road making
innovation.
The next major development in the road construction occurred during the regime of
Napoleon. The significant contributions were given by Tresaguet in 1764. than the lavish and
locally unsuccessful revival of Roman practice. This created major drainage problems which were
counteracted by making the surface as impervious as possible, cambering the surface and
providing deep side ditches. The British engineer John Macadam introduced what can be
considered as the 1st scientific road construction method. The modern roads by and large follow
Macadam's construction method. Use of bituminous concrete and cement concrete are the most
important developments. Development of new equipment helps in the faster construction of roads.
With the advancement of better roads and efficient control, more and more investments were
made in the road sector especially after the World wars. It is Highway Engineering which is
responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of Highway Roads and Systems, urban
streets as well as parking facilities. Its important aspects include overall planning of routes,
financing, environmental impact evaluation, and value engineering to compare alternatives.
Consequently, traffic engineering is employed which involves planning for the volumes of traffic
to be handled, the methods to accommodate these flows, the lighting and signing of highways, and
general layout. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and tolling while newer
technologies involve intelligent transportation systems, including advanced traveller information
systems (such as variable message signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters),
and vehicle infrastructure integration. Similarly, pavement and roadway engineering is applied
which involves setting of alignments, planning the cuts and fills to construct the roadway,
designing the base course and pavement, and selecting the drainage system. (Transportation
Engineering, 2020). Engineers in this specialization:
• handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, and other
vehicular facilities as well as their related pedestrian realms,
• estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for the project,
• analyze locations of high traffic volumes and high collisions for safety and capacity,
• use civil engineering principles to improve the transportation system, and
• utilizes the three design controls which are the drivers, the vehicles, and the roadways
themselves.
Interestingly, Highway Engineering has expanded to include a new area of focus for this
discipline on the implementation and use of intelligent transport systems that will eventually
revolutionize the way humans travel day to day.

Bridge Engineering
Bridge Engineering deals with the planning and construction of bridges. Bridge planning,
design, and construction is an important function of civil engineering. The bridge design will be
basically determined by the type of bridge, such as the beam bridge or the suspension bridge.
Bridge foundations have to be carefully selected and constructed since they will bear the bridge
and the vehicle loads. A bridge is a structure built to span and provide passage over a river, chasm,
road, or any other physical hurdle. There are several types of bridges. Here are the five (5) most
abundant and common types:
1. Girder bridges
It is the most common and most basic bridge type. In its simplest form, a log across a creek
is an example of a girder bridge.
a) Box Girder: Takes the shape of a box. This has two webs and two flanges.
b) Pi Girders: Named for their likeness to the mathematical symbol for pi.
 c) I-beam: Very simple to design and build and works very well in most cases. However, if the
bridge contains any curves, the beams become subject to twisting forces or torque.
2. Arch bridges
Arch bridges are the types of bridges which pose a classic architecture and the oldest after
the girder bridges. Unlike simple girder bridges, arches are well suited to the use of stone. Arches
use a curved structure which provides a high resistance to bending forces. Arches can only be used
where the ground or foundation is solid and stable because unlike girder and truss bridges, both
ends of an arch are fixed in the horizontal direction (i.e. no horizontal movement is allowed in the
bearing). Structurally there are four basic arch type bridges:
a) Hinge-less: This uses no hinges and allows no rotation at the foundations.
b) Two-hinged: The two hinged arch uses hinged bearings which allow rotation. This is
perhaps the most commonly used variation for steel arches.
c) Three hinged: This adds an additional hinge at the top or crown of the arch.
d) Tied arches: The tied arch is a variation on the arch which allows construction even if the
ground is not solid enough to deal with the horizontal forces.
3. Cable stayed bridges
A typical cable stayed bridge is a continuous girder with one or more towers erected above
piers in the middle of the span. From these towers, cables stretch down diagonally (usually to both
sides) and support the girder. Though only a few cables are strong enough to support the entire
bridge, their flexibility makes them weak to a force we rarely consider: the wind. These bridges
can be distinguished by the number of spans, number of towers, girder type, number of cables, etc.
Typical towers used are Single, Double, Portal, and A-shaped towers. Some typical varieties are
Mono, Harp, Fan, and Star arrangements.
CABLE STAYED BRIDGES SUSPENSION BRIDGES
Have cables attached to the tower(s), which Called suspenders attached to the bridge and
are then supported by foundations. main cable which is then attached to the tower
Force transmission passes from the deck, to Forces pass from the deck, to the suspenders,
the stay cables, to the bridge towers, and to the main cable, to the bridge towers, and to
lastly, to the foundations the foundation.

4. Rigid frame bridges

 Rigid frame bridges are sometimes also known as Rahmen bridges. The cross sections of the
beams in a rigid frame bridge are usually I shaped or box shaped. Though there are many possible
shapes, the styles used almost exclusively these days are:
a) Pi-shaped frame: Are used frequently as the piers and supports for inner city highways.
b) Batter post frame: Well suited for river and valley crossings. Piers tilted at an angle can
straddle the crossing effectively without construction of foundations.
c) V-shaped frame: V shaped frames make effective use of foundations. Each V-shaped pier
provides two supports to the girder, reducing the number of foundations.
5. Truss bridges
Of all the types of bridges, truss bridges are most common, usually in steel bridges. Trusses
are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span
great distances. Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure, the roadway may pass over or even
through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge
types. Trusses are also classified by the basic design used.
a) Warren truss: Most common truss. Used in spans of between 50-100m.
b) Pratt truss: Identified by its diagonal members which, except for the end ones, all slant down
and in toward the center of the span.
c) Howe truss: Diagonal members face the opposite direction and handle compressive forces.

Railway Engineering
A railway is a permanent track composed of a line of parallel metal rails fixed to sleepers,
for transport of passengers and goods in trains. The railways have the advantage over the roadways
that they can carry a large number of passengers and large and heavy loads to long distances.
Types of Rails
Rails can be divided into three types:
1. Double Headed Rails
2. Bull Headed Rails
3. Flat Footed Rails

What does a Railway Engineer do?

 • An Engineer could be expected to be involved in the design, construction, maintenance and
operation of all trains and rail transport systems (monitoring and controlling the rail
network and the trains). It encompasses a wide range of engineering disciplines, including
civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering,
industrial engineering and production engineering. Railway engineers possess mechanical
design skills and knowledge of propulsion systems that allows them to design train vessels.
• A railway engineer is responsible for providing insight and technical engineering expertise
on railway projects and systems such as traction power, train and traffic signal controls,
fare collection, rail vehicles and more.

Port and Harbor Engineering

Planning and engineering of ports and harbors covers planning of marine terminals and small
craft harbors, ship berthing and maneuvering considerations, port navigation, marine structures,
inland navigation, marine construction planning, sediment management, and port economics. Port
and Harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports and harbors, canals,
and other maritime facilities.
Harbor
Harbor is defined as a parking or storage space along the coastline which consists of a thick
wall, where boats, barges and ships can take shelter from bad weather or are kept for future. There
are different types of the harbour which includes:
a) Natural harbor – a landform where a portion of ocean or sea is protected and is so deep to
allow vessels to take refuge.
b) Artificial harbor – Constructed to perform the functions of a port.
c) Semi-natural harbours – This is protected on sides by headlands protection and requires man-
made protection only at the entrance.
d) Ice-free harbors – For harbors near the North and South Poles
Ports
Ports serve as the transfer hubs for trade which are usually built near natural harbors. These
are land facilities constructed to transfer goods between water and land.
• Docks or berths where vessels moor;
• Equipment and personnel to load and unload vessels;
 • Connections to land transportation (such as highways, railways, and pipelines); and
• Cargo storage areas.
Some common port facilities provided by the most common sorts of ports throughout the
world are as follows:
a) Special Warehouse: For storing the shipment and for maintaining regular stock.
b) Port Reception: It has details of all shipment scheduled and a guide for the port facilities.
c) Other facilities: Hotels, restaurants, restrooms and eateries for the port visitors. If there is
no hospital in the vicinity it becomes obligatory for the port to provide with primary
medical services.
d) Fishing facilities: Fishing ports allow its customer with fishing aids and amenities.
e) Warm water facility: Warm water port provides warm water even in frosting winters.
f) Loading and Unloading Facility: It is the mandatory part of every port to allow loading and
unloading of freight as well as people in a ship.
g) Infrastructure and Equipment’s: A port has piers, basins, stacking or storage areas,
warehouses to store various ferry equipment. Each port is equipped with essential
equipment for e.g. hauling equipment’s, draggers, cranes, trucks, loaders, etc.
h) Workshop: It is the place where one can get spare parts and accessories of a vessel. Also,
the vessels which have gone out of order are repaired and catered in the workshop.
Types of Ports
1. Inland Port – a port on a navigable lake, river (fluvial port), or canal with access to a sea or
ocean, which therefore allows a ship to sail from the ocean to the port to load or unload its
cargo. Important functions of Inland ports are summarized below as:
a) There should be well-established distribution centres for freight distribution
b) It should be made available for ensuring proper storage of hulks and containers
c) There should be well established logistic department to handle all logistics activities
d) There should be a proper warehouse to house spare parts of cargo and other machinery
2. Fishing Port – a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. The only port that depends on
an ocean product and depletion of fish may cause a fishing port to be uneconomical. A fishing
port comprises:
a) Hangers: Special areas employed for the preservation of goods and products.
b) Supply post: Responsible for satiating the fuel and freshwater demand by the ship.
 c) Operation and Administration building: Building in which plans are made for the voyage
and fishing and management for all legal as well as health issues.
d) Premises: Houses the deals in fish that is either purchase of fish or sale of fish.
3. Dry Port – inland terminals that can be interconnected with a seaport via road or rail
transportation facilities, and they usually act as centres of multimodal logistics. A dry port
proves useful in the trade of importing and exporting cargo and can help to lessen the inevitable
congestion at a nearby seaport.
4. Warm – water Port – These are the ports in which the water is maintained at warmer
temperature. The biggest advantage where a warm water port is concerned is that the water does
not freeze during the frosty winters. Therefore, it is free to operate all year round without a
temporary shutdown during the freezing time. The main reasons for which warm water ports
are considered important are as follows:
a) It allows trade throughout the year, because in chilling winter, warm-water port is still
operational and reach the import-export demand of the nation.
b) These ports made inland waterway trading possible in countries like Ethiopia.
c) These are the main reason for the expansion of an empire around the globe.
5. Seaport - most common types of ports around the world which are used for commercial shipping
activities. These ports are built on a sea location and enable the accommodation of both small
and large vessels. Seaports form some of the biggest and busiest ports in the world.
a) Cruise Ports - specializes in dealing with the activities of cruise ships and provide the
platform for the passengers to enter and disembark the cruises.
b) Port of Call - is paid a brief visit by a ship on the voyage, also used for carrying out repair
works. It serves as a stopover port, in between home ports of a particular vessel.
c) Cargo Ports - These are the special ports to handle cargo only. These ports are also known
as “bulk ports”, “break bulk ports” or “container ports”. Cargo like wood, liquid
chemicals or fuel, food grains, automobiles, etc. are handled by Bulk ports whereas
containerized cargo or cargo in containers is handled by the Container ports.

Difference between Port and Harbor

 BASIS FOR PORT HARBOUR
COMPARISON

Meaning An arrangement, where boats and An area next to the shore, where
ships moor and transfer water crafts are anchored for
passengers and cargo, to/from getting safety from stormy
land. weather.

Location A port is located inside a harbor. A harbor cannot be located inside

a port.

Construction Man-made Natural or man-made

Onshore facilities Available May or may not be available

Comparison Chart
The Philippines is another archipelagic nation with a total of 429 ports that make it possible
for locals to move from one island to another comfortably.
What does a Port Engineer do?
Port Engineers are in charge with the maintenance and repair of marine vessels of all kinds,
but usually larger cargo ships. They are the ones who manage the repairs and maintenance
functions of the furnished operating fleet to be able to minimize loss of revenue and cost of repairs.
Port Engineers get to know every vessel in the fleet, including its needs and the time it is required.
These Engineers work together with the crew at land as well as at the sea to coordinate regular
maintenance. When repairs are needed, they often price out the parts and the work to be done to
get the best deal for the company.
Importance of Port and Harbor Engineering
According to Tsinker, G. (1997), port construction has been given very little attention due
to the fact that Marine Structures Engineering is very broad by itself whereas it involves various
array of engineering disciplines such as civil, structural, geotechnical, hydraulic, strength of
materials, corrosion, naval architecture and other knowledge of which is needed to produce a sound
and economical design of a modern port or marine terminal. Port and Harbor Engineering exhibits
geotechnical and structural aspects of port construction which are an essential feature in this field.
This engineering field focuses on the improvement of transportation systems with regards to the
bodies of water while still on the reclamation and conservancy of land.
Airport Engineering
Airport is a facility where passengers connect from ground transportation to air
transportation. The world first airport was built in 1928 at Croydon near London (England). It was
the main airport for London till it was closed down in 1959, after World War II. It is now open as
a visitor centre for aviation.
Airport Engineering involves the design and construction of facilities for the landing, take
off, movement of aircraft on the ground, parking of aeroplanes on loading aprons, maintenance
and repairs of areas, access roads from the city side to airport, and handling of passengers, baggage
and freight. The following are the important terms in relation to airport engineering:
1. Aviation – means flying with the aid of a machine, heavier than air
2. Aircraft – includes glider, aeroplane, helicopter, rocket etc.
3. Aeroplane – a power driven and heavier than air flying machine.
4. Airport – an aerodrome (area used for arrival or departure of an aircraft) which is
principally intended for the use of commercial services.
5. Airfield – part of the airport which includes the area for landing and take-off of aircrafts
6. Landing Area – used for landing and take-off of the aircraft.
7. Runway – a properly prepared and built strip of high-quality road used for landing and
take-off of planes.
8. Terminal Area – provides space for airline operations, office for airport management and
provides facilities like rest room, restaurant. etc. for passengers.
9. Apron – paved area in front of terminal building (between landing area and terminal
building) for parking of the aircraft
What does an Airport Engineer do?
• Airport engineers design and construct airports. They must account for the impacts and
demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the
analysis of predominant wind direction to determine the runway orientation, determine the
size of runway border, and safety areas, various wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates
and must designate the clear zones in the entire port.
• The airport engineer plans, prepares and/or supervises planning studies for improvements,
redevelopment and expansion of the airport, public parking facilities, airport roadway
systems, ground transportation systems, surveillance systems, checks on plans submitted
 by architects and contractors, oversees construction, and handles real estate and zoning
problems.
• Airport engineers analyze survey reports, maps, blueprints and other data. They collect and
test soil samples to determine the strength of soil used for a foundation, and they use
mathematical models to compute various requirements, including load, stress factors and
other structural requirements. Engineers review government standards and ensure that
construction is compliant with building codes, city ordinances and other government
regulations.

Pipeline Engineering
According to Petropedia, a Pipeline Engineer works on the systems that are used to transport
gas and oil products. They are the individuals who are responsible for the development of pipeline
routes, determining technical specifications like the pipe size and placement. They play a very
significant role in planning the location of depots, stations for maintenance, and other installations
of accessories that help in the project. In addition to that, they are also responsible for taking care
of environmental issues and regulatory limitations that affect the pipelines.
When the installation of pipelines commences, a Pipeline Engineer participates in the quality
control process. The engineer is responsible for every single operation from the beginning till the
end of oil supply. A Pipeline Engineer carries out the inspection of installations, perform tests and
also checks the components that are against the given plans and specifications. The engineer is
required to develop creative solutions immediately whenever a problem arises during the
development process even when under pressure to avoid costly delays.
Pipeline engineers are responsible for the design, construction, operation, quality control,
and maintenance of pipelines and pipeline transportation systems. Pipeline engineers can have a
variety of engineering-related backgrounds, including civil engineering, mechanical engineering,
structural engineering, materials engineering and chemical engineering.
What is a Pipeline?
Pipelines are pipes, usually underground, that transport and distribute fluids. When
discussing pipelines in an energy context, the fluids are usually either oil products or natural gas.
If hydrogen fuel gets extensively developed, pipelines will be needed to transport this secondary
fuel. Outside of an energy context, pipelines transport other fluids like water. These lines vary in
diameter depending on their use, and are generally located underground. There are two major types
of pipelines, liquids pipelines and natural gas pipelines. Liquid pipelines transport crude oil or
natural gas in liquid form to refineries where they undergo distillation and other production
processes. Natural gas pipelines are used solely for the transport of natural gas to processing plants
and are used for distribution.
Environmental Concerns
Although they are a necessary part of the use and transportation of assorted petroleum
products, there are environmental concerns with the construction and operation of pipelines that
vary depending on how and where the pipelines are being built. Some of the concerns include:
a) Reduction of air quality as a result of dust production during construction and emissions
due to the combustion of fossil fuels used for construction equipment.
b) Increased noise pollution as a result of construction and pumping stations.
c) Soil erosion and contamination from construction and any leaks.
d) Loss of plant life as a result of construction, surface disturbances, and changes in water
flows.
e) Water resource disturbances in terms of quantity and quality as a result of erosion,
herbicides, and leaks.
Known Pipeline Engineers’ works in the Philippines
Malampaya Gas Field Project
The Malampaya field is located 80km off the Coast of Palawan Island, in the Republic of
the Philippines. This project was developed and is being operated by Shell Philippines Exploration
on behalf of the joint venture partners. Philippine Department of Energy led the development.
FPIC Black Oil Pipeline
An operating crude oil pipeline in the Philippines. The pipeline was temporarily shut down
from November 2010 to June 2011 after FPIC's adjacent white oil pipeline leaked. Its operator is
the First Philippine Industrial Corporation (FPIC) with current capacity of100,000 barrels per day
and length of 65 mi / 105 km.

Necessary Workplace Skills in Transportation Engineering

 According to Zippia, here is the list of the most important skills for a Transportation Engineer
in order to be successful in the workplace.
Roadway Design (9%)
• Perform quantity calculations for roadway design.
• Complete roadway design projects, sidewalk projects, trail projects and signal projects.
• Prepare and check roadway design criteria, calculations, and estimated quantities.
• Engineer in the roadway design group for a medium civil consulting firm.
Drainage Design (5%)
• Design and provide technical assistance in drainage design, resolution of drainage
complaints, hydraulics evaluations and other hydrology matters.
• Perform geometric and drainage design for various sized highway/roadway projects Assist
in overall plan development and writing of bid documents.
Capacity Analysis (4%)
• Conduct manual traffic counts and perform capacity analysis and level of services for
existing, no build and build scenarios.
• Signalize and unsignalize intersections using various engineering software packages.
Traffic Control (4%)
• Provide recommendations for efficient functioning of the traffic control systems.
• Prepare construction drawings for transportation projects, including traffic signal design,
traffic control markings, and roadway improvements.
Cost Estimates (3%)
• Calculate quantity and cost estimates and prepare the backup quantity shapes and
documentation.
• Develop funding approval with project plans and requirements.
Ethernet (3%)
• Coordinate test installation and rearrangement of Ethernet Virtual Circuits with internal
and external customers.
• Engage in sales support for TDM, Wavelength, and Layer 2 Ethernet services.

Other Skills: (72%)

Contract Plans, Sonet, DWDM, Project Management, AutoCAD, Corridor, Cell Sites, DS3, New
Construction

Notable Transportation Infrastructures in the Philippines

Land Transportation
Epifanio De los Santos Avenue (EDSA)
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure:
Highway
• Construction started: 1940
• Maintained by Metro Manila Development
Authority and Department of Public
Works and Highways
The Epifanio De los Santos Avenue (EDSA) is one of the most popular and iconic
highways in the Philippines that serves the National Capital Region and is also a vital highway in
the metropolis.
North Luzon Expressway (NLEX)
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Highway
• Location: Manila
• Construction started: 1940
• Maintained by Metro Manila Development
Authority and Department of Public Works and
Highways
The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) is a 4 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that
connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region.
South Luzon Expressway (SLEX)
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure:
Expressway
• South end: E2 (STAR Tollway) in Santo
Tomas, Batangas
• North end: N140 (Quirino Avenue) in Paco,
Manila
• Construction started: 1969
The expressway is a network of two expressways that connects Metro Manila to the
provinces of the CALABARZON region in the southern part of Luzon.
Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX)
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure:
Expressway
• Construction started: April 5,2005
• Opened: July 25, 2008
• Maintained by the Manila North Tollways
Corporation
The Subic-Tarlac Expressway or SCTEX is the longest expressway in the Philippines. It is
a four-lane highway in the region of Central Luzon that has a total of 94 kms.
Metro Manila Skyway
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure:
Skyway
• Construction started: April 7, 1995
• Opened: October 1999
• Operated by the Skyway Operations and
Maintenance Corporation (SOMCo)
The Metro Manila Skyway is a project
involving elevated highways and the expressway that serves as the main entrance in the south of
Metro Manila, across much of the South Luzon Expressway (SLEX).
San Juanico Bridge
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure:
Bridge
• Construction started: 1969
• Opened: July 2, 1973
• Owned by the Department of Public Works and
Highways
San Juanico Bridge is one of the longest bridges in the Philippines with a length of 2.16 km.
Buntun Bridge
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: Tuguegarao, Cagayan
• Construction started: 1960
• Maintained by Department of Public Works and
Highways
Buntun Bridge has a length of 1.369 that stretches from Tuguegarao City to Solana, Cagayan
and spans over the mighty Cagayan River (the largest river basin in the country).
Marcelo Fernan Bridge
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: Cebu
• Construction started: 1996
• Maintained by Department of Public Works and
Highways
Marcelo Fernan Bridge is an extradosed cable-stayed bridge located at Metro Cebu, which
has a length of 1.237 km.
Philippine National Railways (PNR)
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Railway
• Route: Manila to Bicol Region
• Start of Operations: 1892 (as the Ferrocarril de
Manila-Dagupan)
• Maintained by Department of Transportation
PNR linked key cities within the Philippines efficiently and serve as an instrument in national
socio-economic development. It also aims to improve the rail transportation of the country.
Light Rail Transit System
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure:
Railway
• Location: Metro Manila
• Construction started: 1980
• Maintained by Light Rail Manila Corporation
 Light Rail Transit System or the LRTA system, is a rapid transit system serving the Metro
Manila area which is also the first metro system in Southeast Asia.
Manila Metro Rail Transit System
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure:
Railway
• Location: Metro Manila
• Construction started: 1997
• Maintained by Sumitomo Corporation and
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering
The Manila Metro Rail Transit System or the MRTC system is located along Epifanio de los
Santos Avenue (EDSA), one of Metro Manila's main thoroughfares.
Water Transportation
Pasig River Ferry Service
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: River Ferry
Service
• Location: Pasig City, Manila
• Start of Operations: 2007
• Maintained by Metro Manila Development Authority
The Pasig River Ferry Service is a river ferry service that serves Metro Manila, the only
water-based transportation that cruised the Pasig River.
Port of Manila
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Port
• Location: Tondo, Manila
• Start of Operations: 1901
• Maintained by Bureau of Public Works
Port of Manila is the largest port in the country and
also its gateway to international shipping and trade.
Port of Cebu
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Port
• Location: Cebu
• Start of Operations: November 21, 2014
• Managed by the Cebu Port Authority
This is the largest domestic port in the Phillipines
serving the local population’s movements especially from Mindanao and Visayas but it’s also
serves the international cruise ships and their passengers.
Batangas International Port
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Port
• Location: Batangas City
• Opened: 1956
• Operated by the Philippine Ports Authority
Covering 150 hectares the port is the alternative to the Port of Manila when it comes to
handling large consignments of cargo and containers.
Port of Subic
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Port
• Location: Subic
• Operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan
Authority (SBMA)
It is home to the fourth largest ship building facility globally under the auspices of Hanjin
Heavy Industries and construction.
Port of Cagayan de Oro
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Port
• Location: Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental
• Operated and managed by the Philippine Ports
Authority, PMO Cagayan de Oro
This port recently had a terminal inaugurated as the
biggest port passenger port terminal in the Philippines.
 Air Transportation
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Airport
• Location: Pasay, Manila
• Construction started: 1978
• Maintained by Manila International Airport Authority
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) serves as the premier gateway of the
Philippines which serves the Metro Manila area and its surrounding regions.
Clark International Airport
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Airport
• Location: Clark Freeport Zone
• Opened: June 16, 1996
• Owned by the Department of Transportation, Bases
Conversion and Development Authority
The airport serves Central Luzon, Northern Luzon, and to an extent Metro Manila.
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Airport
• Location: Lapu-Lapu city on Mactan Island
• Construction started: 1956
• Opened: 1960
• Owned by Mactan-Cebu International Airport
Authority
It is considered as the second busiest airport in the Philippines, but since opening a new
terminal building, it has received more accolades than any airport in the capital region.
Iloilo International Airport
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Airport
• Location: Cabatuan, Iloilo
• Construction started: 2004
• Opened: June 14, 2007
• Owned by the Civil Aviation Authority of the
Philippines
 Iloilo International Airport, also known as Iloilo Airport and as Cabatuan Airport, is the
airport serving the province of Iloilo in the Philippines and its capital city, Iloilo City, the regional
center of the Western Visayas region.

Notable Transportation Infrastructures around the World

Land Transportation
Guoliang Tunnel Road
• Type of Transportation
Infrastructure: Roadway
• Location: Taihang Mountain, Henan
Province, China
• Date Started: 1972
• Date Opened: 1977
The Guoliang Tunnel is located in the Taihang Mountains in China's Henan Province, and
was built to connect the isolated village of Guoliang to the rest of the world.
The U.S. Freight Rail Network
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Railway
• Location: United States
The U.S. freight rail network is widely considered the
largest, safest, and most cost-efficient freight system in the
world.
Aizhai Suspension Bridge
• Type of Transport Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: China
• Date of Construction: October 2007 - December
2011
• Date Opened: March 31, 2012
The world's highest bridge, connecting two
tunnels in China, is also one of the world's longest suspension bridges.
The Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: The spans between the cities of Shanghai
and Nanjing
• Date of Construction: 2006-2010
• Date Opened: June 2011
As of June 2011, Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in China held the Guinness World Record
for being the world’s longest bridge. This bridge plays a pivotal role to connect the country’s
prominent industrial hubs.
Bang Na - Chon Buri Expy
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: Thailand
The world's longest road bridge is the 34-mile (55-
km) long Bang Na expressway in Thailand, a six-lane
elevated highway that crosses only a bit of water, the Bang
Pakong River.
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
• Type of Transportation Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: Southern Louisiana
• Date of Construction: January 20, 1955
• Date Opened: August 30, 1956
The world's longest continuous bridge over water is
the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in southern Louisiana.
Port Mann Bridge
• Type of Transport Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: Vancouver, B.C.
• Date of Construction: February 4, 2009 - September
17, 2015
• Date Opened: September 18, 2012
 The widest bridge in the world (until the Bay Bridge's east span recently opened), the
bridge east of Vancouver, B.C., which opened in 2012, remains the second-longest bridge in North
America.
Liuchonghe Bridge
• Type of Transport Infrastructure: Bridge
• Location: China
• Date Opened: 2013
Opened in 2013 with a 1,437-foot span, the
second-highest cable-stayed bridge in the world rises 1,100 feet above the Liuchonghe River.
Water Transportation
Suez Canal
• Type of Transport Infrastructure: Man-made Sea-
Level Waterway
• Location: Mediterranean Sea in Egypt southward
to the city of Suez
• Construction Started: 25 April 1859
• Owner/ Constructed by: Suez Canal Company
The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian
Ocean via the Red Sea.
Air Transportation
Singapore Changi Airport
• Type of Transport Infrastructure: Airport
• Location: Changi, East Region, Singapore
• Construction Started: 9 July 1933
• Opened: 1 July 1981
Singapore Changi Airport is a major civilian airport
that serves Singapore, and is one of the largest
transportation hubs in Asia. It is currently rated the World's Best Airport by Skytrax for the eighth
consecutive year since 2013.
Denver International Airport
• Type of Transport Infrastructure: Airport
• Location: Colorado
• Date Opened: February 28, 1995
Denver International Airport is the largest in the
United States at more than 33,000 acres, twice the size of
Manhattan.
Hamad International Airport
• Type of Transport Infrastructure: Airport
• Location: Qatar
• Date Opened: April 30, 2014
Opened in 2014 and the building spanning
over 5,500 acres, Qatar's new main airport has
everything from a 200-room hotel to a swimming
pool.
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Environmental and Energy
Engineering
Current Field/Career of
Civil Engineering
 CIVIL ENGINEERING: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY

Civil Engineering is a profession which is focused on the built environment specifically on its
creation, protection, and improvement. This discipline deals with the design, construction, and
maintenance of the physically and naturally built environment including public works such as
bridges, dams, canals, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, and structural components of buildings.
Civil engineers play a vital role in changing the world. Not only do civil engineers manage air,
water, and energy sources but they also contribute in protecting the society and environment from
natural catastrophes as well. Their works are more important to our lives than we can ever imagine
because engineering and construction are an integral part of every society. It is their creativity and
wisdom that can inspire the way we'll live tomorrow.
Some of the most common civil engineering specializations include: structural, construction
and management, transportation, geotechnical, water resources, and environmental and energy
engineering.

I. CIVIL ENGINEERING: ENVIRONMENTAL

The environmental engineering specialization focuses on supporting the well-being of

people and the environment in areas where the two intersect. Civil engineering education provides
the foundation of the environmental engineering practices of developing environmental feasible
projects that can enhance people’s quality of life.

Over the decades, environmental engineers have improved countless lives while protecting
the environment. Innovative advancements have been made in sustainability in recent years,
including the use ofj alternative energy sources like solar, wind or water, better insulation to reduce
energy usage, and plumbing fixtures that use less water, among other methods. They basically
work on solutions to issues affecting human existence and that destroy the quality of our soil,
water, air and the nature’s beneficial ecosystems. Environmental engineers use the principle of
engineering together with other disciplines in able to reduce and fully clean up pollution, minimize
the effect of global warming and ozone depletion and professionally handle energy consumption
and emissions, land erosion, water treatment and waste management. Moreover, environmental
engineers provide service to help advance the public health and sustainability supply of food and
drinkable water. They strive to keep everyone healthier and happier by helping us live off the land
more efficiently and less destructively.

A. Current Fields/ Career of Civil Engineer: Environmental Engineering

Civil engineers are generalists. Depending on the position, a civil engineer may plan,
research, oversee, maintain, or construct infrastructure systems and projects. On the other hand,
those who focus on a niche such as environmental engineering follow new and evolving
environmental best practices to help solve environmental problems and challenges. Below are
some of the current fields/careers that awaits the graduates of environmental engineering.

1. Environmental engineer

Environmental engineers are expected to utilize the studied fundamental

principles drawn from physics, chemistry, geology and biology with analytical
methods to develop solutions to environmental problems. Practitioners focus on
developing devices, techniques and solutions to improve recycling, waste disposal,
public health, and water and air pollution control. They also address global issues,
such as unsafe drinking water, climate change, and environmental sustainability.

2. Water Project Manager

There are specific areas that an engineer can pursue in water management
depending on interests which includes stormwater manager, wastewater project
manager and flood risk manager. In addition, a background in civil engineering can
contribute to these roles, as they are focused closely with the design, construction
and maintenance of the systems and buildings that allow cities to function properly.
Completing a specialization of environmental engineering allows access to a
number of courses that speak directly to working in water management, such as
biological treatment processes, advanced water treatment technologies and physical
and chemical separation processes, in addition to more general courses.
3. Senior environmental engineer

Senior environmental engineers are typically equipped with a master’s on

the resume to show the employers that they are able to handle the increased
responsibility that comes with jobs higher up the chain of command. As opposed
to the more entry-level title of environmental engineer, the senior position generally
includes tasks such as leading projects, overseeing and mentoring subordinates,
working closely with management and ensuring that budgets and deadlines are met.
Because of the level of responsibilities, hiring managers tend to expect
approximately 10 years of experience in the field.

4. Environmental health and safety director

Environmental health and safety directors are called the “environmental

stewards of the corporate world” by the National Association for Environmental
Management. In this position, you are responsible for working behind the scenes to
ensure that companies remain in compliance with regulations that protect the
environment and promote new solutions that will encourage sustainable practices
and design.

The NAEM reported that some initiatives that may be found in the job
description include:

● Explaining the business risks of failing to ensure health, safety and

environmental standards.
● Reporting sustainability initiatives to the public.
● Creating and heading a company sustainability program.
● Developing partnerships to promote sustainable practices across the
business.

5. Environmental engineering consultant

An environmental engineering consultant has expertise in issues relating to

the environment, which could include soil, air, water, conservation, or pollution
 among other topics. They usually have a degree in environmental science or a
related field, consulting in order to solve or understand a problem. Environmental
Engineering consultants also use their expertise to improve practices and designs
of companies and organizations to be able to lessen their environmental impact.

6. Green building engineer

As the impact of standard construction practices becomes more apparent,

green buildings are a response that allows companies to continue to create
structures while minimizing harm.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the goal of green

building is to ultimately create more resource-efficient models that protect people
from nature’s extremes, while also shielding the environment from the impact of
those very projects. The organization reported that components of green building
include: water efficiency, toxics reduction, renewable energy, energy efficiency,
indoor air quality, building specifications and materials, sustainable development
and smart growth.

7. Coastal engineer

Involves aspects of civil engineering and focuses on risks and demands

posed by any development along a coastline. A coastal engineer may work for a
public or federal agency or a private organization, and may be responsible for
monitoring the effects of wave activity, any detriment to coastal flora and fauna,
and anything else related to the shore.

8. Geophysical engineer

Examines the methods involved in extracting various resources from the

earth, including minerals, gases, and oil. A geophysical engineer may find
employment with a private oil company or mine, and may help develop safer
hand/or more efficient methods of extraction.
 9. Ecological engineer

Field of work that deals with the construction, design, and monitoring of
various ecosystems. Ecological engineer has a career objective to help the human
population better integrate with its surrounding ecosystems.

B. Job Responsibilities of an Environmental Engineer

● Conducting research, assessing and reporting on the environmental impact of
existing and proposed construction, civil engineering and other activities;
● Inspecting industrial and municipal facilities and programs to evaluate operational
effectiveness and ensure compliance with environmental regulations;
● Designing and overseeing the development of systems, processes and equipment
for control, management, or remediation of water, air, or soil quality;
● Providing environmental engineering assistance in network analysis, regulatory
analysis, and planning or reviewing database development;
● Obtaining, updating, and maintaining plans, permits, and standard operating
procedures;
● Providing engineering and technical support for environmental remediation and
litigation projects, including remediation system design and determination of
regulatory applicability;
● Advising corporations and government agencies of procedures to follow in cleaning
up contaminated sites to protect people and the environment; and
● Collaborating with environmental scientists, planners, hazardous waste technicians,
engineers from other disciplines, and specialists in law and business to address
environmental problems. Prepare, review, and update environmental investigation
reports.
 II. CIVIL ENGINEERING: ENERGY

Engineering has been specifically identified as a profession with opportunities to make

substantial contributions to a clean and energy-efficient future. The civil engineering energy
specialization gives the comprehensive knowledge needed to plan, design, construct and manage
the balance of system components associated with energy infrastructure projects.

Energy engineers work across the full energy lifecycle, including extraction, production,
conversion, transmission and distribution. In addition, they play an integral role in processing
energy from a variety of renewable sources, e.g. solar, wind and geothermal power, nuclear power,
water, oil, gas and biofuels. Civil engineering builds the foundation of the key area for energy
projects, particularly the renewable energy sector which helps reduce energy consumption that
damages the environment. Moreover, they make a significant contribution in making structural
buildings consume less energy and emit less greenhouse gases. Their work includes the
management of space heating, space cooling, ventilation and lighting by plotting possible smart
structural design choices. Civil engineers specialized in energy offer implementation of green
energy consumption solutions to cut down its environmental impact and cost mainly through
research, design, and construction.

A. Current Fields/ Career of Civil Engineer: Energy Engineering

1. Power engineer

Often analyzed along with the three components of generation,

transmission, and distribution. Power engineers work on generation to convert other
forms of energy into electric power. These sources of power include fossil fuels
such as coal and natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, solar power, and wind
power.

2. Nuclear engineer

Works to harness the energy released from nuclear reactions. They mainly
deal with the application of nuclear energy in a variety of settings, including nuclear
power plants, submarine propulsion systems, medical diagnostic equipment such
 as MRI machines, food production, nuclear weapons and radioactive-waste
disposal facilities.

3. Hydro engineer (Hydro-electric and Hydro-power engineers)

Provide design, engineering, project planning and consulting services to

hydro-electric companies to assist with all phases of hydroelectric power
development including hydroelectric dams, spillways, tunnels, power transmission
lines and electrical substations.

4. Solar energy systems engineer

Works to improve the energy efficiency of residential, commercial, and

industrial buildings using solar energy systems. These engineers perform site-
specific engineering analysis or evaluation of energy efficiency for their customers.

5. Wind engineer

Wind Engineers commonly design wind farms and turbines that can capture
the power of the wind for good use. Moreover, they look at the interaction between
the wind and everything on earth that has been engineered.

B. Job Responsibilities of an Energy Engineer

● design, develop and build renewable energy technologies
● combine renewable energy production with existing power system
● converting, transmitting, and supplying useful energy to meet our needs for
electricity
● researching and developing ways to generate new energy, reduce emissions from
fossil fuels and minimize environmental damage.
● carry out site inspections, energy surveys and lab experiments and adapt them to
large-scale industrial processes
● use mathematical and computer models to complete design and specification
calculations
● negotiate service agreements and manage associated costs and revenues
 ● keep up to date with legislation and environmental standards and make sure systems
and processes comply
● develop technical expertise in all matters to do with energy and environmental
control.

III. NOTABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY

PROJECTS

A. Local Projects

Solar-Powered Sewage
Treatment Plant

The Department of
Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) unveiled a
solar-powered sewage treatment
plant (STP) to help address the
problem with household
wastewater discharge that
contributes to the pollution in Manila Bay. The project will ensure that no untreated wastewater
from the three major drainage outfalls flows into the Manila Bay.

Treatment of wastewater will be done through the installation of wastewater interceptors

on different drainage outfalls that lead to Manila Bay to receive and control the untreated
wastewater from households within the community. DENR Secretary Roy Cimatu and
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) chairman Danilo Lim led the unveiling of
the facility, which is capable of treating 500,000 liters of wastewater per day.
 Burgos Wind Farm, Ilocos Norte

The 150 MW Burgos Wind Farm is the

largest wind power project in Southeast Asia
and is located within a 600-hectare site. The
facility consists of 50 wind turbines, each
with a capacity of 3 MW, generating
electricity to the Luzon Grid. The project
also included a substation and a 43 kilometre
long 115 kV transmission line.

The project won the 2015 Asia Power Engineering International Best Renewable Energy
Project – Burgos Wind Farm, Philippines (Power Engineering International) Certificate of
Recognition for achieving 5 million safe man-hours with no lost time incident.

Calatagan Solar Power Plant,

Philippines

Over 200,000 Trina Solar

TSM-PC14 solar panels are
installed over an expansive 160-
hectares, generating a substantial
amount of clean energy, enough to
power the whole of western
Batangas. The solar farm also
enjoys optimum weather conditions – receiving a steady breeze off the South China Sea, the
highest levels of sunshine in Southern Tagalog, and seldom hit by typhoons.As the Philippines
looks to invest further in green technologies, the Calatagan Solar Farm is making a direct impact
in meeting the country’s energy needs and easing environmental pressures.With over three decades
of operation, Calatagan Solar Farm is expected to offset over 1 million tons of carbon dioxide,
equivalent to planting over 5 million trees.
 Zuellig Building

The country’s first building located in Makati to get a gold

level LEED-CS (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
– Core and Shell) certification, which has now turned Platinum. It
is a 33-floor, all-glass building with low-emissivity (Low-E) glass
system that helps lessen solar heat gain while maximizing natural
light. This floor-to-ceiling panel allows daylight to illuminate
almost 90% of the building’s interior. It has a dimming system to
adjust the intensity of the light; and heat, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system to
regulate outside air flow ensuring superior indoor air quality. These control systems help reduce
the building’s overall energy consumption by 15 percent. Moreover, the building is installed with
a premium drainage and irrigation system, and also has a rain catchment facility which recycles
water condensation, saving nearly 29 million liters yearly.

Concrete Material Advancements (Local and International)

One of the basic and fundamental materials used in civil engineering application and/or in
construction projects is concrete. It is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock,
sand, or gravel) and cement. It is basically the key building material of most tower blocks, car
parks, bridges and dams, however, concrete has enabled the emission of one of the planet’s worst
enemies – carbon dioxide (CO2), a potent greenhouse gas. Cement – the key ingredient in mortar
and concrete – has indeed shaped much of our built environment which makes it leave a massive
carbon footprint. Concrete being placed second as the most-consumed resource on the planet next
to water makes it possible for the cement to be the source of about 8% of the world’s carbon
dioxide emissions. Moreover, the production of cement, particularly Portland cement, involves
quarrying - causing airborne pollution in the form of dust. It also requires the use of massive kilns,
which require large amounts of energy.

Environmental engineers as construction professionals are finding ways in able to combat

the sector’s CO2 emission issues. Below are some of the sustainable and eco-friendly solutions
and alternatives to concrete and its production:
● Utilizing alternative fuels such as biomass and waste in place of coal for
production of concrete to lower the sector’s greenhouse gas emission.
● AshCrete – a green concrete substitute that is made up of 97% recycled
materials that mainly relies on the use of fly ash – a byproduct of coal-
burning power plants and a cement substitute.
● Plastic Waste - non-biodegradable material based which can replace up to
20% traditional aggregate material. This provides a new use for landfill-
clogging plastic waste and reduces the overall weight of concrete without
affecting strength. There are many other ways the construction industry is
using recycled concrete including roofing tiles, indoor insulation, structural
lumber, PVC windows, bricks, and fences.
● Geopolymer Concrete – a green concrete substitute that is made by reacting
aluminate and silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator.
Commonly, waste materials such as fly ash or slag from iron and metal
production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. Moreover,
it does not require heat to make it and it does not produce carbon dioxide.
● Carbon Concrete - a combination of concrete and carbon fibers that can be
produced in three different processes. The building material can be made of
any other substances that contain carbon. Unlike reinforced concrete that
needs thick concrete layers due to susceptibility to corrosion which highly
contributes to CO2 emission, carbon concrete does not rust. Moreover,
carbon makes the carbon concrete five to six times stronger compared to
reinforced concrete.

Eco-bricks

Filipino engineers are using plastic waste to

build sustainable eco-bricks. Green Antz Builders,
a social enterprise, produces eco-friendly
construction hollow blocks, called "eco-bricks",
made of plastic sachets and other non-recyclable
wastes. An eco-brick is composed of 100 plastic
laminates, shredded and then mixed with wet cement. This mixture is poured into a brick-pressing
machine that the group also invented. The finished product can be used to build various
infrastructures, from houses to schools, and buildings.

Queensland’s University GCI Building

The world’s first building to successfully use
slag/fly ash-based geopolymer concrete for
structural purposes. The 4 story high building, for
general public use, comprises 3 suspended
geopolymer concrete floors involving 33 precast
panels. It is designed by HASSELL in conjunction
with Bligh Tanner and Wagners.

B. International Projects

Pixel Building

The first-ever four story building with

sustainable infrastructure in the whole of
Australia. The standing pride of Melbourne and
the construction group Grocon. The project
achieved a perfect score of 100 through the
Green Star rating system and earned an extra
five points for innovation for achieving carbon
neutrality and including a vacuum toilet system, the anaerobic digestion system and reduced car
parking. It is 100% carbon-free which means that carbon produced annually in running the building
was compensated by renewable energy. The building also boasts of a systematic method called
‘carbon neutrality.’ This process enables to offset the carbon contained in the materials used in
constructing the building.
 Copenhagen International School
Once it's completed in 2017, the
Copenhagen International School in Denmark
features the world's largest solar facade. The
more than 12,000 colored solar panels,
integrated directly into the building's structure
and glass, will produce half the energy needs of
the school (around 300 megawatt hours per
year).

Hearst Tower

The 46-story Hearst Tower is an energy-

efficient, structurally strong, environmentally
sound addition to New York City. The tower's
distinctive framework is a "diagrid" of
interlinked triangles, so structurally efficient that
the building uses 20 percent less steel than
conventional designs require. Thanks to dozens of energy-saving features, from motion sensors to
high-efficiency ventilation equipment, the total energy consumption of the building will be 22
percent less than that of a typical skyscraper of comparable size-a savings of 2 million kilowatt-
hours of electricity a year.

Grand Central Terminal

One of New York's most dramatic and
iconic buildings, Grand Central Terminal was
burdened with outdated, inefficient heating,
cooling, and air-handling systems.
A $25 million, multi-year project
brought Grand Central Terminal's heating and
cooling systems up to the highest standards for
energy efficiency and building comfort. Though
NYPA and the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) have together implemented more than 130
energy projects, saving an aggregated 145,000-megawatt hours of electricity per year, the Grand
Central project was the largest.
The engineering and installation were planned and executed over three years, so that
building use and comfort would be maximized. Improvements included:

● The installation of cooling towers to improve air cooling efficiency

● Temperature controls and compressed air and steam distribution systems
● Air handling upgrades
● New chillers to enhance the terminal’s original cooling system
● Sub-meters to provide a better understanding of the energy usage throughout the
facility
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