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    Basic SQL

    Uploaded by

    Ram pandey
    This document contains notes on SQL commands and concepts for creating and managing databases and tables. It covers how to create and delete databases, create and query tables, add constraints like primary keys and foreign keys, use clauses like where, group by, and having, and update, delete, and alter data and schemas. The notes are presented over 7 pages in an outline format with headings, syntax examples, and brief explanations of SQL concepts and commands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Basic SQL

    Uploaded by

    Ram pandey
    7 views7 pages
    This document contains notes on SQL commands and concepts for creating and managing databases and tables. It covers how to create and delete databases, create and query tables, add constraints like primary keys and foreign keys, use clauses like where, group by, and having, and update, delete, and alter data and schemas. The notes are presented over 7 pages in an outline format with headings, syntax examples, and brief explanations of SQL concepts and commands.

    Original Title

    BASIC_SQL

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    This document contains notes on SQL commands and concepts for creating and managing databases and tables. It covers how to create and delete databases, create and query tables, add constraints like primary keys and foreign keys, use clauses like where, group by, and having, and update, delete, and alter data and schemas. The notes are presented over 7 pages in an outline format with headings, syntax examples, and brief explanations of SQL concepts and commands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views7 pages

    Basic SQL

    Uploaded by

    Ram pandey
    This document contains notes on SQL commands and concepts for creating and managing databases and tables. It covers how to create and delete databases, create and query tables, add constraints like primary keys and foreign keys, use clauses like where, group by, and having, and update, delete, and alter data and schemas. The notes are presented over 7 pages in an outline format with headings, syntax examples, and brief explanations of SQL concepts and commands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    ID NAME

    101 SCIENCE
    102 ENGLISH
    103

    Quick Notes Page 1


    1. How to create database in sql
    CREATE DATABASE db_name;

    2. How to delete database


    DROP DATABASE db_name;

    3. How to use database


    USE db_name;

    4. Creating table in database


    CREATE TABLE table_name(
    col_name1 datatype constraint,
    col_name2 datatype constraint
    );

    ----------DATABASE RELATED QUERIES---------


    CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS db_name;
    DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS db_name;
    SHOW DATABASES;
    SHOW TABLES;

    ---------TABLE RELATED QUERIES-------------

    SELECT * FROM table_name;

    INSERT INTO table_name


    (col1,col2)
    VALUES
    (col1_V1,col2_V2),
    (col1_v2,col2_V2);

    ----------CONSTRAINTS---------
    SQL CONSTRAINTS ARE USED TO SPECIFY RULES FOR DATA IN TABLE.

    NOT NULL ---> columns cannot have a null value


    UNIQUE -----> all values in column are diffrent
    PRIMARY KEY --> all values in column are unique and not null
    DEFAULT ---> set the default values of a column
    ex-> salary INT DEFAULT 25000

    -----PRIMARY KEY SYNTAX ----


    CREATE TABLE temp(
    id INT,
    rollno INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY(id)
    );

    -----CONSTRAINTS CHECK ----


    CREATE TABLE city(
    id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    city VARCHAR(50),
    age INT,
    CONSTAINT age_check CHECK (age >=20 AND city = "DELHI")

    Quick Notes Page 2


    CONSTAINT age_check CHECK (age >=20 AND city = "DELHI")
    ); ^
    |
    |
    |
    it can be ignored or it can by written

    ----------FORIGEN KEY CONSTRAINT-----------


    CREATE TABLE temp (
    cust_id INT,
    FORIGN KEY (cust_id) REFERENCES customer(id)
    );

    -----------WHERE CLAUSE------------
    TO DEFINE SOME CONDITIONS

    SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE CONDITIONS;

    EX- SELECT * FROM student WHERE marks > 80;


    - SELECT * FROM student WHERE city = "Mumbai";

    OPERATORS
    AND (to check for both conditons to be true)
    SELECT * FROM student WHERE marks > 80 AND city = "Mumbai";

    OR (to check for one of the conditions to be true)


    SELECT * FROM student WHERE marks > 90 OR city = "Mumbai";

    BETWEEN(selects for a given range)


    SELECT * FROM student WHERE marks BETWEEN 80 AND 90;

    IN (matches any value in the list)


    SELECTS * FROM student WHERE city IN("DELHI","MUMABI");

    NOT IN(to negate the given condition)


    SELECT * FROM student WHERE city NOT IN("DELHI", "MUMBAI")

    ---------------------LIMIT CLAUSE----------------
    Sets an upper limit on number of (tuples) rows to be returned

    SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 3;

    ----------------------ORDER BY CLAUSE-----------
    to sort in ascending (ASC) or decending order (DESC);
    SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY city ASC;

    -----------------AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS-----------
    aggregate function perform a calculation on a set of values, and return a single value.
    COUNT()
    MAX()
    MIN()
    SUM()

    Quick Notes Page 3


    SUM()
    AVG()

    ------------GROUP BY CLAUSE----------------------
    group rows that have the same values into summary rows.
    it collcts data from multiple records and group the result by one or more column.

    *Generally we use group by with some aggregation function.

    example:-
    Count number of students in each city

    SELECT city,count(rollno)
    FROM student
    GROUP BY city;

    SELECT city,name,count(rollno)
    FROM student
    GROUP BY city,name;

    -----------------HAVING CLAUSE------------------------
    similar to where i.e. applies some condition on rows.
    used when we want to apply any condition after grouping.

    Count number of students in each city where max marks cross 90.

    SELECT count(name),city
    FROM student GROUP BY city
    HAVING max(marks)>90;

    ----------------------GENERAL ORDER--------------------

    SELECT columns(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE conditon
    GROUP BY columns(s)
    HAVING condition
    ORDER BY column(s) ASC;

    example

    SELECT city
    FROM student
    WHERE grade >= "A"
    GROUP BY city
    HAVING MAX(marks) >=93
    ORDER BY city DESC;

    Quick Notes Page 4


    ------------------UPDATE----------------------------------

    UPDATE ( to update existing rows)

    UPDATE table_namw
    SET col1 = val1, col2 = val2
    WHERE condition;

    EXAMPLE:-
    UPDATE student
    SET grade = "O"
    WHERE grade = "A";

    UPDATE student
    SET marks = marks + 1;
    // NO WHERE CONDITIONS IS REQUIRED

    DELETE ( to delete existing rows)

    DELETE FROM table_name


    WHERE conditions;

    DELETE FROM student


    WHERE marks < 33;

    ---------------REVISTING FORIGN KEY----------

    CREATE TABLE dept(


    id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(50)
    );

    CREATE TABLE teacher(


    id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(50),

    Quick Notes Page 5


    name VARCHAR(50),
    dept_id INT,
    FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES dept(id)
    );

    -------------------CASCADING IN FOREIGN KEY-------------------------

    -----------------------ALTER-----------------------------------
    ALTER (to change the schema)

    • ADD column
    ALTER TABLE table_name
    ADD COLUMN column_name datatype constraint;

    • DROP column
    ALTER TABLE table_name
    DROP COLUMN column_name;

    • RENAME table
    ALTER TABLE table_name
    RENAME TO new_table_name;

    • CHANGE Column(rename)
    ALTER TABE table_name
    CHANGE COLUMN old_name new_name new_datatype new _constraint;

    • MODIFY Column (modify datatype/constraint)

    Quick Notes Page 6


    • MODIFY Column (modify datatype/constraint)
    ALTER TABLE table_name
    MODIFY col_name new_datatpe new_datatype;

    EXAMPLE:-

    -----------------------TRUNCATE---------------------------------
    TRUNCATE(to delete table's data)

    TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

    Quick Notes Page 7

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