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    WS7 Sols

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    The document defines quaternions as formal combinations of symbols i, j, k with real coefficients. Quaternions are closed under addition and multiplication, where i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. The document proves that quaternions form a ring and a division ring, but provides a non-commutative subring that is not a division ring. It also shows that the equation x^2 = -1 has infinitely many solutions in quaternions.

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    WS7 Sols

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    The document defines quaternions as formal combinations of symbols i, j, k with real coefficients. Quaternions are closed under addition and multiplication, where i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. The document proves that quaternions form a ring and a division ring, but provides a non-commutative subring that is not a division ring. It also shows that the equation x^2 = -1 has infinitely many solutions in quaternions.

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    The document defines quaternions as formal combinations of symbols i, j, k with real coefficients. Quaternions are closed under addition and multiplication, where i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. The document proves that quaternions form a ring and a division ring, but provides a non-commutative subring that is not a division ring. It also shows that the equation x^2 = -1 has infinitely many solutions in quaternions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    5 views2 pages

    WS7 Sols

    Uploaded by

    sample survey
    The document defines quaternions as formal combinations of symbols i, j, k with real coefficients. Quaternions are closed under addition and multiplication, where i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. The document proves that quaternions form a ring and a division ring, but provides a non-commutative subring that is not a division ring. It also shows that the equation x^2 = -1 has infinitely many solutions in quaternions.

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    of 2

    WORKSHEET # 7

    QUATERNIONS

    The set of quaternions are the set of all formal R-linear combinations of “symbols” i, j, k
    a + bi + cj + dk for a, b, c, d ∈ R.
    We give them the following addition rule:
    (a + bi + cj + dk) + (a0 + b0 i + c0 j + d0 k) = (a + a0 ) + (b + b0 )i + (c + c0 )j + (d + d0 )k
    Multiplication is induced by the following rules (λ ∈ R)
    i2 = j 2 = k 2 = −1
    ij = k, jk = i, ki = j
    ji = −k kj = −i ik = −j
    λi = iλ λj = jλ λk = kλ
    combined with the distributive rule.
    1. Use the above rules to carefully write down the product
    (a + bi + cj + dk)(a0 + b0 i + c0 j + d0 k)
    as an element of the quaternions.

    Solution:
    (a + bi + cj + dk)(a0 + b0 i + c0 j + d0 k)
    = aa0 + ab0 i + ac0 j + ad0 k + ba0 i − bb0 + bc0 k − bd0 j
    ca0 j − cb0 k − cc0 + cd0 i + da0 k + db0 j − dc0 i − dd0
    = (aa0 − bb0 − cc0 − dd0 ) + (ab0 + a0 b + cd0 − dc0 )i
    (ac0 − bd0 + ca0 + db0 )j + (ad0 + bc0 − cb0 + da0 )k

    2. Prove that the quaternions form a ring.

    Solution: It is obvious that the quaternions form a group under addition. We just showed that they were
    closed under multiplication. We have defined them to satisfy the distributive property.
    The only thing left is to show the associative property. I will only prove this for the elements i, j, k (this is
    sufficient by the distributive property).
    i(ij) = i(k) = ik = −j = (ii)j
    i(ik) = i(−j) = −ij = −k = (ii)k
    i(ji) = i(−k) = −ik = j = ki = (ij)i
    i(jj) = −i = kj = (ij)j
    i(jk) = i(i) = (−1) = (k)k = (ij)k
    i(ki) = ij = k = −ji = (ik)i
    i(kk) = −i = −jk = (ik)k
    j(ii) = −j = −ki = (ji)i
    j(ij) = jk = i = −kj = (ji)j
    j(ik) = j(−j) = 1 = −kk = (ji)k
    j(ji) = j(−k) = −jk = −i = (jj)i
    j(jk) = ji = −k = (jj)k
    j(ki) = jj = −1 = ii = (jk)i
    j(kj) = j(−i) = −ji = k = ij = (jk)j
    j(kk) = −j = ik = (jk)k
    k(ii) = −k = ji = (ki)i
    k(ij) = kk = −1 = jj = (ki)j
    k(ik) = k(−j) = −kj = i = jk = (ki)k
    k(ji) = k(−k) = 1 = (−i)i = (kj)i
    k(jj) = k(−1) = −k = −ij = (kj)j
    k(jk) = ki = j = −ik = (kj)k
    k(ki) = kj = −i = (kk)i
    k(kj) = k(−i) = −ki = −j = (kk)j

    1
    WORKSHEET #7 2

    3. Prove that the quaternions form a division ring.

    Solution: Given a + bi + cj + dk 6= 0, consider


    a b c d 1
    − i− − k= 2 (a − bi − cj − dk)
    a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 a + b2 + c2 + d2
    Notice that this makes sense as long as a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 6= 0, but that certainly happens as long as a, b, c, d are not
    all zero (at the same time).
    Then it is easy to verify that the product
     
    1
    (a + bi + cj + dk) (a − bi − cj − dk)
    a2 − b2 − c2 − d2
    is equal to 1.

    4. Find noncommutative subring of the quaternions that is not a division ring.

    Solution: Consider the subset of the quaternions.


    S = {a + bi + cj + dk | a, b, c, d ∈ Z}
    It is easy to see that this is a subring of the quaternions (and of course is non-commutative since ij = −k 6= k = ji.
    Notice that this set has the same multiplicative identity 1 + 0i + 0j + 0k as the ordinary quaternions, but it is not
    a division ring since the multiplicative inverse of 2 in the ordinary quaternions is 1/2, which does not live in this
    subset.

    5. Prove that the equation x2 = −1 has an infinite number of solutions in the quaternions.

    √ Choose any real number b such that −1 ≤ b ≤ 1 (there are infinitely many possibilities). Then
    Solution:
    choose c = 1 − b2 . Notice that b2 + c2 = 1 and that there are infinitely many such b, c pairs (points on the circle).
    Now, observe that
    (bi + cj)(bi + cj) = b2 i2 + bcij + cbji + c2 j 2 = −b2 + bck − bck − c2 = −(b2 + c2 ) = −1

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