ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to the principle

for encouragement and for for all facilities that provided for this
practical work.

I extend my hearty thanks to my biology teacher MISS

NIKKEE PRIYA who guided me to the successful completion
on this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense
of gratitude for this invaluable guidance constant encouragement
immense motivation which has sustained my efforts at all stages
of this project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and also
to my friends who have helped me to carry out this project
successful and this valuable advice and support, which I received
from them time to time.

BY: A. GOPALAKRISHNAN
CLASS: XII-A
 INDEX

S.NO TOPIC PAGE

NO.
1. AIM / OBJECTIVE 1

2. INTRODUCTION 1-2

PROJECT REPORT

 Major lifestyle behaviors that may affect fertility

 Delayed childbearing/age of starting a family
 Nutritional factors
3.  Smoking 3-9
 Alcohol consumption
 Caffeine
 Cellular phones and radiation
 Photos

4. CONCLUSION 10

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 11
  AIM/OBJECTIVE

Effect of lifestyle on fertility: To Investigate how

factors like diet, exercise, and stress can impact
reproductive health and fertility in both men and
women
 INTRODUCTION
 Reproduction is an important biologic event in all living
organisms. Anything that threatens reproductive health will trigger
a significant response from the scientific community, since the
continuous existence of any species is dependent upon the sound
reproductive health of the parent species. There are reports of
deteriorating reproductive health indices since the last 5–6 decades
ago from different parts of the world especially in
industrialized/developed countries as a result of modifiable
lifestyle factors.

 Lifestyle factors refer to the modifiable behaviour and ways of life

that could influence the general health and wellbeing of individuals
including fertility. The role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of
infertility has generated a growing interest among researchers.
Several authors have provided evidence of an association between
lifestyle behaviours and infertility in both men and women, they
include; delayed childbearing due to pursuit of career or education,
age of starting a family, smoking, eating of fat-rich diets, alcohol
and caffeine consumption, exercise, risky sexual behaviours, drug
misuse, anxiety/depression, cellular phones and radiation among
others.
 According to the World Health Organization, about 20–30% of
couples worldwide are infertile, and up to 80 million women are
affected by the condition with about 50% of all women in
developing countries are infertile. The prevalence of infertility in
sub-Saharan African ranges between 20 and 40% and the problem
is shared equally by both men and women. It has been estimated
that about one in six couples or approximately 15% of the
population in industrially developed countries is affected. Infertile
couples suffer both emotional and psychological trauma due to
pressure from family members and society. Fortunately, most of
the causes of infertility are treatable with major procedures
belonging to the assisted reproductive technology (ART) methods.
However, the normalization of some modifiable lifestyle factors
could restore normal oocyte maturation in women and improve
semen quality in the males. The understanding of the various
mechanisms whereby modifiable lifestyle behaviours impair
infertility in both males and females will go a long way to assist in
the management of affected subjects. This review seeks to
highlight the adverse effects of some lifestyle behaviours and
suggests ways to optimize the infertile couple’s chances of
obtaining conception and live a better quality of life.
  PROJECT REPORT
 Major lifestyle behaviors that may affect fertility

Lifestyles factors are obviously under the control of the individual and
are modifiable to improve the wellbeing of humans. Lifestyle factors
could affect reproductive health either positively or negatively.
Infertility can be defined as the absence of conception within one year
of unprotected sexual intercourse, while fertility is the capability of
producing an offspring. The new trend of modern lifestyle is that people
delay starting a family due to educational and career pursuit, such
individuals are older and overweight. Aging is associated with
degenerative changes at the levels of all organs and systems, and as
such fertility may be affected. Consequently, such individuals engage in
excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco intoxicated, and abuse illicit
substances. These lifestyle behaviors expose one to the risk of
infertility, but because of the financial stability that comes with having a
career; most believed they can afford assisted reproduction. The causes
of infertility are varied ranging from endometriosis, ovulatory disorders,
poor sperm quality, and unexplained conditions among others. Some
authors suggested that adverse lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol
consumption, and caffeine can have an additive effect on fertility. A
study that examined couples who were trying to conceive naturally over
12 months, reported that only 38% of couples with 4 adverse lifestyle
factors conceived compared to 52% with 3, 62% with 2, and 71% with
one. Where no adverse lifestyle factors were present, 83% of couples
became pregnant.
  Delayed childbearing/age of starting a family

Human reproduction is greatly influenced by age. This is because so

many physiological changes take place both in men and women as they
grow older. This is compounded by the powerful effect of
socioeconomic and environmental factors which have not helped to
improve reproductive potential despite improved technology and
advancement in science.
When a woman is younger than 30, she has an 85% chance to conceive
within 1 year. At the age of 30, there is a 75% chance to conceive in the
first 12 months. This chance declines to 66% at the age of 35 and 44%
at the age of 40. This is due to the effect of aging on the ovary and eggs.
Furthermore, older women are more likely to experience a miscarriage
than younger women (27% of pregnancies end in a miscarriage at age
40 compared to 16% at age 30 or younger). Advanced maternal age is
associated with prolonged time to conceive, and postponed parenthood
may affect the desired family size. Using a computer simulation
programmer, Hobbema et al. calculated the recommended age to start a
family for women, depending on the number of children they wanted
and to what extent women were prepared to undergo fertility treatment.
The model predicts that if a couple wanted a 90% chance to realize their
ideal family without in vitro fertilization (IVF), couples with a desire for
a one-child family should start at the latest at age 32 of the female
partner. When a two-child family is desired they should start when the
woman is 27, and when couples want three children they should start at
age 23. A computer simulation was also used in research by Leridon to
assess whether assisted reproduction could compensate for the effect of
age on fertility.
  Nutritional factors

In females, reproduction involves much greater energy expenditures

than for males and as a protective mechanism against under-nutrition,
ovarian activity is suppressed in women with eating disorders and
exercise-induced amenorrhea through pathways in the hindbrain.
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that is characterized by binge
eating which is followed by fasting or self-induced vomiting or purging.
It is an emotional disorder that makes one have a distorted body image
and an obsessive desire to lose weight.
Some nutritional factors may affect male fertility and evidence
suggesting a direct association between nutritional altitude and poor
semen quality has emerged. High-fat diets inhibit reproduction by
affecting the physical and molecular structure of not only sperm cells
but also the developing fetus and off springs. Some experimental studies
have shown that feeding mice with high-fat diets resulted in long-term
alterations in the reproductive system, and the metabolic programming
mechanisms; such as a decrease in both height and diameter of the
seminiferous epithelium, and seminiferous tubules, respectively. This
also resulted in decreased sperm concentration, viability, and DNA
integrity. It has long been recognized that normal testicular function is
responsive to changes in whole-body metabolism, and that testicular
metabolism can be affected by the intake of high-energy diet and in
people with obesity. Studies have suggested that reproductive health can
be enhanced by modification of dietary intakes such as fruits and
vegetables, legumes, and fish. Regular intake of red meat was inversely
associated with sperm quality.
  Smoking

In females, smoking can lead to the increased thickness of the zona

pellucida in smokers which makes sperm penetration difficult.
Menopause has been reported to occur 1–4 years earlier in smoking
women when compared to non-smoking women. Cigarette contains
several harmful constituents that have been detected in the follicular
microenvironment of smokers such as cotinine and cadmium thereby
altering hormone levels in the luteal phase and could affect the
developing follicle. Smoking in women significantly decreases the
chance of conception by disrupting ovarian function and depleting its
reserve.
Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of DNA fragmentation in
male infertility but maybe modifiable in several ways. Sources of
oxidative stress as outlined in this paper should be evaluated in infertile
men as part of a treatment protocol. The use of antioxidants
supplementation has been reported to have some benefits, but these
antioxidant levels have to be determined whether there are deficiencies
or not so that over-supplementation is avoided. It is important to
maintain a delicate balance between oxidants/antioxidants to ensure
fertility, successful fertilization, and pregnancy. Quitting smoking may
improve fertility in those who smoke previously. A follow-up study of
men who quitted smoking revealed that every additional year following
cessation of smoking reduced the risk of ART failure by 4%, especially
between clinical pregnancy and live birth. Therefore, cessation of
smoking and avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke among couples may
improve the chances of conception
  Alcohol consumption

Drinking alcohol can affect your sex life, it can reduce your fertility,
and it has the potential to harm a baby, even during early pregnancy
when you might not know you’re pregnant. Becoming a father is not
always easy. If you are a man or if you have a body that produces
sperm, drinking alcohol is linked to sexual dysfunction and research
suggests it can reduce your sperm count and the quality of your sperm –
two factors that can be measured in a semen test. Heavy drinking is
particularly harmful.
If you’re a woman or somebody with a uterus and ovaries, drinking
alcohol can affect your hormones and your period (menstrual cycle),
and research suggests it can make it harder to conceive. If you drink
while pregnant, it can increase the chance of miscarriage, stillbirth and
health problems for your baby. Drinking can also contribute to weight
gain and being overweight can affect your fertility. Aiming for and
maintaining a healthy weight improves fertility.

 Caffeine

Caffeine is a stimulant that has enabled it to be used as a beverage (tea,

soft drink, chocolate, etc.). It affects the nervous system and various
other organs including the reproductive system. It has over 1000 active
compounds (stimulants), and a high intake of caffeine more than 5 cups
or 500 mg per day delays pregnancy. It interrupts egg fertilization and
implantation process. Several observational studies and meta-analyses
have reported that maternal caffeine consumption may be associated
with major adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  Cellular phones and radiation

Emerging evidence suggests the detrimental effect of cellular phones on

fertility. The numbers of mobile phone users are increasing by the day
and several users keep and/or store mobile phones in their trouser
pockets. The mobile phone has been suggested as a source of damaging
radiation to the male reproductive organs. Increased levels of DNA
fragmentation index have been reported in mobile phone users. These
gadgets transmit or receive radiofrequency electromagnetic waves that
have adverse effects on sperm motility, number, and morphology.
Higher serum free testosterone and a lower luteinizing hormone (LH)
level were reported among some users of cellular phones than control
subjects who do not use cellular phones

 Photos
 CONCLUSION
The studies supported a conclusion that age plays a major role in
determining the fertility of both partners. Couples need to consider the
age of the partners before marriage so that the chances of conception are
increased. The peak of fecundability is before age 35 for men and 30 for
women. Infertile couples should access care early after a maximum of
one year without conception and 6 months among older couples.
Couples trying to achieve pregnancy should limit or quit smoking since
there appears to be a significant impact of smoking on reproductive
outcomes. The risk of miscarriage will be reduced and menopause will
be delayed by 4 years. Also, passive smoking should be avoided.

Research shows that weight plays a significant role in fertility,

therefore; maintaining a healthier weight will help to prevent hormonal
imbalance which adversely affects fertility thereby improving ovulation
and the risk of miscarriage and other complications. Overweight
infertile women on treatment are encouraged to reduce weight for
effective treatment outcomes. It is better to reduce or abstain from
alcohol consumption when trying to achieve pregnancy. Caffeine also
appears to have a negative effect and should also be consumed with
caution. Infertile couples should avoid anxiety and emotional stress, but
embark on relaxation programs to reduce other sources of stress to
increase fertility. Moderate regular exercises could help to release
endorphins which would help relaxation.

Nutrition and exercise may impact fertility both in men and women,
good nourishment and a balanced diet should be encouraged. Infertile
women should consume foods low in saturated fat, red meat, and high in
vegetables, legumes, and antioxidants. Avoiding excessive irradiation
by reducing contact with electronic gadgets like mobile phones that emit
electromagnetic waves may prevent infertility. It is not possible to
eliminate all hazards in the environment, but efforts can be made to
reduce them.
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.en.wikipedia.com

 www.righthealth.com

 www.netdoctor.co.uk

 “Science Reporter” July, 2010 edition

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/