PMCH 2 Long Exam September
Batch March 12, 2021
!
Points: 56/100
1. Last Name
2. First Name
GANESH
3. Student Number
190441844
:
4. Intermittent common source has a pattern reflecting the episodic nature
of the exposure
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
5. Housing for animals must allow for observation of animal behavior with
minimal disturbance.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
6. About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week,
slightly less than the national average
(1/1 Point)
outbreak
endemic "
pandemic
epidemic
7. Sanitation concerns in animal research includes bedding change, waste
disposal and care for animals during weekends and holidays.
(1/1 Point)
:
True "
False
#
8. The government office responsible for giving authorization to conduct
scientific procedures using animals
(0/1 Point)
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
Department of Science and Technology
Department of Agriculture "
9. Principle of minimizing the number of animals used to obtain information
(1/1 Point)
replacement
refinement
resizing
reduction "
#
10. PAR of 100 % means
(0/1 Point)
:
possible
sufficient
necessary "
none of the above
11. Odds ratios, Risk ratios/Relative risk are methods of analysing results in
order to determine if an intervention is effective.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
#
12. An increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally
expected in that population in that area
(0/1 Point)
outbreak "
highly transmissible disease
epidemic
endemic
13. The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community
(1/1 Point)
epidemic
:
endemic "
pandemic
outbreak
#
14. Animal experiments must be replaced wherever possible by other
methods such as mathematical modeling, or an in vivo biological system.
(0/1 Point)
True
False "
15. The strength of the conclusions, inferences or propositions providing the
best estimation of the truth or falsity of a hypothesis, proposition or
conclusion .
(1/1 Point)
validity "
accuracy
relevance
reliability
=veracity
16. This Philippine legislation grants authorization to conduct scientific
procedures using animals
:
(1/1 Point)
Republic Act no. 825
Republic Act No. 8485 "
Republic Act 9482
Republic Act No. 3573
#
17. Which of the following can be classified as manipulation in animal
research
(0/1 Point)
Performing surgical procedures on animals
All of the choices are correct
Depriving of usual care "
Exposing animals to parasites and harsh environmental conditions
18. Animal research in drug development for human use is characterized as
which of the following?
(1/1 Point)
In Vivo testing "
In Vitro testing
Phase 1 clinical trial
Phase 3 Clinical trial
:
19. An idea that intends to provide humane treatment to animals similar to
rights of humans
(1/1 Point)
Animal rights "
Responsible ownership
Animal welfare
Animal Shelters
20. The coronavirus vaccine is available because it has passed the phase 4
trials
(1/1 Point)
true
false "
#
21. The first complete statement of the epidemiologic criteria of a causality is
attributed to
(0/1 Point)
Koch
Hill "
Susser
None of the above
:
22. Critical appraisal is done
(1/1 Point)
to make public health decisions
when making health policies
when a literature review needs to be done
all of the above "
23. Animals are used in scientific research to further science in many arenas.
They are used most often in the following cases:
(1/1 Point)
A. Disease treatment and prevention
B. Treatment of Injuries
C. Basic Medical Testing
D. Medical Diagnosis
OptioE. All of the above n 5 "
24. Examining the distribution of disease in a population, and observing the
basic features of its distribution
(1/1 Point)
Descriptive Epidemiology "
Statistical Epidemiology
Analytic Epidemiology
:
Distribution Epidemiology
25. The Board has the authority to
(1/1 Point)
Approve, disapprove, or terminate all research activities that fall within its local
jurisdiction according to relevant federal regulations and institutional policy.
Require modifications in protocols, including protocols of previously approved
research.
Require documentation of informed consent or allow a waiver of documentation.
(Documentation of informed consent is covered in the Informed Consent
module.)
all of the above "
26. The process of inducing painless death to animals
(1/1 Point)
Animal rights
Euthanasia "
do not resuscitate
lethal injection
27. Vaccination is important because
(-/1 Point)
it aims for herd immunity
decreases mortality
:
decreases mortality
prevents severe coronavirus
Initiated by the government
28. What information should be provided to an IRB for review at the initiation
of a study? Choose the best response
(1/1 Point)
A synopsis of the study and an outline of the advertisement to recruit subjects,
including how much they will be paid.
The informed consent form
The study protocol (and amendments), the information to be given to the
subject (informed consent, advertisements), the Investigator Brochure (or
"
drug label), any other relevant safety information, and an outline of the
qualifications of the lnvestigator.
The study protocol (and amendments) and the Investigator Brochure.
29. There is spread from person-to-person with increasing number of cases
in each generation in a propagated curve.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
30. The goal of a critical appraisal should be:
(1/1 Point)
A. determine where faults exist in study design
:
B. evaluate whether a proposed study is feasible
C. identify the meaning and credibility of the study "
D. review the credentials and expertise of the researchers
31. When should you critically appraise?
(1/1 Point)
A. Conducting literature reviews for grant proposals for new project
B. Evaluating the effectiveness and benefits of health programs
C. Establishing new innovative in the health programs
D. Public health decision making
E. All of the above "
#
32. At the population level we use our clinical judgment to evaluate
appropriate intervention
(0/1 Point)
true
false "
33. an independent body established to protect the rights and welfare of
human research participants.
(1/1 Point)
Institutional Review Board "
:
Institutional Review Board "
Ethical Review Board
Peer Review Board
Human Research Board
34. Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community
(1/1 Point)
endemic
sporadic "
hyperendemic
outbreak
35. The animals have to be sedated first when giving chloral hydrate and
magnesium sulfate to cats and dogs
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
36. Which of the following supports the humane and responsible use of
animals
(1/1 Point)
Research ethics
Animal rights
:
Animal welfare "
Responsible ownership
37. an international ethical and scientific standard for conducting biomedical
and behavioral research involving human participants
(1/1 Point)
Good Clinical Practice "
Critical Appraisal
Peer Review
None of the Above
38. The use of statistical methods so that a smaller number of animals are
required.
(1/1 Point)
refinement
reduction "
replacement
reconstruction
#
39. Average annual incidence was 364 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national average of 134
cases per 100,000 population
(0/1 Point)
:
(0/1 Point)
endemic
outbreak
sporadic
hyperendemic "
40. any method of logical analysis that proceeds from the particular to the
general.
(1/1 Point)
induction "
deduction
conduction
exclusion
#
41. A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
(0/1 Point)
measles
outbreak
epidemic
sporadic "
#
:
#
42. When critically appraising a research study, the reviewer will expect to
find:
(0/1 Point)
A. identification of new research problems "
B. implementation of perfect design
C. precise understanding of the study and its application
D. tools to control in outcomes of the study
43. 70% Ethanol used in euthanasia works as depressant like carbon dioxide
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
44. All researchers handling the animals used for experimentation should
also be trained in handling the particular species in the study.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
45. An increase in the number of cases than what is normally expected
occuring in a limited area
(1/1 Point)
epidemic
:
epidemic
outbreak "
endemic
cluster
46. Primary enclosures allow normal behavior and provide for psychological
needs of animals.
(-/1 Point)
True
False
47. the study of the determinants, distribution, and frequency of disease
(1/1 Point)
epidemiology "
research
biostatistics
none of the above
48. Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918–19194.
(1/1 Point)
sporadic
pandemic "
hyperendemic
:
hyperendemic
endemic
#
49. Euthanasia is always done in public view as proof that animals used in
research are humanely treated.
(0/1 Point)
True
False "
50. inevitably initiates or produces an effect, includes “component causes”
(1/1 Point)
necessary cause
sufficient cause "
probable cause
plausible cause
#
51. Pertains to persistently high levels of disease occurrence
(0/1 Point)
uncontrolled spread
Message for respondents who select this answer
outbreak
:
endemic
hyperendemic "
#
52. When refilling feeders and waterers, ensure to return them to the same
cages where they were taken from.
(0/1 Point)
True
False "
53. statistical dependence between two or more events
(1/1 Point)
association "
causality
cause
odds ratio
#
54. Outbreak information, much like epidemiologic data, are described by
(0/1 Point)
person "
all are correct
:
time
place
55. Arrange in proper sequence:
1 - Implement control and preventive measures
2 - Develop your hypothesis
3 - Establish the existence of an outbreak
4 - Communicate your findings
5 - Construct a working case definition
6 - Prepare for field work
7 - Perform descriptive epidemiology
(1/1 Point)
6,4,3,1,7,5,2
7,2,4,1,5,3,6
6,5,7,2,4,1,3
6,3,5,7,2,1,4 "
56. factors that prepare, sensitize, condition or otherwise create a situation
(1/1 Point)
predisposing fators "
precipitating factors
risk factors
confounding factors
#
:
#
57. Appropriate sources of animals for research are pet shops and accredited
laboratories.
(0/1 Point)
True
False "
58. Many of the research are not in good quality and many studies are biased
and their results are untrue which can lead to draw false conclusions.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
59. Point source outbreak presents as a range of exposures and incubation
periods tend to flatten and widen the peaks of the epidemic curve.
(1/1 Point)
True
False "
Message for respondents who select this answer
#
60. Method of euthanasia mostly used in rabbits is air via inhalation.
(0/1 Point)
True
:
True
False "
61. The use of non-sentient material instead of conscious living vertebrates
(1/1 Point)
replacement "
reduction
refinement
substitution
#
62. The critical appraisal aims to help people develop the necessary skills to
make sense of scientific evidence based on
(0/1 Point)
A. cost, accuracy and convenience
B. validity, results and relevance "
C. objectives, methodology and recommendation
D. clarity, equality and justification
all of the above
#
63. Continuous common source is when a group is exposed over a relatively
brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
:
brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
incubation period.
(0/1 Point)
True "
False
64. An IACUC or Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees functions to:
(1/1 Point)
conduct animal research within an institution
B. oversee human research within an institution
C. oversee animal research within an institution
D. establish regulations for conducting animal research "
65. an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents
affecting a large number of people
(1/1 Point)
pandemic "
globalization
hyperendemic
contagion
#
66. Continuous common source is when a group is exposed over a relatively
brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
:
brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
incubation period.
(0/1 Point)
True "
False
67. Which of the following activities fall into the Pre-clinical phase of drug
development?
(1/1 Point)
Post-Marketing Surveillance
None of the choice are correct
Animal Research "
Human Trials
68. Studies are also subject to bias, confounders and it is important that
researchers take steps to minimize them through :
(1/1 Point)
A. use of expert opinions and verified facts
B. use of a control group, randomization and blinding "
C. use of primary data and other studies
Option D. use of validated methods
69. Refers to the relationships people have with animals and the duty they
have to assure that the animals under their care are treated humanely
and responsibly
:
and responsibly
(1/1 Point)
Animal welfare "
Animal activisim
Conservationism
Animal rights
70. The maximum amount of blood that can be drawn from an animal used in
research is no more than 12% of the animal's body weight.
(1/1 Point)
True
False "
#
71. Rationale for using animal models in research
(0/1 Point)
Animals are used for teaching
Animals are used as analogues to human physiology "
Humans are identical to animals in all aspects
Animals are used for the production of anti-sera and other biologicals
72. Three essential characteristics that are examined to study the cause(s)
for disease in analytic epidemiology except
(1/1 Point)
:
(1/1 Point)
host
agent
enviroment
time "
73. the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its
validity, results, and relevance before using it to inform a decision
(1/1 Point)
critical appraisal "
journal evaluation
peer review
none of the above
74. An aggregation of cases grouped in a place and time suspected to be of
greater number as expected
(1/1 Point)
outbreak
sporadic
cluster "
hyperendemic
#
:
#
75. Food or fluid restriction in animal research is ideally used for positive
reinforcement of a desired behavior
(0/1 Point)
True
False "
#
76. Refers to deliberate interference with the normal physiological, behavioral
or anatomical integrity of the animal
(0/1 Point)
Deprivation of usual care
Manipulation "
Animal research
Animal modelling
#
77. When a researcher adjusts his study to decrease the incidence or
severity of inhuman procedures applied to animals is called
(0/1 Point)
reduction
modification
refinement "
replacement
:
replacement
78. The regulations dictate how the animals will be housed and treated to
include veterinary care, pain management and other measures to make
sure the animals do not suffer through out the course of the experiment.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
#
79. Animal pain is physiologically not analogous to human pain.
(0/1 Point)
True
False "
#
80. THe Koch postulate states that
(0/1 Point)
The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by
isolation in pure culture.
The agent must not be found in cases of other disease.
Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in
experimental animals.
all of the above "
:
81. Send your GCP certificate to
https://padlet.com/audreyangeliandres/93v5wwkovu2lz0fp
(-/11 Points)
GANESH
#
82. Analysis of the sample population utilised in the research cannot give an
indication as to the relevance of the study results to individual clinical
practice
(0/1 Point)
True
False "
83. Which of the following contributes to the occurrence of epidemics?
(1/1 Point)
The pathogen is effectively transmitted from one host to another "
The agents are not present in adequete numbers
The susceptible hosts are limited
none of the above
84. Withdrawing blood from rabbits and guinea pigs is done by isolating the
carotid artery or venipuncture via the intracardiac route.
:
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
85. A room, barn or outdoor habitat are considered as the microenvironment
(1/1 Point)
True
False "
86. Euthanasia by inhalation method can be performed by using
(1/1 Point)
oxygen
carbon dioxide "
nebulization
barbiturates
#
87. the population at risk is usually
(0/1 Point)
the numerator
the denominator "
could be both
:
is neither
88. When writing a research protocol, one must explain why a non-animal
model was not used despite the availability of one.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
89. Advantages of randomized control trials EXCEPT:
(-/1 Point)
A. allow for rigorous evaluation of a single variable
B. potentially eradicate bias
. allow for meta-analysis
low cost
#
90. 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a
particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year)
(0/1 Point)
endemic
pandemic
sporadic
epidemic
:
epidemic "
#
91. Which of the following statements about animal research is TRUE?
(0/1 Point)
A. 45 % of the animals used in research are rodents - rats and mice that have
been bred for laboratory use.
B. Most laboratory tests on animals are complicated type tests - change in diet,
drawing blood sample, administering a drug.
C. Animals are given anesthetics only if a procedure is going to be invasive.
D. Humans are still the largest group that is used for research and
experimentation and beats out all other lab animals when it comes to "
testing.
92. Animal welfare is extremely important to the scientific community, if not
for the love of the animal than for the pride of the work.
(1/1 Point)
True "
False
#
93. Improve the experiments so that animals do not suffer.
(0/1 Point)
refinement "
reduction
:
reduction
replacement
reconstruction
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