Metabolismo celular

! Riccardo Riccò celebra la

victoria en la sexta etapa
del Tour de France 2008.
Después admitió haber
tomado un fármaco nuevo
que aumenta la capacidad
de carga de oxígeno de la
sangre.
Elementos básicos de la
glucólisis
• Las 1’

Las 10 reacciones de la
glucólisis
 For each step, the part of the molecule that undergoes a change is shadowed in blue, and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the
reaction is in a yellow box. To watch a video of the reactions of glycolysis, see Movie 13.1.

CH2OH CH2O P
Step 1
Glucose is O hexokinase O
phosphorylated by ATP to
form a sugar phosphate.
The negative charge of the OH
+ ATP
OH
+ ADP + H
+

phosphate prevents passage HO OH HO OH

of the sugar
phosphate through the
plasma membrane, OH OH
trapping glucose inside glucose glucose 6-phosphate
the cell.

Step 2 O H
A readily
reversible
6 CH2O P
C1 1CH2OH
rearrangement of
the chemical 5 O H C OH C O
2 phosphoglucose 2
structure isomerase P OH2C CH2OH
6 O 1
(isomerization) 4 1 HO C H HO C H
moves the OH 3 3
5 HO 2
carbonyl oxygen HO 3 2 OH H C OH H C OH
from carbon 1 to 4 4 4 3
OH
carbon 2, forming a H C OH H C OH OH
ketose from an
OH
5 5
aldose sugar. (ring form)
(See Panel 2–3,
(ring form)
6
CH O
2 P
6
CH2O P
pp. 70–71.) (open-chain form) (open-chain form)

glucose 6-phosphate fructose 6-phosphate

Step 3
The new hydroxyl
group on carbon 1 is P OH2C O CH2OH P OH2C O CH2O P
phosphofructokinase
phosphorylated by ATP, in
preparation for the formation HO + ATP HO + ADP + H+
of two three-carbon sugar OH OH
phosphates. The entry of sugars
into glycolysis is controlled at OH OH
this step, through regulation fructose 6-phosphate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
of the enzyme
phosphofructokinase.
phosphorylated by ATP, in
preparation for the formation HO + ATP HO + ADP + H
+

of two three-carbon sugar OH OH

phosphates. The entry of sugars
into glycolysis is controlled at OH OH
this step, through regulation fructose 6-phosphate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
of the enzyme
phosphofructokinase.

Step 4 CH2O P CH2O P

The
six-carbon sugar is
cleaved to produce C O C O
two three-carbon P OH2C O CH2O P
molecules. Only the HO C H aldolase HO C H H O
glyceraldehyde HO + C
3-phosphate can H C OH H
proceed immediately OH
H C OH
through glycolysis. OH H C OH
(ring form) CH2O P
CH2O P
(open-chain form)
dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphate 3-phosphate

Step 5
The other H O
product of step 4, CH2OH
triose phosphate isomerase C
dihydroxyacetone
phosphate, is C O
isomerized to form H C OH
glyceraldehyde CH2O P
3-phosphate. CH2O P
dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde
phosphate 3-phosphate
 The Breakdown and Utilization of Sugars and Fats 429

Step 6
The two molecules glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate O H dehydrogenase O O P
are oxidized. The C C
energy-generation phase of + NAD+ + Pi + NADH + H+
glycolysis begins, as NADH and H C OH H C OH
a new high-energy anhydride
linkage to phosphate are CH2O P CH2O P
formed (see Figure 13–5).
glyceraldehyde 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphate

Step 7 O O P phosphoglycerate kinase O O–

The transfer
to ADP of the C C
high-energy phosphate + ADP + ATP
group that was H C OH H C OH
generated in step 6
forms ATP. CH2O P CH2O P

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate

Step 8 – –
The remaining O O O O
phosphate ester linkage in C phosphoglycerate mutase C
3-phosphoglycerate, 1
which has a relatively low H C OH H C O P
free energy of hydrolysis, 2
is moved from carbon 3
CH2O P CH2OH
to carbon 2 to form 3
2-phosphoglycerate. 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate

Step 9
The removal of O O– O O–
water from 2-phosphoglycerate C enolase C
Step 9 – –
The removal of O O O O
water from 2-phosphoglycerate C enolase C
creates a high-energy enol
phosphate linkage.
H C O P C O P + H2O

CH2OH CH2
2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate

Step 10 – –
The transfer to O O O O
ADP of the high-energy C pyruvate kinase C
phosphate group that was
generated in step 9 forms + ADP + H
+
+ ATP
C O P C O
ATP, completing
glycolysis.
CH2 CH3
phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate

NET RESULT OF GLYCOLYSIS O O–

C
CH2OH
O C O

NADH ATP ATP CH3

OH
HO OH
O O–
OH
C
ATP ATP
NADH ATP ATP
C O

CH3
In addition to the pyruvate, the net products are two molecules
glucose two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH. of pyruvate
Degradación de la Glucosa RESUMEN
Fermentación
 Fermentación alcohólica

Los azúcares empleados en la fermentación suelen

ser: dextrosa, maltosa, sacarosa y lactosa (azúcar de la leche).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces
fragilis, Torulaspora y Zymomonas mobilis.
 Fermentación láctica

Ocurre con los azúcares: glucosa, galactosay fructosa) se transforman

en ácido láctico.
*La lactosa como azúcar de la leche se metabolizará en glucosa y
galacotsa: monosacáridos que pueden ser fermetados.
Streptococcus,
Lactococcus,
Pediococcus,
Bifidobacterium)
Entre las diferentes microorganismos
que se han identificado en el kéfir:

Bacterias:
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis
Streptococcus thermophilus
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.
bulgaricus
Lactobacillus helveticus
Lactobacillus casei subsp.
pseudoplantarum
Lactobacillus brevis
Leuconostoc mesenteroides

levaduras u hongos:
Kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Candida inconspicua 90g de Kéfir
Candida maris.
 Cultivo de Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Bulgaros: Son una unión simbiótica de varios micro-organismos, para ser
más preciso de una multitud de bacterias y levaduras
La fermentación láctica
también ocurre en muscúlo, eritrocitos, etc.
El ciclo de Cori se refiere al proceso de transporte de lactato desde las células que están experimentando
un metabolismo anaeróbico hasta el hígado, donde se utiliza para devolver glucosa a las células. Es un
ejemplo de una de las funciones críticas del hígado para asegurar un suministro adecuado de glucosa en
el cuerpo. Lleva el nombre de Carl Ferdinand Cori y Gerty Cori, quienes recibieron el Premio Nobel en
1947 por su descubrimiento de la vía para la conversión catalítica del glucógeno.
¿Y la fermentación acética?
 La fermentación acética es la fermentación
bacteriana por Acetobacter, un género de bacterias
aeróbicas, que transforma el alcohol etílico en
ácido acético, la sustancia característica del
vinagre.
!La vida sería menos
interesante sin la
fermentación!

El poeta persa Omar

Khayyam describió su idea
del paraíso en la Tierra
como:

“Una jarra de vino, una

hogaza de pan y un
buen tazón de col agria... y
tú a mi lado”.
*en la respiración aerobia