Introduction to the Internet

The Internet, often referred to as the "Information

Superhighway," is a global network of interconnected computer
networks that facilitates the exchange of information and
communication across the world. It has transformed the way people
access information, communicate, conduct business, and interact with
each other. This comprehensive note delves into the history of the
Internet, the evolution of search engines, and their prominent
examples and uses.

History of the Internet

The history of the Internet can be traced back to the 1960s when the
U.S. Department of Defense initiated the development of ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). ARPANET was the
first-ever packet-switching network, designed to facilitate
communication between research institutions and government agencies.
Over time, ARPANET grew, and in 1973, it adopted the TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) communication
standard, which laid the foundation for the modern Internet.

Key milestones in the Internet's history include:

● 1983: The adoption of the Domain Name System (DNS) allowed for
the use of user-friendly domain names instead of numerical IP
addresses.
● 1989: British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the
World Wide Web (WWW) at CERN, creating a system to access
documents (web pages) using hypertext links. This marked the birth of
the web as we know it.
● 1990s: The Internet experienced rapid growth, with the introduction
of commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and the development
of web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape Navigator.
● 2000s: The dot-com bubble burst but led to the development of
many Internet-based companies that remain influential today.
● 2004: The emergence of Web 2.0 technologies, characterized by
user-generated content and interactivity, reshaped the Internet
landscape.
● 2010s: The proliferation of social media, streaming services, and the
advent of smartphones further transformed how people engage with
the Internet.
● 2020s: Ongoing developments in Internet infrastructure, cyber
security, and the Internet of Things (IoT) continue to shape its future.

Search Engines
Evolution of Search Engines
Search engines are integral to the functioning of the Internet, allowing
users to discover information on the vast web. Here's a brief evolution
of search engines:
● Archie (1990): One of the earliest search engines, it indexed FTP
archives to help users find downloadable files.
● WebCrawler (1994): A pioneer in web search technology, it indexed
web pages and allowed keyword-based searching.
● Yahoo! (1994): Initially a directory, Yahoo! evolved into a search
engine with a human-curated index.
● Altavista (1995): Known for its advanced features, Altavista was
among the first to support natural language queries.
● Google (1998): Founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google
revolutionized search with its PageRank algorithm, which ranked pages
based on their relevance and importance.
● Bing (2009): Microsoft's search engine focused on providing relevant
results, image search, and integration with other Microsoft products.

Prominent Search Engines

While Google dominates the search engine market, several others play
significant roles:
● Google: Known for its simplicity and effectiveness, Google is the most
widely used search engine globally.
● Bing: Microsoft's search engine offers a visually appealing interface
and integrates with Microsoft services.
● Yahoo!: While no longer as prominent, Yahoo! continues to provide
search results and offers various online services.
● DuckDuckGo: Focused on user privacy, DuckDuckGo does not track
user data or personalize search results.
● Baidu: The leading search engine in China, Baidu provides search
services in Chinese and offers a range of other products.

Uses of Search Engines

Search engines have become indispensable tools for a wide range of
purposes, including:
● Information Retrieval: Search engines help users find information on
virtually any
topic, from academic research to practical advice.

● Online Shopping: People use search engines to discover and compare

products,
read reviews, and find the best prices from various online retailers.
● Travel Planning: Finding flights, hotels, and tourist attractions is
made easy
through search engines and travel-specific search tools.
● News and Updates: Stay up-to-date with current events, news
articles, and blog
posts by searching for the latest information.
● Entertainment: Discover movies, music, games, and other forms of
entertainment
through search engine queries.
● Local Business Searches: Users can find local businesses,
restaurants, and
services, along with reviews and contact information.
● Research and Learning: Students and professionals rely on search
engines for
academic research, tutorials, and educational materials.
● Health Information: Search engines provide access to medical
information,
symptoms, treatment options, and healthcare providers.
● Job Search: Job seekers can find employment opportunities by
searching for job
listings on various job search engines.
● Navigation and Maps: Search engines offer maps, directions, and
location-based
services for travel and daily navigation

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the
simulation of human intelligence in
machines that are programmed to
perform tasks that would typically
require human intelligence.
 It is a multidisciplinary field that
combines computer science,
mathematics, psychology, linguistics,
and other areas to develop algorithms
and systems capable of learning,
reasoning, problem-solving, and making
decisions.

Some Notable AI Innovators

AI Applications
 In marketing, AI enables marketers to deliver
highly personalized experiences to individual
customers at scale. By leveraging machine
learning algorithms, marketers can analyze
customer data in real time, understand their
preferences, and deliver personalized product
recommendations, content, and offers. This
enhances customer engagement and improves
conversion rates.

AI Applications
 In banking, AI algorithms can analyze vast
amounts of transactional data to identify
patterns, anomalies, and suspicious
activities associated with fraud. Machine
learning models can continuously learn
from historical data to detect and prevent
real-time fraudulent transactions,
enhancing security and reducing financial
losses.

AI Applications
 In finance, AI algorithms can analyze vast
amounts of financial data, market trends,
and historical patterns to make rapid
trading decisions. Machine learning
models can identify trading opportunities,
execute trades, and optimize trading
strategies, resulting in improved accuracy
and efficiency in financial markets.

AI Applications
 In agriculture, AI can monitor and manage
crops by analyzing data from sensors, drones,
and satellite imagery. Machine learning models
can identify crop diseases, nutrient deficiencies,
and pest infestations, allowing for early
detection and targeted interventions. AI systems
can also recommend optimal irrigation and
fertilization schedules, reducing resource waste
and increasing yields.
AI Applications
 AI-powered robotics and rovers are used in
space exploration missions to navigate
and explore celestial bodies such as
planets, moons, and asteroids. These
autonomous systems can analyze terrain,
make decisions about obstacle
avoidance, and perform scientific
experiments, expanding our knowledge of
the universe.

AI Applications
 AI algorithms process data from various
sensors, such as cameras, lidar, radar, and
ultrasonic sensors, to perceive the
surrounding environment. Deep learning
models can analyze sensor data in real
time, enabling autonomous vehicles to
detect and recognize objects, pedestrians,
vehicles, and road infrastructure.

AI Applications
 AI-powered virtual assistants and chatbots
can understand and maintain context
during conversations. They analyze
previous interactions, user history, and
contextual cues to provide relevant and
personalized responses, creating a more
natural and human-like conversation
experience.

AI Applications
 AI-based face recognition technology can
be employed for identity verification and
authentication purposes. Social media
platforms can utilize face recognition
algorithms to verify user identities when
creating accounts, recovering passwords,
or accessing sensitive features, adding an
extra layer of security.

Cost Value of an AI Degree outside Glybridge

AI Programme Tuition
In-State Out-of-State Online (per term/core
course)
Undergraduate Tuition & Fee #8, 370, 712 #23, 358, 376 #2, 844, 816
(For some programmes, you
might have 6 core cores
amounting to #17, 068, 896)
Graduate Tuition & Fee #10, 970, 312 #25, 378, 304

Benefits of AI Education
 AI relies on data analysis and interpretation. AI education teaches
students
how to collect, clean, analyze, and draw insights from data. Data literacy is
becoming increasingly important in many fields, as data-driven decision-
making and understanding data become essential skills.

Benefits of AI Education
 AI education equips students with in-demand skills, making them well-
prepared for
future career opportunities. AI expertise is increasingly sought after in various
industries, and students with AI education have a competitive advantage in
fields
such as data science, machine learning, robotics, and AI development.

Benefits of AI Education
 AI education fosters critical thinking and problem-solving abilities in
students. It
encourages them to analyze complex problems, break them down into
manageable components, and develop creative solutions using AI
techniques
and algorithms.
Benefits of AI Education
 AI education promotes computational thinking, which involves
understanding how
to formulate problems, design algorithms, and apply computational concepts
to
solve real-world challenges. This computational mindset enhances students'
logical
reasoning, algorithmic thinking, and systematic problem-solving skills.

Benefits of AI Education
 AI education often involves interdisciplinary collaboration, encouraging
students to
work together and combine their knowledge from various fields, such as
computer
science, mathematics, and social sciences. This collaborative approach
fosters
teamwork, communication, and interdisciplinary thinking.

Benefits of AI Education
 AI education exposes students to AI-enabled educational tools and
technologies.
These tools leverage AI algorithms to personalize learning experiences, adapt
to
individual needs, and provide targeted feedback. AI-based tools can enhance
student engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes.

Benefits of AI Education
 Global competitiveness: AI is a strategic technology with global implications.
Countries and organizations are investing heavily in AI research and
development.
By offering AI education, we ensure that our students are competitive in the
global
landscape and can contribute to the advancement of AI technologies and
applications.
Benefits of AI Education
 AI education encourages students to think innovatively and creatively. It
fosters an
environment where students can explore AI techniques, develop new ideas,
and
apply AI to solve real-world problems. Nurturing creativity is crucial for
fostering
innovation and pushing the boundaries of what AI can achieve.

Our AI Program Timeline

Minimum Requirements for the

AI Programme
 A personal computer with the following specifications:
 Hard disk: at least 512GB
 CPU Model: at least Intel Core i5
 RAM: at least 8 GB
 Webcam
 Internet Access
 Hard work, Dedication, and Consistency